This is an abstract from the 5th Annual Minerals South Conference & Tradeshow of October 2009 in Cranbrook, British Columbia.
The subject is the Wicheeda rare earth carbonatite being explored by Spectrum Mining Corp.
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Conventional- , and Nonconventional types; URANIUM RESOURCES AND RESERVES IN EGYPT
The document summarizes a study of the Groote Eylandt manganese orebody in Australia. The objectives of the study were to construct an accurate resource/reserve model using over 5,500 drill holes to satisfy reporting standards. Previous models were outdated and inaccurate. Key challenges included the orebody's variability and complex geological history. The new model incorporated stratigraphic units, addressed issues like downhole smearing in drilling data, used measured yield vs assumed values, and established a validated database, providing a robust foundation for ongoing mining.
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Salt River Resoures Ltd - SRR presentation 18 July 2008Marius Welthagen
The Salt River Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag-Au VMS deposit is located in the Namaqua Metamorphic Province of South Africa. It consists of three economic sulphide horizons within metasedimentary rocks of the Bushmanland Group. Drilling has defined an inferred resource of over 10 million tonnes grading over 2% zinc, 1% copper, and 20 g/t silver. The deposit formed from volcanogenic massive sulphide mineralization around 1300 million years ago during the Namaquan orogeny and shares similarities with other VMS deposits in the region, but is larger than the average VMS.
The document discusses Egyptian ore deposits, including occurrences of talc, asbestos, anthophyllite, vermiculite, corundum, and magnesite. Talc and asbestos are found associated with ultramafic intrusive rocks in the Eastern Desert. Anthophyllite and vermiculite are restricted to serpentinized ultramafic masses at Hafafit that are intruded by pegmatite veins. Corundum occurrences are also associated with pegmatites cutting ultramafic masses. Magnesite forms veins in serpentinized ultramafic rocks. Total magnesite production reached 800 tonnes in 1974.
Sulfide mineralization are the main resource for exploiting Pb, Zn, and Cu metals in Egypt.
Sulfide mineralization is represented by four sulfide types of the different setting, lithology and ages, namely:
i) Lead-Zinc sulphide Deposits
ii) Cu-NiCo sulphide Deposits
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro of ophiolitic rocks.
iii) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like gabbro rocks at Akarm and El Geneina .
iv) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um Samuki, Helgit, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
The document summarizes information about banded iron formations (BIFs) and ironstones. It discusses the characteristics, classification, occurrences, and origins of BIFs from the Precambrian and ironstones from the Phanerozoic. BIFs formed in various depositional environments, including shallow marine shelves and island arc settings, and have sedimentary, volcanic, and biogenic origins. Ironstones include bog ores, oolitic ores, and others that formed in continental and marine environments through weathering and precipitation processes. Examples of BIFs and ironstones in Egypt are also described.
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Conventional- , and Nonconventional types; URANIUM RESOURCES AND RESERVES IN EGYPT
The document summarizes a study of the Groote Eylandt manganese orebody in Australia. The objectives of the study were to construct an accurate resource/reserve model using over 5,500 drill holes to satisfy reporting standards. Previous models were outdated and inaccurate. Key challenges included the orebody's variability and complex geological history. The new model incorporated stratigraphic units, addressed issues like downhole smearing in drilling data, used measured yield vs assumed values, and established a validated database, providing a robust foundation for ongoing mining.
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Salt River Resoures Ltd - SRR presentation 18 July 2008Marius Welthagen
The Salt River Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag-Au VMS deposit is located in the Namaqua Metamorphic Province of South Africa. It consists of three economic sulphide horizons within metasedimentary rocks of the Bushmanland Group. Drilling has defined an inferred resource of over 10 million tonnes grading over 2% zinc, 1% copper, and 20 g/t silver. The deposit formed from volcanogenic massive sulphide mineralization around 1300 million years ago during the Namaquan orogeny and shares similarities with other VMS deposits in the region, but is larger than the average VMS.
The document discusses Egyptian ore deposits, including occurrences of talc, asbestos, anthophyllite, vermiculite, corundum, and magnesite. Talc and asbestos are found associated with ultramafic intrusive rocks in the Eastern Desert. Anthophyllite and vermiculite are restricted to serpentinized ultramafic masses at Hafafit that are intruded by pegmatite veins. Corundum occurrences are also associated with pegmatites cutting ultramafic masses. Magnesite forms veins in serpentinized ultramafic rocks. Total magnesite production reached 800 tonnes in 1974.
Sulfide mineralization are the main resource for exploiting Pb, Zn, and Cu metals in Egypt.
Sulfide mineralization is represented by four sulfide types of the different setting, lithology and ages, namely:
i) Lead-Zinc sulphide Deposits
ii) Cu-NiCo sulphide Deposits
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro of ophiolitic rocks.
iii) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like gabbro rocks at Akarm and El Geneina .
iv) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um Samuki, Helgit, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
The document summarizes information about banded iron formations (BIFs) and ironstones. It discusses the characteristics, classification, occurrences, and origins of BIFs from the Precambrian and ironstones from the Phanerozoic. BIFs formed in various depositional environments, including shallow marine shelves and island arc settings, and have sedimentary, volcanic, and biogenic origins. Ironstones include bog ores, oolitic ores, and others that formed in continental and marine environments through weathering and precipitation processes. Examples of BIFs and ironstones in Egypt are also described.
2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - Geological Survey of New S...Symposium
"Recent Developments and mineral potential in the Murray Basin: Heavy Mineral sands and more. "
David Forster, Senior Geoscientist, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Technical presentation at 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment symposium.
