MINING AND BIODIVERSITYA manageable combinations for better life-supports on the planet.(Mining Engineering)

1. MINING AND BIODIVERSITY
A MANAGEABLE COMBINATIONS FOR BETTER LIFE-
SUPPORTS ON THE PLANET

2. How to manage biodiversity in the mining areas?
 Develop a biodiversity conservation culture through appropriate
information acquisition, processing and dissipation.
 Assessing biodiversity
 Creating awareness through knowledge propagation
 Adopt environment friendly technology
 Alternative to conventional mining technology, e.g. introduce blast
free mining
 Innovate and practice mitigating technology
• Controlling measures for air, water, soil pollution that threaten
biodiversity
• Adopt appropriate mine closure initiative for post mining land
restoration

3. Biodiversity includes diversity within species, between species and of
ecosystems.
(the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), At the 1992
Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, signed by 157 governments; it has since
ratified by 188 countries)
What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity sustains human livelihoods and life itself.
Biodiversity is the variability among living
organisms from all sources
Sources of living
organisms (including
inter alia)
terrestrial
marine
other aquatic ecosystems
ecological
complexes of which
they are part

4. variety of habitats, biotic
communities, and ecological
processes, as well as the diversity
present within ecosystems in terms of
habitat differences and the variety of
ecological processes.
GENETIC DIVERSITY
variety of genetic information
contained in all living things. Genetic
diversity occurs within and between
populations of species as well as
between species.
SPECIES DIVERSITY variety of living species.
ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITY LEVELS:
ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY.
GENETIC DIVERSITY,
SPECIES DIVERSITY

5. • direct impacts on terrestrial vegetation and fauna through clearing and
habitat fragmentation for mining and associated infrastructure
• impacts on aquatic ecosystems and groundwater dependent ecosystems
through hydrological, geomorphological and water quality changes
• impacts on adjacent ecosystems due to noise, dust and other atmospheric
emissions (for example. from mineral processing facilities)
• impacts due to wildlife contacting hazards and hazardous materials,
including caustic and cyanide containing tailings storage facilities and
power lines
• impacts on adjacent ecosystems due to changes in land use, for example
changes in grazing patterns and fire frequency, introduction of weeds and
plant diseases or changes in feral fauna abundance (e.g. gliricedia sepium,
simaruwa, sakunda in Sal forests)
• other impacts, for example, changes to the extent of hunting, fishing, wood
gathering, introduction of pets (dogs and cats), road kills of native species,
and disturbance by off-road vehicles.
IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY DUE TO MINING AND MINERAL
PROCESSING

6. In recent decades ecosystems have degraded more rapidly and
extensively, due to human pressures, than at any time in history.
This has placed serious threats on basic ecosystem services we all depend
upon.
Through land disturbance, mining can have significant local
and direct impacts on biodiversity.
Broad scale and indirect impacts can also result from associated land use
changes.
the mining industry has contributed considerable knowledge and
expertise to the understanding of biodiversity management and
rehabilitation. It is important that the industry recognises that it not
only has a responsibility to manage its impacts on biodiversity, but
also has the opportunity to make a significant contribution to
biodiversity conservation through the generation of knowledge, and
the implementation of initiatives in partnership with others.

7.  Results of public concern over biodiversity loss and ecosystem damage are:
• civil society and local community action to international, national and
local laws, policies and regulations aimed at protecting, conserving or
restoring ecosystems.
 To maintain their social license to operate, mining companies are responding
to expectations and pressures for stricter measures to conserve and manage
remaining biodiversity.
TO GET SOCIAL LICENSE TO MINE: MANAGE BIODIVERSITY

8. MINING COMPANIES NEED TO:
• Make ‘no go’ decisions on the basis of biodiversity values:
 pristine, sensitive or scientifically important areas,
 the presence of rare or threatened species,
 where activities pose unacceptable risks to ecological services
relied upon by surrounding populations alter the project
development cycle where there is insufficient baseline
information or where scientific uncertainty mandates a
precautionary approach in relation to mitigating or avoiding
impacts on biodiversity
 where practicable, mitigate impacts and positively enhance
biodiversity outcomes in areas where they currently operate.
• Adopt responsible management of biodiversity by,
 Taking actions in conjunction with key stakeholder groups such
such as regulators and indigenous peoples,
 Practicing sustainable development in the mining industry.
 Developing Leading Practice Handbooks on Community
Engagement and Development
 Developing guidelines for Working with Indigenous
Communities.

