Includes Introduction, Derivation of power flow through transmission line, Single line diagram of three phase transmission, methods of finding the performance of transmission line. 1.Analytical Method 2.Graphical method (circle diagram)., circle diagram of receiving end side and sending end side.
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical Component Analysis
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Phases from Their Symmetrical Components
The Symmetrical Components of Unsymmetrical Phasors
Phase Shift of Symmetrical Components in or Transformer Banks
Power in Terms of Symmetrical Components
Power System Analysis was a core subject for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Based On Anna University Syllabus. The Whole Subject was there in this document.
Share with it ur friends & Follow me for more updates.!
This presentation is based on the subject electric power system.Circle diagram of transmission line.In this presentation two topics covered about the circle diagram of transmission line.It is about the medium and long transmission line circle diagram.Receiving-end circle diagram and sending-end circle diagram of the transmission line.This presentation help you to the improve knowledge about the transmission line circle diagram.
Generalized network constants and equivalent circuits of short, medium, long transmission line. Line performance: regulation and efficiency, Ferranti effect.
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical Component Analysis
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Phases from Their Symmetrical Components
The Symmetrical Components of Unsymmetrical Phasors
Phase Shift of Symmetrical Components in or Transformer Banks
Power in Terms of Symmetrical Components
Power System Analysis was a core subject for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Based On Anna University Syllabus. The Whole Subject was there in this document.
Share with it ur friends & Follow me for more updates.!
This presentation is based on the subject electric power system.Circle diagram of transmission line.In this presentation two topics covered about the circle diagram of transmission line.It is about the medium and long transmission line circle diagram.Receiving-end circle diagram and sending-end circle diagram of the transmission line.This presentation help you to the improve knowledge about the transmission line circle diagram.
Generalized network constants and equivalent circuits of short, medium, long transmission line. Line performance: regulation and efficiency, Ferranti effect.
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss CalculationAmeen San
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
About Transmission Line.
Transmission Lines
Classification Of Transmission Lines
Overhead Power Line
Advantages Of Overhead Transmission Lines
Disadvantages Of Overhead Transmission Lines
Nominal “T” Method
Nominal “Pi” Model of a Medium Transmission Line
Underground Transmission Lines
Classification Of Underground Cables
Advantages Of Underground Cables
Disadvantages Of Underground Cables
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss CalculationAmeen San
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
About Transmission Line.
Transmission Lines
Classification Of Transmission Lines
Overhead Power Line
Advantages Of Overhead Transmission Lines
Disadvantages Of Overhead Transmission Lines
Nominal “T” Method
Nominal “Pi” Model of a Medium Transmission Line
Underground Transmission Lines
Classification Of Underground Cables
Advantages Of Underground Cables
Disadvantages Of Underground Cables
In this slide I have explained how two watt meters can be used to measure 3 phase power. Some of the added advantage of this method is that we can calculate 3 phase reactive power and power factor of load as well.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Power flow through transmission line.
1. Shri Sad Vidya Mandal Institute
Of Technology
Subject :- Electrical Power System-2
Topic :- Power Flow Throuh Transmission Lines
Guided by:-
Pr. N. Kalpana Ray
1
2. Of Semester :-
Ⅵ
2
Presented by Enrol. No.
Hitesh Patel 150450109011
Rajiv Jha 150450109012
Jainil Joshi 150450109013
Pratik Joshi 150450109014
Shri Sad Vidya Mandal Institute
Of Technology
Date:- 21-02-
2018
3. We will be seeing…
Introduction.
Power flow through transmission line.
Single - line diagram of three phase transmission.
Derivation.
Circle diagram
Analytical method.
Graphical method.
Summary.
3
4. Introduction
The electric power generated in the generating station is transmitted using
transmission lines.
Transmission lines are conductors designed to carry electricity over a long
distances with minimum losses and distortion.
The parameters associated with these transmission lines are inductance,
capacitance, resistance and conductance.
4
5. Power flow through
transmission line
G
Generating
station
VS ∠ δ VR ∠ 0
SS =PS +
jQS
SR =PR + jQR
LOA
D
Transmission
line
ABCD
Bus-1 Bus-2
Fig:- Single line diagram of three phase
transmission
Assuming,
VR = Receiving End voltage
= |VR| ∠ 0°(VR is reference phasor)
VS = |VS| ∠ δ°= Sending End voltage(δ is the phase angle between sending and
receiving end voltage)
5
6. Power flow through
transmission line
Generalised line constants are :
A = |A|∠ α ; B = |B| ∠ β; C = |C| ∠ γ; D = |D| ∠ Δ;
Complex power at receiving end
SR =PR + jQR = VR IR*
Here,
IR* is conjugate of Receiving end current IR
We know that
VS = AVR + BIR
…eq (1)
6
7. Power flow through
transmission line
From the above equation
⸫IR =
VS − AVR
B
=
|VS| ∠ δ −|A|∠ α|VR| ∠0°
|B| ∠ β
=
|VS|
|B|
∠ (δ – β ) -
|A||VR|
|B|
∠ (α – β)
i.e. = IR* =
|VS|
|B|
∠ (β − δ ) -
|A||VR|
|B|
∠ (β − α)
…eq (2)
7
8. Power flow through
transmission line
Now we put the value IR* in equation of …eq (1), we get
SR = VR IR*
=
|Vs||VR|
|B|
∠ (β − δ ) -
|A||VR
2|
|B|
∠(β − α)
Now, we separate real and imaginary parts, then we get the values of PR and
QR So, Receiving end True power,
PR =
|Vs||VR|
|B|
cos (β − δ ) -
|A||VR
2|
|B|
cos(β − α)
Receiving end Reactive power,
QR =
|Vs||VR|
|B|
sin (β − δ ) -
|A||VR
2|
|B|
sin(β − α)
…eq (4)
…eq (3)
…eq (5)
8
9. Power flow through
transmission line
For fixed values of Vs and VR, Power Received will be maximum when
cos(β − δ) =1 or when δ= β, So
PR(max) =
|Vs||VR|
|B|
-
|A||VR
2|
|B|
cos(β − α)
and QR(max) = -
|A||VR
2|
|B|
sin(β − α)
In transmission line
A=D=1∠0°
B=Z ∠ θ
…eq (8)
…eq (7)
9
10. Power flow through
transmission line
Now we substitute above values in eq (4)&eq (5), We get
⸫PR =
Vs VR
Z
cos(θ − δ) -
VR
2
Z
cos θ
QR =
Vs VR
Z
sin(θ − δ) -
VR
2
Z
sin θ
Resistance of transmission line is usually very small as compared to
reactance. Hence Z = X and θ = 90 °
⸫ PR =
Vs VR
Z
sin δ
QR =
Vs VR
X
-
VR
2
X
(⸫ δ is the power angle. It is usually very small ⸫ cos
δ=1)
⸫α = 0
β = 0
δ is the power
angle. It is
usually very
small
10
11. Methods Of Finding The
Performance Of Transmission Line.11
Basically two methods
Analytical method.