Bauxite types, mineralogy, Indian occurrencesPramoda Raj
The document discusses bauxite, including its mineral composition, locations of deposits, and uses. It notes that bauxite is the primary ore for aluminum production. India has significant bauxite reserves and is the 5th largest producer globally. The document outlines several important bauxite deposits in India, including in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Maharashtra. These deposits are typically associated with laterite soils and formed from weathering of igneous rocks under tropical conditions.
The document discusses techniques for mining minerals from the ocean. It begins by noting the increasing global demand for minerals and depletion of land-based resources. It then describes types of minerals found in oceans, including volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits containing metals like copper, zinc and gold. Prospecting techniques discussed include acoustic devices, optical systems and navigation tools. Specific prospecting methods outlined are echo sounders, side scan sonars, and cameras. The document concludes by describing two ocean mining methods - continuous line bucket systems which use buckets on cables to collect nodules, and hydraulic mining systems involving a dredge connected by hose to a surface platform to suck up nodules.
Mineral deposits of potential economic significance in Sinai:; Most of the metallic and non-metallic deposits are found in the Middle Western portion of South Sinai, close to the Gulf of Suez.
Deep ocean mining targets volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) ore deposits on the seafloor that contain valuable metals like copper, zinc, gold and silver. These deposits form from hydrothermal vents where superheated water and dissolved metals erupt from underwater volcanoes. While explored in the 1970s, the technology was not advanced enough to mine economically. However, with rising demand and limited new sources of critical metals, companies are again looking to mine these deep ocean deposits using new mining machines and ship-based processing. One project, Solwara 1 off Papua New Guinea, aims to extract over a million tons per year of high-grade copper and gold starting in 2013 at a depth of 1,600
The Krof property targets two types of mineral deposits - a volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit hosting copper, zinc, silver and gold, and an ultramafic-hosted nickel, copper, cobalt and platinum group element deposit similar to the nearby historic Giant Mascot Mine. Exploration at Krof since the 1980s has identified VMS mineralization at the main zone with drilling intersecting up to 4.82% copper and 19.94 g/t silver. Geophysical surveys have also identified additional electromagnetic anomalies across the property that remain untested targets. The property is available for option and further exploration is recommended to test priority drill targets at the main VMS zone and electromagnetic and geochemical anomalies elsewhere that may
02 boberg iaea roll front development & explMonatom Mgl
This document provides an overview of uranium roll-front deposits found in sandstone. It discusses the key components required to form these deposits, including a uranium source, transportation system, suitable host rock, and sufficient time. Roll-fronts are redox fronts where oxidizing and reducing groundwaters mix, concentrating uranium. They form sinuous bands within sandstone layers and can stack in complex patterns over multiple sandstone units. Drilling is needed to fully characterize the 3D geometry and grade distribution of roll-front systems for mining purposes.
Unit 4 ch 16 s2 mineral exploration & miningwja10255
The document describes the process of mineral exploration and mining. There are several key steps: (1) prospecting to find mineral deposits, (2) exploration to determine if extraction is economically viable, (3) mining to extract the ore, (4) extraction to separate the minerals from waste rock, and (5) smelting and refining to purify the extracted minerals. Mining occurs either through subsurface techniques like room and pillar mining or longwall mining, or surface techniques including open pit mining and quarrying. The document also discusses how minerals are located and tested before mining begins.
The document discusses the origin of sandstone uranium deposits in the Wyoming Uranium Province. Key factors in the formation of the deposits include: 1) weathering of uranium-rich Precambrian granitic rocks and volcanic ash deposits, 2) transportation of uranium in mineralizing fluids along paleodrainage systems, and 3) precipitation of uranium at redox boundaries where oxygenated groundwater met permeable sedimentary host rocks. Multiple episodes over tens of millions of years contributed uranium to roll-front type deposits in sedimentary basins across the province.
The document discusses trends in mineral prospecting in India from 2004-2007. It summarizes that base metals, gold-diamond-bearing rocks, and atomic minerals received the most attention. Iron ore, manganese, bauxite and chromite deposits were also studied significantly. Demand increased prospecting for coal and lignite. The document describes the geological settings and formation processes of various mineral deposits in India, including their locations, for base metals, gold, diamond, iron, manganese, chromite, uranium, molybdenum, tungsten and coal.
1. The document summarizes research on iron ore deposits in the Agbaja Formation in the southern Bida Basin of Nigeria. It describes the geology and stratigraphy of the Bida Basin, including the Lokoja, Patti, and Agbaja Formations that host ironstone deposits.
2. The Agbaja iron ore deposit contains an estimated 586 million tonnes of 41-41.3% iron content. The deposit formed in a channel iron environment within the Late Cretaceous Agbaja Formation of the Bida Basin.
3. The author reviews the tectonic history and development of the Bida Basin, noting it formed as an embayment related to Santonian
How can minerals deposits be formed; GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES; Ore Fluids; Ore Forming Processes; Concentrating Processes; Magmatic mineral deposits; Residual mineral deposits ; Placer deposits; Sedimentary mineral deposits; Metamorhogenic mineral deposits; Hydrothermal mineral deposits ; Magmatic Deposits
Cumulate deposits: fractional crystallization processes can concentrate metals (Cr, Fe, PGE, Pt, Ni, Ti, Diamond ))
Pegmatites : late staged crystallization forms pegmatites and many residual elements are concentrated (Li, Ce, Be, Sn, U, Rare Earths (REE), Feldspar, Mica, Gems).
magmatic deposits; Mode of Formation of Magmatic Ores Deposits; Mode of Formation of Orthomagmatic Ores ; Fractional Crystallization (or Crystal fractionation ); Magmatic (or Liquid ) Immiscibility; Simple crystallization without concentration (Dissemination); Segregation of early formed crystals; (Layer Types); Injection of material concentrated elsewhere by differentiation Residual liquid segregation; Residual liquid injection; Immiscible liquid segregation; Immiscible-liquid-injection; Early magmatic deposit; Late magmatic deposit; Types of Magmatic Ore Deposits:Chromite; Fe-Ti (± V) oxides; Ni – Cu – Fe (± Pt) sulfides; Platinum Group Elements (PGEs); REE, and Zr in Carbonatites; Diamond in kimberlites.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
- The majority of coal deposits are from the Pennsylvanian period as land plants had fully evolved by this era, allowing for the formation of coal deposits from plant remains.