9.  Do we have a museum of tribal arts and life styles at Barbil, the heart of
Indian iron ore mining belt of North India?
 Do we have a center of folk culture practices at Koraput or Damonjodi,
the bauxite mining belt of Odisha?
 How could the mining industry assist in conserving the art and culture of
indigenous people in the marble and limestone mining belts of Rajasthan
? Have we assessed the threat to the raw materials of art and culture?
 What can be done for the preservation of local fauna and flora from the
pressure of exotic and imported species?
It could be useful if the cement industries initiate to develop a
Sustainable Development Framework incorporating the laws of the lands
and adopt strict principles to contribute to conservation of biodiversity
and integrated approaches to land use planning and initiates engaging
independent watchdog to act before arising any situation of violation of
compliance requirements.
Alternative initiatives

10. Anything that keep us and the natural environment alive is
environmental service. Thus it includes services from the
provision of clean water and watershed
services to the recycling of nutrients and pollination.
BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT IS THE BASIS OF INNUMERABLE
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
What is environmental Service?

12. EXAMPLES OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
• primary production through photosynthesis, as the supportive foundation for
all life;
• soil formation and maintenance of soil fertility (through nutrient cycling);
• provision of shelter and building materials
• provision of food, fuel and fibre;
• maintenance of genetic resources (key to crop and livestock breeding,
medicines,
and so on).
• regulation of water flows and the maintenance of water quality;
• regulation and purification of atmospheric gases;
• moderation of climate and weather;
• detoxification and decomposition of wastes;
• pollination of plants, including many
crops;
• control of pests and diseases; and

13. Basic principle :
CONTRIBUTE TO CONSERVATION OF
BIODIVERSITY AND FOLLOW
INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO LAND
USE PLANNING

14. REQUIREMENTS FOR BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT:
• identify and evaluate biodiversity;
• understand the interfaces between their activities and
biodiversity;
• assess the likelihood of their activities having negative
impacts on biodiversity;
• develop mitigation measures for potential impacts on
biodiversity and rehabilitation strategies for affected
areas; and
• explore the potential to contribute to biodiversity
enhancement or conservation.

15. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment concluded the
following: Approximately 60 per cent of ecosystem services are being degraded or
used unsustainably.
 There is established but incomplete evidence that ecosystem changes are
increasingly becoming nonlinear (accelerating, abrupt or potentially
irreversible, reaching ‘tipping points’ or passing thresholds), with potential
adverse consequences for humanity.
 The harmful effects of the degradation of ecosystem services are borne
disproportionately by the poor.
conserve biodiversity;
 sustainably use the various components of biodiversity;
and
share the benefits arising from the commercial and other
use of biodiversity in a
fair and equitable manner.
THE NEEDS

16. • Mining has the potential to affect biodiversity throughout the life cycle of a
project, both directly and indirectly. Direct or primary impacts from mining
can result from any activity that involves land clearance (such as access road
construction, exploration drilling, overburden stripping or tailings
impoundment construction) or direct discharges to water bodies (riverine
tailings disposal, for instance, or tailings impoundment releases) or the air
(such as dusts or smelter emissions).
• Direct impacts are usually readily identifiable. Indirect or secondary impacts
can result from social or environmental changes induced by mining
operations and are often harder to identify immediately.
• Cumulative impacts occur where mining projects are developed in
environments that are influenced by other projects, both mining and non-
mining.
Being proactive in the assessment and management of biodiversity is important
not only for new operations but also for those that have been operating for
many years, usually under regulatory requirements that were less focused on
the protection and enhancement of biodiversity.
RELEVANCE TO MINING
OPERATIONS

17. The risks and impacts to business of the failure to adequately manage
biodiversity issues can include:
• increased regulation and liability to prosecution
• increased rehabilitation, remediation and closure costs
• social risks and pressure from surrounding communities, civil society and
shareholders
• restricted access to raw materials (including access to land, both at the initial
stages of project development and for ongoing exploration to extend the
lifetime of existing projects)
• restricted access to finance and insurance.
positive and proactive biodiversity management can offer opportunities and
benefits including:
• shorter and less contentious permitting cycles, as a result of better relationships
with regulatory agencies
• reduced risks and liabilities
• improved community and NGO relations and partnerships
• improved employee loyalty and motivation.