Graphical method.
Analytical methods are found to be laborious, while graphical method is
convenient.
Graphical method or circle diagram are helpful for determination of active
power P, Reactive power Q, power angle δ and power factor for given load
condition.
Relations between the sending end and receiving end voltage and currents
are given below.
VS = AVR + BIR A, B, C, D are generalised constants of transmission.
IS = CVR + DIR VS = sending end voltage,
12. Methods Of Finding The
Performance Of Transmission Line.12
VR = Receiving end voltage
IS = Sending end current,
IR =Receiving end current.
By taking either VS, VR, IS or IR as a reference these characteristics can be
plotted.
These characteristics are nothing but representing circles, hence such
diagrams are called circle diagrams.
Circle diagram is drawn by taking active power P on X- axis and reactive
power on Y- axis.
13. Receiving End Power Circle
Diagram :13
Receiving end true power – Horizontal coordinates
Reactive power component – Vertical coordinates
From the equation,
VS = AVR + BIR
⸫IR =
VS − AVR
B
=
VS ∠ δ
B ∠ β
-
A ∠ δ
B ∠ β
VR∠ 0
=
Vs
B
∠ (δ − β) -
AVR
B
∠(α− β)
14. Receiving End Power Circle
Diagram :14
IR* =
|Vs|
|B|
∠ (β − δ ) -
|A||VR|
|B|
∠ (β − α)
Volt- ampere at the receiving end will be
SR = PR + jQR = VR IR*
=
|Vs||VR|
|B|
∠ (β − δ ) -
|A||VR|2
|B|
∠(β − α)
=
|Vs||VR|
|B|
[cos (β − δ ) + j sin (β − δ )] -
|A||VR|2
|B|
[ cos(β − α)+j sin (β − δ )]
SR =
|Vs||VR|
|B|
cos (β − δ ) -
|A||VR|2
|B|
cos(β − α) +
|Vs||VR|
|B|
j sin (β − δ ) -
|A||VR|2
|B|
j sin (β − δ )
15. Receiving End Power Circle
Diagram :15
By separating real and imaginary parts, we have
PR =
|Vs||VR|
|B|
cos (β − δ ) -
|A||VR|2
|B|
cos(β − α)
QR =
|Vs||VR|
|B|
sin (β − δ ) -
|A||VR|2
|B|
sin(β − α)
The power component can be expressed as
PR +
|A||VR|2
|B|
cos(β − α) =
|Vs||VR|
|B|
cos (β − δ )
QR +
|A||VR|2
|B|
sin(β − α) =
|Vs||VR|
|B|
sin (β − δ )
16. Receiving End Power Circle
Diagram :16
Squaring and adding these equations will give
{PR +
|A||VR|2
|B|
cos(β − α)}2 + {QR +
|A||VR|2
|B|
sin(β − α) }2
=
|Vs|2|VR|2
|B|
{ cos2(β − δ )+ sin2(β − α)}
=
|Vs|2|VR|2
|B|
It is an equation of a circle. The coordinates of centre of a circle are:
X-coordinate of the circle = -
|A||VR|2
|B|
cos(β − α)
Y- coordinate of the circle = -
|A||VR|2
|B|
sin(β − α)
Radius of the circle =
|Vs||VR|
|B|
17. Construction of circle diagram:
17
Plot the centre of the circle N on a suitable scale.
From N draw an arc of a circle with the calculated radius
VSVR
B
.
From the origin O draw the load line OP inclined at angle ϕR with the
horizontal.
Let it cut the circle at P, then the receiving end true power and reactive
power will be represented by OP and PQ respectively.
If the voltages VS and VR are taken phase voltage in volts then the powers
indicated on X-axis and Y-axis will be in watts and VARs per phase
respectively.
18. Construction of circle diagram:
18
If the voltages VS and VR are taken line voltage in volts then the powers
indicated on X-axis and Y-axis will be in watts and VARs for all three
phases respectively.
If the VS and VR are taken from line to line and in kV then the power
indicated will be in MW and MVAR and for all the three phases.
To determine the maximum power a horizontal line is drawn from the centre
of the circle intersecting vertical axis at the point L and the circle at the
point M.
Distances LM represents the maximum power for the receiving end.