- Major coal deposits in Egypt include the Jurassic-aged "G. Maghara" deposit with estimated reserves of 52 million tons and the "Ayun Mousa" deposit with estimated reserves of 40 million tons.
- Other significant Egyptian coal deposits include the "Abu Zenimah" deposit in northeast Egypt with estimated reserves of 75 million tons and deposits from the Carboniferous period around Umm Bogma.
The document discusses various mining techniques and their environmental impacts. It describes how minerals are identified and land is acquired for mining under the 1872 Mining Law. Surface mining techniques like open-pit, strip, contour, and mountaintop removal mining are outlined. Subsurface mining techniques like room-and-pillar and longwall mining are also summarized. The document discusses the impacts of mining such as scarring of land, erosion, subsidence, water and air pollution from acid mine drainage and slurry pond spills. It provides an example of reclamation at an abandoned coal mine in Pennsylvania.
Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes; صخورالصوان (Chert)
درنات او عقيدات الشيرت(Nodular or Concretion Cherts)
زلط الطواحين (Mill chert)
الشيرت الطبقى (Bedded Cherts )
رواسب الكالسيوم الكربونات (Calcium Carbonate Deposits)
الحجر الجيري (Limestone)
الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
الفرق بين الحجر الجيري (Limestone) و الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
استخدمات الحجر الجيري
السن المستخدم فى الاغراض المدنية
سن الأسفلت (Road or Asphalt Aggregates):
سن جابرو (Gabbro Aggregates)
سن بازالت (Basalt Aggregates)
سن الدولوميت (Dolomite/Dolostone Aggregates)
سن الشيرت (Chert Aggregates)
السن المستخدم فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء (Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes)
الفرق بين الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate)...!
الأقضلية بين استخدام الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate) فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء
Advancing Discovery New Craigmont Project’s High-grade Copper Potentialnicola_mining
The document provides an overview of the New Craigmont copper project located in British Columbia, Canada. Some key points:
- The project is located at the site of the historic Craigmont copper mine which operated from 1961-1982 and produced over 34 million tonnes of ore grading 1.3% copper.
- Recent drilling has intersected high-grade copper mineralization near the historic mine and in a new zone called the Embayment Zone.
- Exploration in 2023 included drilling north and east of the historic pit which revealed copper mineralization and alterations indicating the potential for a porphyry system.
- Plans for 2024 include further drilling and geophysics to explore targets in the Guichon Quartz
The XAMA mineral property is located in central British Columbia near Fraser Lake and contains seven mineral tenures covering 3,579 hectares. Historical exploration in the 1960s and 1970s identified widespread molybdenum and copper mineralization through soil sampling and geophysical surveys. Recommended exploration includes drilling three 500-meter holes to test induced polarization anomalies identified by previous operators, as well as a modern helicopter-borne electromagnetic survey to further explore the property's potential as a major porphyry molybdenum-copper deposit. The property has excellent infrastructure and is available for option.
2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - Geological Survey of New S...Symposium
"Recent Developments and mineral potential in the Murray Basin: Heavy Mineral sands and more. "
David Forster, Senior Geoscientist, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Technical presentation at 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment symposium.
Bauxite types, mineralogy, Indian occurrencesPramoda Raj
The document discusses bauxite, including its mineral composition, locations of deposits, and uses. It notes that bauxite is the primary ore for aluminum production. India has significant bauxite reserves and is the 5th largest producer globally. The document outlines several important bauxite deposits in India, including in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Maharashtra. These deposits are typically associated with laterite soils and formed from weathering of igneous rocks under tropical conditions.
The document discusses techniques for mining minerals from the ocean. It begins by noting the increasing global demand for minerals and depletion of land-based resources. It then describes types of minerals found in oceans, including volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits containing metals like copper, zinc and gold. Prospecting techniques discussed include acoustic devices, optical systems and navigation tools. Specific prospecting methods outlined are echo sounders, side scan sonars, and cameras. The document concludes by describing two ocean mining methods - continuous line bucket systems which use buckets on cables to collect nodules, and hydraulic mining systems involving a dredge connected by hose to a surface platform to suck up nodules.
Mineral deposits of potential economic significance in Sinai:; Most of the metallic and non-metallic deposits are found in the Middle Western portion of South Sinai, close to the Gulf of Suez.