18. KEY THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
• our lack of understanding of biodiversity values (particularly the role of many
species and ecosystems) and their role in ecosystem functioning
• the undervaluing of the contribution made by species and ecosystems to the
well being of the community
• the rate of continuing loss at the genetic, species, ecosystem and landscape
levels due to broadscale clearing (although this is reducing), fragmentation,
changed fire regimes, total grazing pressure, landform and soil degradation,
range of threatening processes and associated cumulative impacts
• the influence of introduced plants, animals and pathogens, particularly
plant species, weeds, feral predators, and plant and animal diseases
• the recent shifts in climatic trends, with many sectors facing decreasing rainfall
and associated hydrological shifts
• fragmentation and degradation processes influencing the ability of systems
their associated ecosystem services to be maintained.

19. Land degradation:
Operation at Kurasia OCP , SECL

20. View of Land degradation by Opencast mining
(KD Heslong Project, NK Area)
OPENCAST MINING AND
LAND DEGRADATION
BIODIVERSITY AFFECTED

21. Many of the sites of closed and abandoned mines in
India do not encourage people to even think that
 mining could be environmentally friendly
 proper mine site restoration programme could do
much value addition to land surface
 Biodiversity can be returned to post mining mine
site

22. Impacts of mining on Biodiversity is
More than obvious in the pit or in the
OB dump.
 Green vegetation got buried here
 Life support system is affected as low
level of nutrient and organic carbon
in the OB dump
 OB treatment is necessary for rapid
forest development and return of
biodiversity

23. ADOPTING RESPONSIBLE PRACTICES WITH RESPECT TO BIODIVERSITY
MANAGEMENT IS INCREASINGLY VIEWED AS IMPORTANT WITH RESPECT TO:
• access to land, both at the initial stages of project development and
and for ongoing exploration to extend the lifetime of existing
projects;
• reputation, which links to ‘licence to operate’, an intangible but
significant benefit to business, and which can profoundly influence
the perceptions of communities, NGOs and other stakeholders of
existing or proposed mining operations; and
• access to capital, particularly where project finance is to be obtained
from one of the investment banks that are signatories to the
Equator Principles, which apply the Biodiversity Performance
Standard of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) to all
investments in excess of $10 million (recognizing that strengthened
commitments to biodiversity assessment and management are likely
to be adopted).

24. Base is ready for re-forest development!

25. Good biodiversity management can bring benefits to mining
companies, including:
• increased investor confidence and loyalty;
• shorter and less contentious permitting cycles, as a
of better relationships with regulatory agencies;
• improved community relations;
• strong supportive partnerships with NGOs;
• improved employee motivation; and
• reduced risks and liabilities.

26. Improve biodiversity performance through:
• Identification of biodiversity risks and opportunity
• Development and implementation of biodiversity programmes
• Recognition of synergies and challenges with sustainable communities
programmes
• Identification and development of strategic and operational
partnerships, and,
• Effective corporate assurance
The stakeholders with an interest in biodiversity may include the following:
• local communities;
• a range of government and multilateral institutions with an interest in or
responsibility for the management or protection of natural resources;
• investors or providers of insurance, who may impose environmental
requirements or standards;
• conservation interests, including international, national or local NGOs as well
as academic or research institutions; and
• employees

27. • Understand the interfaces between their activities and biodiversity
• Help companies recognize the interfaces between their various
operational activities and biodiversity, and to engage effectively with
stakeholders.
• Assess the likelihood of their activities having negative impacts on
biodiversity: Undertake practical steps to assess the potential for
operational activities to negatively affect biodiversity and related
stakeholders.
• Mitigate potential impacts on biodiversity:
• Identify and implement a hierarchy of measures to protect biodiversity
and affected stakeholders.
• Explore the potential to contribute to biodiversity conservation
• Beyond the mitigation of impacts, explore the potential to contribute to
biodiversity conservation or protection.
BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ENABLE COMPANIES
TO…..

28. ? Why in general public opinion considers
• mining is harmful
• land acquisition for mining meets with
opposition from social and environmental
activists
• mining is not serving the cause of the common
people.

29. The probable answers are:
The legacy of past mining
The lack of appropriate policy and technology
for mine site restoration
Visible impacts of ongoing mining activities
…..THESE ARE RESULTS OF POOR BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT

30.  About 20 kilometers west of
Chaibasa, the headquarters of
West Singhbhum district of
Jharkhand, lies the Roro hills--
home to an abandoned
chrysotile asbestos mine. The
Roro mines were closed down in
1983 .
 Nearly 0.7 million tons of
asbestos waste mixed with
chromite-bearing host rock lies
scattered here and in 20 years no
study has been conducted to
assess the fate of this hazardous
waste dumped improperly on
top of Roro hills.
 The waste material extends
several meters down slope
spreading into the paddy fields
on the foothills of Roro.
 About 40 centimeters of thick
silty waste of crushed rocks is
spread over the paddy fields and
poisoning the local residents.
Are we serious about mine site restoration?

31. APPROPRIATE BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT CAN BE
PANACEA TO MANY WORRIES OF THE MINING INDUSTRY

32. Restored forests can benefit biodiversity, conservation
and carbon sequestration, but restoration is a long
and difficult process: forests develop slowly, with
pioneer species (species which are the first to
colonise), such as perennial grass and shrubs,
gradually replaced by early successional trees and
eventually, slow-growing intermediate and late
successional trees.
The MIYAWAKI METHOD speeds up this process by
planting a dense mix of intermediate and late
successional tree species, chosen based on a survey
of the physical properties and vegetation in the area
to be reforested. Organic material is also mixed with
the soil to encourage the natural changes that occur
as forests develop. The method was created in the
1980’s in Japan to restore Japanese forests and has
since been used to restore degraded forests in South
America and Malaysia.

33. 2500 hectares of mined out lands have been
reclaimed by nourishing the backfilled soil. Paddy,
coconut trees, fruit bearing trees and vegetables
are grown on the reclaimed land.
Neyveli Lignite Corporation
has a success story to tell…..

34. Slope stabilization through vegetation growth

35. Some Indian Mining has been practicing
biodiversity management

36. • small scale implementations,
• energy efficient ventures
• environmentally sound practices,
• labor intensive solutions,
• controlled by the local community,
• sustained at the local level
Every mine will have to look for appropriate
technology for mine site restoration ensuring
inclusive development. Such efforts will be soon
visible provided we go for:
AND……..
BIO DIVERSITY RESTORATION

37. Mining ethics!
CASES OF ILLEGAL MINING IN INDIA DURING THE LAST THREE YEARS
Till March 2012, there were 25,713 cases and the government has realized a fine to
the tune of Rs 755 crore from illegal miners besides seizing 2,20,085 vehicles used
in them.

38. How big is India’s mine site restoration job?
Is there any compiled national survey report?
2009, IBM In 2009 total 9416 leases were on records for mining
activities over an area 493000 ha.

39. With so many mines operating, post mining land restoration would require
a huge amount of tax payers money inn future. Are the companies making
profit through mining or taking away the future tax payers money?

40. Survey of siltation loads to the
neighboring water courses will be
necessary to determine the restoration

42. CHALLENGES OF MINE SITE REVEGETATION
(1). Permanent alteration of existing landforms/ topography –
by creating of dumps, deep voids, infrastructure development, haul
roads, waste rock dumps, mine fire, fragmentation of habitat,
introduction of exotic species, etc.
(2). Flora and vegetation-
Direct impacts mainly occur through clearing for the mine, waste rock
dumps, processing plant, tailings storage facility and associated
infrastructure.
(3). Fauna: Impact either primary or secondary.
 Primary impact is the direct destruction of habitats through land clearing
and earthmoving activities.
 Secondary impacts relate to activities with varying degrees of disturbance
beyond the immediate point where mining is taking place, such as access
and haul roads, power transmission line, erection of light towers, and other
infrastructure.

43. (4). Surface water hydrology and groundwater:
 Development of the open pits, stockpiles, waste rock
dumps, tailings storage facilities, processing plant and
infrastructure often interrupt some of the natural
drainage paths.
 Interference with drainage patterns may result in
deprivation of water to drainage systems downstream of
the mining developments or localised effects on some
vegetation.
(5).Soil and water contamination:
 Chemical reactions in waste rock and tailings have the
potential to be detrimental to plant growth and to result
in contamination of both surface and groundwater.

44. MINE CLOSURE PLANNING SHOULD ADOPT
APPROPRIATE CLOSURE TECHNOLOGY FOR BEST
SITE RESTORATION
CSR should ensure:
 Post-mined landscape is rendered safe and stable from
physical, geochemical and ecological perspectives;
 Matching post mining landscape
 Quality of the surrounding water resources is protected;
 Agreed sustainable post-mining land use is established
and clearly defined to the satisfaction of the community
& Govt.