Deep ocean mining targets volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) ore deposits on the seafloor that contain valuable metals like copper, zinc, gold and silver. These deposits form from hydrothermal vents where superheated water and dissolved metals erupt from underwater volcanoes. While explored in the 1970s, the technology was not advanced enough to mine economically. However, with rising demand and limited new sources of critical metals, companies are again looking to mine these deep ocean deposits using new mining machines and ship-based processing. One project, Solwara 1 off Papua New Guinea, aims to extract over a million tons per year of high-grade copper and gold starting in 2013 at a depth of 1,600
The Krof property targets two types of mineral deposits - a volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit hosting copper, zinc, silver and gold, and an ultramafic-hosted nickel, copper, cobalt and platinum group element deposit similar to the nearby historic Giant Mascot Mine. Exploration at Krof since the 1980s has identified VMS mineralization at the main zone with drilling intersecting up to 4.82% copper and 19.94 g/t silver. Geophysical surveys have also identified additional electromagnetic anomalies across the property that remain untested targets. The property is available for option and further exploration is recommended to test priority drill targets at the main VMS zone and electromagnetic and geochemical anomalies elsewhere that may
02 boberg iaea roll front development & explMonatom Mgl
This document provides an overview of uranium roll-front deposits found in sandstone. It discusses the key components required to form these deposits, including a uranium source, transportation system, suitable host rock, and sufficient time. Roll-fronts are redox fronts where oxidizing and reducing groundwaters mix, concentrating uranium. They form sinuous bands within sandstone layers and can stack in complex patterns over multiple sandstone units. Drilling is needed to fully characterize the 3D geometry and grade distribution of roll-front systems for mining purposes.
Unit 4 ch 16 s2 mineral exploration & miningwja10255
The document describes the process of mineral exploration and mining. There are several key steps: (1) prospecting to find mineral deposits, (2) exploration to determine if extraction is economically viable, (3) mining to extract the ore, (4) extraction to separate the minerals from waste rock, and (5) smelting and refining to purify the extracted minerals. Mining occurs either through subsurface techniques like room and pillar mining or longwall mining, or surface techniques including open pit mining and quarrying. The document also discusses how minerals are located and tested before mining begins.
The document discusses the origin of sandstone uranium deposits in the Wyoming Uranium Province. Key factors in the formation of the deposits include: 1) weathering of uranium-rich Precambrian granitic rocks and volcanic ash deposits, 2) transportation of uranium in mineralizing fluids along paleodrainage systems, and 3) precipitation of uranium at redox boundaries where oxygenated groundwater met permeable sedimentary host rocks. Multiple episodes over tens of millions of years contributed uranium to roll-front type deposits in sedimentary basins across the province.
The document discusses trends in mineral prospecting in India from 2004-2007. It summarizes that base metals, gold-diamond-bearing rocks, and atomic minerals received the most attention. Iron ore, manganese, bauxite and chromite deposits were also studied significantly. Demand increased prospecting for coal and lignite. The document describes the geological settings and formation processes of various mineral deposits in India, including their locations, for base metals, gold, diamond, iron, manganese, chromite, uranium, molybdenum, tungsten and coal.
1. The document summarizes research on iron ore deposits in the Agbaja Formation in the southern Bida Basin of Nigeria. It describes the geology and stratigraphy of the Bida Basin, including the Lokoja, Patti, and Agbaja Formations that host ironstone deposits.
2. The Agbaja iron ore deposit contains an estimated 586 million tonnes of 41-41.3% iron content. The deposit formed in a channel iron environment within the Late Cretaceous Agbaja Formation of the Bida Basin.
3. The author reviews the tectonic history and development of the Bida Basin, noting it formed as an embayment related to Santonian
How can minerals deposits be formed; GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES; Ore Fluids; Ore Forming Processes; Concentrating Processes; Magmatic mineral deposits; Residual mineral deposits ; Placer deposits; Sedimentary mineral deposits; Metamorhogenic mineral deposits; Hydrothermal mineral deposits ; Magmatic Deposits
Cumulate deposits: fractional crystallization processes can concentrate metals (Cr, Fe, PGE, Pt, Ni, Ti, Diamond ))
Pegmatites : late staged crystallization forms pegmatites and many residual elements are concentrated (Li, Ce, Be, Sn, U, Rare Earths (REE), Feldspar, Mica, Gems).
magmatic deposits; Mode of Formation of Magmatic Ores Deposits; Mode of Formation of Orthomagmatic Ores ; Fractional Crystallization (or Crystal fractionation ); Magmatic (or Liquid ) Immiscibility; Simple crystallization without concentration (Dissemination); Segregation of early formed crystals; (Layer Types); Injection of material concentrated elsewhere by differentiation Residual liquid segregation; Residual liquid injection; Immiscible liquid segregation; Immiscible-liquid-injection; Early magmatic deposit; Late magmatic deposit; Types of Magmatic Ore Deposits:Chromite; Fe-Ti (± V) oxides; Ni – Cu – Fe (± Pt) sulfides; Platinum Group Elements (PGEs); REE, and Zr in Carbonatites; Diamond in kimberlites.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
- The majority of coal deposits are from the Pennsylvanian period as land plants had fully evolved by this era, allowing for the formation of coal deposits from plant remains.
- Major coal deposits in Egypt include the Jurassic-aged "G. Maghara" deposit with estimated reserves of 52 million tons and the "Ayun Mousa" deposit with estimated reserves of 40 million tons.
- Other significant Egyptian coal deposits include the "Abu Zenimah" deposit in northeast Egypt with estimated reserves of 75 million tons and deposits from the Carboniferous period around Umm Bogma.
The document discusses various mining techniques and their environmental impacts. It describes how minerals are identified and land is acquired for mining under the 1872 Mining Law. Surface mining techniques like open-pit, strip, contour, and mountaintop removal mining are outlined. Subsurface mining techniques like room-and-pillar and longwall mining are also summarized. The document discusses the impacts of mining such as scarring of land, erosion, subsidence, water and air pollution from acid mine drainage and slurry pond spills. It provides an example of reclamation at an abandoned coal mine in Pennsylvania.
Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes; صخورالصوان (Chert)
درنات او عقيدات الشيرت(Nodular or Concretion Cherts)
زلط الطواحين (Mill chert)
الشيرت الطبقى (Bedded Cherts )
رواسب الكالسيوم الكربونات (Calcium Carbonate Deposits)
الحجر الجيري (Limestone)
الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
الفرق بين الحجر الجيري (Limestone) و الدولوميت (Dolomite/ Dolostone)
استخدمات الحجر الجيري
السن المستخدم فى الاغراض المدنية
سن الأسفلت (Road or Asphalt Aggregates):
سن جابرو (Gabbro Aggregates)
سن بازالت (Basalt Aggregates)
سن الدولوميت (Dolomite/Dolostone Aggregates)
سن الشيرت (Chert Aggregates)
السن المستخدم فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء (Aggregate Used in Concrete & Building Purposes)
الفرق بين الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate)...!
الأقضلية بين استخدام الزلط (Flint/Chert) و السن (Aggregate) فى الخرسانة وأغراض البناء
Advancing Discovery New Craigmont Project’s High-grade Copper Potentialnicola_mining
The document provides an overview of the New Craigmont copper project located in British Columbia, Canada. Some key points:
- The project is located at the site of the historic Craigmont copper mine which operated from 1961-1982 and produced over 34 million tonnes of ore grading 1.3% copper.
- Recent drilling has intersected high-grade copper mineralization near the historic mine and in a new zone called the Embayment Zone.
- Exploration in 2023 included drilling north and east of the historic pit which revealed copper mineralization and alterations indicating the potential for a porphyry system.
- Plans for 2024 include further drilling and geophysics to explore targets in the Guichon Quartz
The XAMA mineral property is located in central British Columbia near Fraser Lake and contains seven mineral tenures covering 3,579 hectares. Historical exploration in the 1960s and 1970s identified widespread molybdenum and copper mineralization through soil sampling and geophysical surveys. Recommended exploration includes drilling three 500-meter holes to test induced polarization anomalies identified by previous operators, as well as a modern helicopter-borne electromagnetic survey to further explore the property's potential as a major porphyry molybdenum-copper deposit. The property has excellent infrastructure and is available for option.
Skyharbour Resources Ltd. explores for uranium in the Athabasca Basin of northern Saskatchewan and owns several uranium properties in the region. The company's properties near the Patterson Lake South discovery area have potential for high-grade uranium mineralization. Skyharbour also explores for gold in Red Lake, Ontario and owns copper-zinc and gold properties prospective for base and precious metal deposits. The company is led by an experienced management team with decades of expertise in mineral exploration.
The Lekcin property is located 10 kilometres northwest of Hope, British Columbia and consists of 23 mineral tenures covering 7,289 hectares. It is adjacent to claims formerly owned by Barrick Gold Corp that contain their past-producing Giant Mascot Mine. The property has potential for nickel-copper deposits based on similar geology and mineralization to deposits found at the Giant Mascot Mine. Exploration is recommended to further explore discoveries already made on the property and conduct additional regional geochemical sampling. The Lekcin property is available for option from its four owners.
The Royalle property is located 175 km north of Vancouver in central British Columbia, near the historic Bralorne-Pioneer gold mining camp. The property consists of three contiguous mineral claims covering 2,620 hectares. Exploration over the years has identified several gold and copper-tungsten zones, including the Upper Piebiter gold zone and the Chalco copper-tungsten zone. Recent geophysical surveys have outlined structures prospective for porphyry and epithermal mineralization. The property remains underexplored and offers potential for the discovery of bulk tonnage gold deposits and porphyry-related mineralization.
COLLECTION FOR MYANMAR GEOLOGY STUDENTS AND LEARNERS-1MYO AUNG Myanmar
COLLECTION FOR MYANMAR GEOLOGY STUDENTS AND LEARNERS-1
Geology of the High Sulfidation Copper Deposits, Monywa Mine, Myanmar
Andrew H. G. Mitchell Win Myint Kyi Lynn Myint Thein Htay Maw Oo Thein Zaw
Resource GeologyVolume 61, Issue 1
First published: 22 December 2010
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2010.00145.x
Active tectonics and earthquake potential of the Myanmar region
Yu Wang Kerry Sieh Soe Thura Tun Kuang‐Yin Lai Than Myint
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid EarthVolume 119, Issue 4
First published: 15 March 2014
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/2013JB010762
02 Mugumbate - Overview of mineral potential (1).pdfLeonNdiraya1
- Zimbabwe has significant unexplored mineral potential based on its geological formations like greenstone belts and the Great Dyke that are known to host valuable resources. However, challenges like political instability, lack of investment, and outdated exploration techniques have limited understanding of the size and distribution of resources.
- With modern exploration methods and a stable investment environment, it is likely that many currently small deposits could become large mines and many new deposits could be discovered, particularly for commodities like gold, platinum, chromium, and coal. The mineral endowment of Zimbabwe may be much larger than currently recognized.
Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. Different types of ores are characterized by distinct geological environment and tectonic settings.
Skyharbour owns several gold exploration properties in the prolific Red Lake gold camp of Ontario. The properties have potential for gold mineralization based on their proximity to producing mines and recent discoveries by other companies on adjacent lands. Skyharbour's key property, Broulan Reef, has returned encouraging drill results that are similar in grade and style to a nearby multi-million ounce deposit. Management has over 80 years of combined experience exploring and developing projects in Red Lake.
In this presentation we discuss cobalt crusts, its classification, Occurrence and Distribution, Formation, Texture, Mineralogy, Scope for future mining and exploration.