45. A POST CLOSURE
STATUS
Operations
PRESENT MINING
STATUS
Define
Plan , develop
and execute
Analyse
Achieve
safety, social,
environmental, legal,
governance and human
resource considerations
Planning Design operations
A mine site with present status need to be transformed
to a post mine closure status through a scientific and
appropriate technological approach towards
BIODIVERSITY
This transformation needs investment.
How much to be invested for What Benefits?

46. The mining significantly assists biodiversity conservation and recovery
through the following mechanisms:
• support of researchers, industry groups and consultants undertaking
biodiversity studies (for example, on values, impact assessment and
management of threats, and maximising return of values on disturbed
areas)
• developing human resources, skills and knowledge in areas that could
assist in these complex matters developing partnerships with
communities, conservation groups and other organisations to address
this issue
• encouraging young graduates in biodiversity investigation and research
through traineeships, graduate studies and partnerships
• developing, maintaining and sharing databases with government and
researchers for biodiversity data (
• sharing through publishing key research findings, for example the
Government and mining industry funded Database
• maintaining the balance between field biologists/scientists and those
responsible for management of land, water and biodiversity values
• leading through the development of best practice research and

47. What do we do to the nature in mining for raw materials supply for the
developmental needs?
Challenges to restoring biodiversity…….

48. Local bench slope failure in a chromite
quarry

49. Plantation successful. What about erosion?
How can we cover the exposed
soil surface with green cover?

50. Heaps of fines of iron ore end up
in the river catchment. (Gua)
Washed out slope plantation

51. Drained Efforts!
Slope stabilazation
attempts by plantation
often fails!

52. Rain and Spoil Dump leads to siltation on river

53. Piling Risks!

54. Desiltation requirements in the nalas of the area
…also Tailing dams get filled, …..

55. Slope stabilization and erosion control with geotextile.

56. What is Vetiver System for Slope Stabilization
and Erosion Control?
Some People Say : WONDER GRASS OF INDIA!
Some Experts Say: Fallacy!
Erosion: YES!
Stabilization: Testing necessary!
A PROMISE FROM VETIVER SYSTEM: IT CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE

57. What is Vetiver Approach for CSR-EMP Integration
for Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control? (that Tata
Steel christened as Khanindra Method!)
Some People Say : WONDER GRASS OF INDIA!
Some Experts Say: Fallacy, Quarks’ Propaganda!
This is all about vetiver grass that scientists say Chrisopogon Zizanoides….

58. Vetiver (Chrisopogon Zizanoides) known for its long penetrating roots and survival
under extreme conditions has been used for natural slope stabilization were
experimented for its applicability in erosion protection and slope stabilization for
iron ore overburden dumps.

59. For slope stabilization and erosion control through vegetation the ideal plant should hav
 Long, strong and abundant root matrix.
 Ability to grow as a dense hedge
 Very quick growth
 Ability to grow almost everywhere
 High biomass below ground, low biomass above ground
 Should be non invasive so that the local ecology is not disrupted
 Should be permanent
 Should withstand both heavy rains and prolonged draught
 Should not compete with the crop plants it is protecting.
 Should be free of pests and diseases
VETIVER (CHRYSOPOGONZIZANIOIDES) IS ONE SUCH PLANT WHICH FITS IN
PERFECTLY.

60. Local laborers were trained to the systematic vetiver plantation to convert the vast track of
barren land to greenery at Joda Mines, Tata Steel

61. Attempt to return
biodiversity by Vetiver
System Approach at Joda
Mines of Tata Steel

64. To hasten the process experiment was carried out by applying Panchya Gavya
on the plantation.
Pancha Gavya was prepared (as per Dr. Natarajan’s Recipe) at the laboratory of IIT
Kharagpur and applied on the field

65. In three months greenery created at Joda Mines, Tatasteel

66. Prof. Pathak advocates vegetarianism and
The OB dump slope implementing his
Vetiver System Approach encourages ………

67. • The new approach tested at Joda Mine once integrated
with the Miyawaki method is expected to bring a big
change in our handling of overburden in surface mines.
• The new method is opening up scope of involving the
local people into a different kind of CSR venture, which
may include producing edible vegetable and fruits to
raw materials for artifacts
Artifacts that could be produced for international market under CSR activities
integrated with Vetiver System Technology based EMP

68. • With the success of this technology at Joda Mines, it is planned to experiment a
modified Miyawaki method for forest regeneration in the spoil dumps.
• The Miyawaki method is the way of creating a forest by closely planting
together different types of trees of the potential natural vegetation of the
land. In this method steps are taken so that it initiates or accelerates recovery
an ecosystem with respect to its health, and sustainability.