Lye2006TheDiscoveryHistoryNorthparkesDepositsBen Jones
The Northparkes copper-gold deposits in New South Wales, Australia were discovered in 1976-1980 through roadside auger drilling and grid-based RAB drilling programs. Production at the mine began in 1993 from open pit mining of the E22 and E27 deposits and underground mining of E26. Further deposits including E48 were discovered through magnetic and geochemical targeting programs. Exploration since 1999 by Northparkes Mines has led to four additional porphyry discoveries within 6km of existing infrastructure, extending the mine life to at least 2016.
Skyharbour owns several gold exploration properties in the prolific Red Lake gold camp of Ontario. The properties have potential for high-grade gold mineralization based on their proximity to major discoveries by Goldcorp. Drilling on the Broulan Reef property has intersected gold mineralization in the same structure as the nearby Bruce Channel deposit. The McKenzie Island property also shows continuity of mineralization between properties. Skyharbour aims to explore the untapped potential of these properties through future drilling programs.
Marindi Metals Pty Ltd RRS 2014 Presentation Jeremy Robinson
This document summarizes an Australian resource company focused on developing the Newman Zinc Project in Western Australia. The company has an experienced board and management team with a background in exploration, development and production. The flagship Newman Zinc Project contains a 3Mt JORC resource at the Prairie deposit located within a 20km mineralized corridor, as well as an undrilled Wolf discovery. The company aims to list on the ASX by mid-2015 to fund further exploration and drilling of targets within the 550km2 tenement area, which has potential for a larger zinc system than currently defined.
1) Ore deposits can form from the crystallization of magma in magma chambers (magmatic segregation deposits). Some major examples include deposits associated with layered igneous intrusions like the Bushveld Complex in South Africa, the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe, and the Sudbury Igneous Complex in Canada.
2) Skarn deposits form at the contact between intrusive igneous rocks and carbonate country rocks, where the carbonates are metamorphosed into marble, hornfels, and skarn minerals. Skarn deposits are a source for metals like copper, iron, tungsten, lead, and zinc.
3) Porphyry deposits are associated with porphy
The document summarizes the major points for Enduro Metals' Newmont Lake Project located in British Columbia's Golden Triangle region. The 618km2 project contains 4 major mineralized systems - McLymont Fault, Burgundy, Chachi, and Cuba - that have seen little historical exploration. Recent drilling by Enduro at the McLymont Fault intersected high-grade gold mineralization over significant widths. Diamond drilling in 2019 at Burgundy discovered a copper-gold alkalic porphyry system over 2.3km. Grassroots exploration in 2019 at Chachi identified the largest multi-element anomaly on the property through surface sampling, including high grades of copper and silver. Cuba contains multiple silver/zinc soil
This document provides an overview of uranium exploration and mining case studies in Nigeria, including:
- Uranium was discovered in the 1970s in the northeast region through exploration projects conducted by the Nigerian Uranium Mining Company.
- Four main uranium deposit areas were discovered - Gumchi, Gabrunde, Mika, and Mayo-Lope. Drilling and sampling was conducted at these sites to determine average uranium concentrations and reasonably assured resource estimates ranging from 50 to 100 tons of uranium oxide.
- The geology of Nigeria consists of a basement complex and younger granites upon which sedimentary basins were deposited. Uranium mineralization is hosted in granitic rocks and
The document discusses different types of minerals and metals that can be extracted from the deep ocean through mining activities. It describes manganese nodules, cobalt crusts, and massive sulphides found in various regions of the ocean floor between depths of 1000-5000 meters. The document outlines India's Deep Ocean Mission planned for later this year to explore and conduct polymetallic nodule mining in the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Potential environmental impacts and mitigation strategies for deep sea mining are also summarized.
1. Deep sea mining involves extracting valuable minerals from the seafloor in international waters, beyond national jurisdictions. Minerals found include polymetallic nodules, crusts, and massive sulfides.
2. Extraction is done using remote-controlled seafloor excavation and lifting systems to collect, crush, and pump mineral-laden slurries to surface ships for processing. The International Seabed Authority regulates deep sea mining contracts.
3. While deep sea mining could meet increasing demand for metals and minerals, it risks damaging undiscovered deep-sea ecosystems and species. More research is needed to develop environmentally-sustainable extraction techniques.
massive type interlayer with gabbroic rocks in the Eastern Desert; Main occurrences of Ti-Fe oxide deposits in Egypt; Abu Ghalaga Ore Deposit; Abu Ghalaga ilmenite ore deposit categories ; Abu Ghalaga Mineral composition; Mining Techniques; Origins; Korabkanci titano-magnetite ore; black sand placer deposits type; Rosetta (or Rashid East); Northern Sinai Coast
The document provides information on the geology and mineralization of the Henty Gold Mine in Tasmania. It summarizes that the mine contains four major zones of gold mineralization within altered volcanic rocks, with the deepest zone being Zone 96 which contains reserves of 526,000 tonnes at 26.2 g/t gold. Regional geology of the area places the mine within the Cambrian Mount Read Volcanic Belt, known for other base and precious metal deposits. Gold mineralization at Henty is hosted within quartz phyric volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Tyndall Group formation.
Similar to Abstract: The Wicheeda Rare Earth Carbonatite Deposit of Spectrum Mining (October 2009) (20)
Montoro Resources Inc. has acquired additional mineral claims in its Tacheeda Lake claim block northeast of Prince George, BC. The claims cover an area of 1,065.10 hectares and adjoin a previously developed limestone quarry. Montoro plans to develop this quarry and secure permits. The acquisition allows Montoro to continue developing targets identified in a recent airborne geophysical survey. Terms of the acquisition include cash, shares, and warrants paid to the vendor as well as a 1% net smelter royalty. The claims increase Montoro's land holdings in the area to 24 tenures covering 8,650 hectares prospective for rare earth elements.