69. Results of Miyawaki method in Japan: creation of green
environment at a park.

70. • The new approach tested at Joda Mine once integrated
with the Miyawaki method is expected to bring a big
change in our handling of overburden in surface mines.
• The new method is opening up scope of involving the
local people into a different kind of CSR venture, which
may include producing edible vegetable and fruits to
raw materials for artifacts
Artifacts that could be produced for international market under CSR activities
integrated with Vetiver System Technology based EMP

73. • Vetiver survived plantation during March -
July when the temperature was up to 44
degree and there was no rain.
• There were no chemical fertilizer adopted.
• Only sweet soil and dry cow dung were
used.
• A bio-solution prepared at IIT Kharagpur
following the composition of Panchyagavya
suggested by Dr. K. Natarajan, President
Rural Community Action Centre, TN was
used at 2% concentration.

76. • Prior to undertaking any operations, mining companies need to identify the
biodiversity values present in a particular area, determine key risks to
biodiversity, and enable the design of management programs, rehabilitation
and closure objectives.
• Mining may be excluded from areas deemed to have significant biodiversity
values through either regulation or the voluntary adoption of guidelines.
• Landscape/catchment level planning enables mining companies to address
both the direct and indirect impacts of their activities.
• Consideration should be given to cumulative impacts during planning.
• To optimise biodiversity management, risk assessment procedures need to be
closely linked to the assessment of impacts, to ensure that all relevant
information is obtained and used in the decision-making process.
• Biodiversity objectives should be developed in consultation with all
stakeholders, and linked to specific, measurable targets as part of the
completion criteria developed for the mine closure plan.
• Conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity values during mine
closure planning is an ongoing process. Leading practice requires that it start
from the earliest moments of project planning and development, and continue
throughout the life of an operation.
SUMMARY

77. CONCLUSION MINE SITE RESTORATION OR BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT IN MINING AREAS SHOULD
BE DECLARED AS NATIONAL PRIORITY.
 A NATIONAL GEO DATABASE IN PUBLIC DOMAIN SHOULD BE INITIATED THROUGH
ENCOURAGEMENT OF COMMON PEOPLE PARTICIPATION (INVOLVING ALL LOCAL
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES) SO THAT THE BASE LINE INFORMATION IS READILY AVAILABLE
TO ALL.
 A CONSORTIUM OF RESEARCHERS INVOLVING MULTI-DISCIPLINARY EXPERTS FROM
MINING, FORESTRY, AGRICULTURE, ANTHROPOLOGY, ECONOMICS, LAW ETC. SHOULD
TAKE UP A COORDINATED TIME BOUND PROJECT TO DETERMINE APPROPRIATE
TECHNOLOGY FOR MINE SITE RESTORATION.
 SUCH PROJECT WOULD DELIVER AND CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOP MINE SITE RESTORATION
AND BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT POLICY AND STRATEGY, ROADMAP, MILESTONES
AND EXECUTION SCHEDULES FOR DIFFERENT AREAS, DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF
NATIONAL REDEVELOPMENT FUNDS ETC.
 A GOOD AND EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE IS THE CENTRAL PRE-CONDITION FOR
ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY IN MINERAL OPERATIONS. CORRUPTION FREE AND EFFICIENT
GOVERNMENT MACHINERY MUST PLAY THE REGULATORY ROLE OF GRANTING PERMITS,
LICENSES, AND OTHER APPROVALS UNDER VARIOUS LAWS GOVERNING MINING IN A
FAIR AND TRANSPARENT MANNER AND MONITORING THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN ORDER
TO ENSURE SCIENTIFIC AND SUSTAINABLE MINING.
 Management of biodiversity impacts due to mining should involve, in order of
priority: avoid – reduce – remedy (or mitigate, restore, revegetate) – compensate
CONCLUDING…..

78. • The government must also create an favorable atmosphere in which the society’s
economic, social, human, man-made and environmental capital is expanded or
improved through the implementation of socially and environmentally
responsible development. Thus there may be a need reformation in mineral
governance and the effectiveness of the roles played so far by DGMS, IBM, CPCB
and SPCBs, Coal Controller, MoM, MoEF etc. should be evaluated and they
should be strengthened to make contributive to the expected goals of the
industry and the Nation.
• Thus mine site restoration we will require
 good governance,
 a competent and transparent bureaucracy,
 enforcement of property rights,
 an independent judicial system and
 mechanisms to promote dialogue and consultation processes in order to
resolve conflicts among various stakeholders.

79. • Instead of levying various funds for development from the industry by the
government it is better to assign legal obligation for mine site restoration
and community development responsibilities to be monitored by
accountable government agencies could be beneficial.
• Mining industry is already over regulated through number of Acts,
wherever, possible the regulations should be made simpler to execute and
monitor better. While reassessing these regulations for mine site
redevelopment this point should not be ignored.
• For mine site restoration it may not be necessary to create another
Government Agency; assignments of appropriate responsibility to the
existing agencies and having them involved to share the responsibility is
very important

80. Some of the immediate initiatives needed in Indian mining sector
are:
1. Development of documentation of mine site status
2. Periodic Documentation review and Reassessment
3. Analysis of Site Parameters in standardized laboratory
4. Systematic Technology Transfer Initiatives
5. Field Experimentation and On Site demonstration
6. Knowledge Dissipation Seminar and Training Programmes
7. Innovation Laboratory and Technology Assessment
8. Source of fund and its management
9. Development of consortium of organizations including, public, private
institutions and mine owners
10. Restoration of visual and aesthetic values should be a key criterion in post-
mining landscape rehabilitation.

81.  I appeal to the management of mines to embrace this method to
experiment with at least one hectare land and to learn the site
specific requirements through systematic close monitoring and
 subsequently go ahead with implementing it to all barren, broken
sites available without outsourcing the job and to make it a core
competency of mine management.
 As an academic, I would be whole heartedly supporting you
wherever required.
I whole heartedly acknowledge the cooperation of the Joda Mines team led
by Mr. R. R. Satpathy. Special thanks go to many persons, particularly, Mr. G.
V. Satyanaryan, Mr. R. P. Mali, Mr. Mukesh Ranjan and Mr Rakesh Sharma
who have hugely contributed in introducing vetiver to spoil dumps. I also
thank Mr P. Sengupta and Mr. Pankaj Satija for their encouragement at the
starting of this research project.

82. Integrating biodiversity into the mining project cycle

86. The names of species planted in
different years old overburden dumps
and plain plantations are mainly
1. Dalbergia sissoo
2. Roxb., Pongamia pinnata
3. L.Pierre,
4. Gmelina arborea Roxb.,
5. Azadirachta indica A. Juss.,
6. Terminalia belerica (Gaertn.) Roxb.,
7. Emblica officinalis Gaertn.,
8. Peltaphorum ferruginium Benth.,
9. Prosopis juliflora
10. (Sw.) DC,
11. Grevillea pteridifolia Knight,
12. Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.)
Planch,
13. Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn.
14. auct,
15. Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd,
16. Tectona grandis Linn. f.,
17. Bauhinia variegata Linn. and
18. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.)
Nees.
International Journal of Bio-
Science and Bio-Technology
Vol. 4, No. 3, September, 2012
p. 70
at Jhingurdah opencast project (OCP).
A variety of plant species were
screened for potential use
in restoration at NECL: herbs,
including
1. Sccharum spontaneum,
2. Cymbopogon winterianusJowitt
(citronella),
3. Cymbopogon flexuosus(lemon
grass)
cover plants, including
1. Mimosa strigillosa,
2. M. striata,
3. M. pigra;
shrubs, including
1. Sesbania rostrata (dhaincha)
2. Cassia streata(cassia);
tree species, including
1. Gmelina arborea(gomari)
2. Dalbergia sissoo (sissoo).

87. soil structure,
organic matter content,
CEC,
nutrients,
pH,
soil and heavy metal toxicity
Methodology from:
Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility- A Hand Book of Methods (edited by Anderson
and Ingram), C.A.B. International publication(1990)
and by Rubio Montoya and Brown (1984). 2.2. VAM Study and Microbial Biomass
in Rhizosphere
physico-chemical properties of soil like :
• bulk density,
• water holding capacity,
• pH,
• electrical conductivity (ms/cm),
• organic matter content of soil,
• fertility status (available N, available P and
available K),
• Ca, Na, and heavy metals toxicity of Cu, Zn,
Fe and Mn are liable to be modified.