International Montoro Resources Inc. wishes to clarify statements made by Boss Power Corp. regarding a settlement between Boss Power and the Province of British Columbia. Specifically, Montoro states that its IMT-Cup Lake claims adjoining the Blizzard properties are not part of the settlement. Montoro plans to proceed with its own claim against the Province of B.C. seeking compensation for the expropriation of its Cup Lake/Donen properties east of Kelowna. Montoro holds interests in properties prospective for rare earth elements and uranium in British Columbia and Saskatchewan.
Critical Elements Corporation discovered new high-grade rare earth element, niobium, and molybdenum mineralization at its Trident-Kin property in Quebec, Canada. Rock samples from a 1.5km section returned up to 5.93% total rare earth oxides, 0.246% niobium oxide, and over 2000ppm molybdenum. Additional sampling over 3.5km returned values up to 12.63% total rare earth oxides and 4.97% niobium. Channel samples show concentrations of these minerals over 10-250m sections. The discovery indicates a 25km prospective intrusion remains underexplored for rare earth elements and other minerals on the
Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE) updates the exploration and development activities at their Blue River Tantalum & Niobium Project in British Columbia, Canada.
International Montoro Resources has acquired an additional 4 caims covering 4,500 acres, due west of its Carbo group claims in the Rocky Mountain Rare Metal Belt near Prince George, British Columbia.
Montoro Resources Inc. has received approval to acquire additional mining claims totaling 4,278 hectares adjoining its existing Tacheeda Lake claims in British Columbia's Rocky Mountain Rare Metal Belt. This doubles Montoro's holdings in the area to over 7,580 hectares and includes a claim that previously produced limestone. The new claims were previously explored by Teck Corporation who identified zinc, lead, silver, and barium soil anomalies. Montoro issued 400,000 units at $0.10 per share in the first year and $0.15 in the second year to fund exploration of the rare earth prospects in the area.
Montoro is advancing a claim against the British Columbia government for compensation after the province banned uranium exploration and "expropriated" Montoro's Cup Lake/Donen uranium claims adjacent to Boss Power's Blizzard uranium property. Montoro has spent over $1.93 million exploring the Cup Lake/Donen project, which was estimated to contain a historical resource of 2.25 million tons grading 0.0373% U3O8. Montoro remains committed to uranium exploration and is also exploring rare earth elements projects in BC, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Labrador.
International Montoro Resources Inc. (“Montoro”) (TSX-V: IMT) Aeroquest International Ltd. has completed approximately 989 line kilometers of a magnetic and radiometric airborne geophysical survey over Montoro‟s Tacheeda Lake Rare Earth Element prospect located in „The Rocky Mountain Rare Metal Belt‟ of northern British Columbia, and surrounding claims held by Spectrum Mining
International Montoro Resources Inc. (“Montoro”) (TSX-V: IMT) has entered into an agreement to acquire an additional 11 claims - 4,278.52 hectares (the “Rocky” group) adjoining and surrounding its “Tacheeda NW” Rare Earth Element prospect located in „The Rocky Mountain Rare Metal Belt‟ of northern British Columbia, and contiguous to claims held by Spectrum Mining Corp.
The Rocky Mountain Rare Metal Belt in British Columbia represents a unique opportunity for rare earth element and rare metal exploration and investment. It stretches 2,500 km from Idaho to Yukon and has the right geological conditions for deposits of rare earths and rare metals like niobium and tantalum. Several exploration companies have made discoveries in the area, including Spectrum Mining's Wicheeda property where drilling intersected high grades of rare earth elements over wide intervals. The belt is a developing exploration region that could yield valuable discoveries and gains for investors.
This document is a map showing mining claims in northern British Columbia, Canada. It depicts numerous lakes, creeks, and mountain ranges in the region. Within this area, it shows the specific mining claims that have been acquired by various mining companies exploring for rare earth metals in the Rocky Mountain Rare Metal Belt. Key companies mentioned include Bolero Resources, Carbonatite Syndicate, Alix Resources, and International Montoro.
In 1994, British Columbia Geological Survey Geologist Jennifer Pell released a report on the potential for exploration of several minerals in British Columbia.
The document summarizes the geology of an ultrabasic diatreme in the Kechika River area of northern British Columbia. The diatreme comprises heterogeneous breccias containing fragments of quartzite, carbonate rocks, and other lithics in a matrix of carbonate minerals and feldspars. Associated dikes and tuffs are also described. Geochemical analysis indicates the rocks have affinities to alkaline lamprophyres and leucitites. The diatreme provides evidence of mafic magmatic activity in northern BC during the middle Paleozoic.
Corporate presentation of Rara Terra Minerals as at August 2011. Rara Terra Minerals is a publicly traded company listed on the TSX Venture Exchange under the symbol RTX.
Historical report by the British Columbia Geological Survey on carbonatites and related rocks. Ther report was completed by geologist Jennifer Pell who has spent several years studying rare metals in British Columbia's Rocky Mountain Rare Metal Belt.
The British Columbia Geological Survey's 1994 report on Carbonatites, Nepheline Syenites, Kimberlites and Related Rocks in British Columbia by Jennifer Pell.
Created for the British Columbia Geological Survey, the purpose of this Information Circular is to increase the awareness of rare metals and rare earth elements and to provide the background information which will hopefully lead to new discoveries of these resources.
International Montoro Resources Inc. holds exploration properties across Canada prospective for uranium, rare earth elements, and nickel-copper-PGE mineralization. The company's key property is its Serpent River project in Ontario, which has a historic uranium resource and potential for nickel-copper deposits based on geophysical anomalies. Montoro also owns claims near a rare earth discovery in British Columbia and uranium properties in Saskatchewan's Uranium City mining camp. Geophysical surveys and upcoming drilling aim to evaluate targets across Montoro's portfolio as it advances its properties in strategic commodities.
The document summarizes geological fieldwork and research conducted in 2010 by the British Columbia Geological Survey (BCGS). Some of the key activities included: 1) Continuing a surficial geology and till geochemistry sampling program in the Colleymount area. 2) Conducting geological mapping in the North Coast and Iskut River project areas in collaboration with other groups. 3) Initiating a new two-year mapping project in the Kutcho Creek area. 4) Beginning a multi-year study of rare metals across the province together with the Geological Survey of Canada. 5) Updating online databases and maps with new geological information.
British Columbia’s MINFILE database lists more than 90 rare metal occurrences hosted by carbonatites, nepheline syenites, rare element enriched pegmatites, skarns, massive sulphide deposits, sedimentary phosphate deposits and placer deposits. In approximately 25 of these occurrences, rare metals are considered the primary
commodities. The recent surge in interest has added a number of new occurrences.
ZKsync airdrop of 3.6 billion ZK tokens is scheduled by ZKsync for next week.pdfSOFTTECHHUB
The world of blockchain and decentralized technologies is about to witness a groundbreaking event. ZKsync, the pioneering Ethereum Layer 2 network, has announced the highly anticipated airdrop of its native token, ZK. This move marks a significant milestone in the protocol's journey, empowering the community to take the reins and shape the future of this revolutionary ecosystem.
UnityNet World Environment Day Abraham Project 2024 Press ReleaseLHelferty
June 12, 2024 UnityNet International (#UNI) World Environment Day Abraham Project 2024 Press Release from Markham / Mississauga, Ontario in the, Greater Tkaronto Bioregion, Canada in the North American Great Lakes Watersheds of North America (Turtle Island).
Cleades Robinson, a respected leader in Philadelphia's police force, is known for his diplomatic and tactful approach, fostering a strong community rapport.
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Abstract: The Wicheeda Rare Earth Carbonatite Deposit of Spectrum Mining (October 2009)
1.
2. THE WICHEEDA CARBONATITE-SYENITE BRECCIA INTRUSIVE COMPLEX
HOSTED RARE EARTH DEPOSIT
A Significant New Discovery in the Search for an Important North American Source of Rare
Earth Minerals to meet their Increasing Demand and Strategic Role in the future Economy
Chris Graf, Spectrum Mining Corporation
Bob Lane, Plateau Minerals Corp
Murray Morrison, M.S. Morrison Geological
The Wicheeda Property is owned 100% and operated by private company Spectrum Mining
Corporation and comprised of 17 mineral claims totalling 6011.53 hectares in the Cariboo
Mining Division of British Columbia. It is located approximately 80 km northeast of Prince
George within the Rocky Mountain Trench on the continental Arctic-Pacific, Parsnip River –
Fraser River, drainage divide and topographical arch.
The Wicheeda property is situated close to major infrastructure including power transmission
lines, railway and major highways. It is readily accessible from Prince George by travelling
highway 97 for 80 km north to the community of Bear Lake and then going east for 50 km along
the all weather Chuchinka Forest Service Road.
The Wicheeda Carbonatite-Syenite breccia intrusive complex is presently of undertermined age.
No radiometric age dates have been obtained and it is likely related to the Devono-Mississippian
group of alkaline/carbonatite intrusive bodies emplaced into the old North American continental
margin which roughly follows the Rocky Mountain Trench. There are several intrusive
carbonatite bodies in the Wicheeda area which form a northwest-southeast trend over 15 km long
and 2 km wide. These intrusive rocks are emplaced into sediments that are tentatively assigned to
the upper Cambrian to Ordovician Kechika Group, however that assumption has not been
substantiated through modern mapping by the GSC and may be incorrect. The sedimentary rocks
exposed on the Wicheeda property are a sequence of interbedded limestone, siltstone, calcareous
argillite and argillite with consistent northwest trending attitudes and subvertical dips.
The intrusive rocks of the Wicheeda “Main Zone” consist of a massive dolomitic-ankeritic body
that overlies a thick monolithic syenite breccia unit. The carbonatite body outcrops over most of
its extent with little to no overburden cover and is quite coarse grained with individual dolomite-
ankerite phenocrysts up to 5 cm across. Minor constituents include K-spar, black biotite,
corderite, pyrochlore, columbite, magnetite, pyrite and limonite as well as coarse grained, rare
earth enriched, monazite and a bastnaesite-synchisite-parasite mineral. The syenite breccia clasts
vary up to 30 cm in size and perhaps more. The spaces between the clasts are infilled or mended
by dolomitic carbonatite identical in composition to the overlying massive carbonatite body. The
relative amount of syenite breccia clasts to carbonatite matrix infilling material varies from 10%
clasts and 90% carbonatite to 90% clasts and 10% carbonatite. No true intact syenite body has
been discovered on the property to date.
At one drill site approximately 400 m north of the “Main Zone” drill holes have intersected the
same syenite breccia unit, however the carbonatite matrix infilling material is calcite instead of
dolomite and the individual clasts are rimmed by up to ½ cm of black biotite. This rock is quite
striking to observe.
3. The first reported mineralization in the Wicheeda area were zinc showings discovered by
prospector Kol Lovang in the late 1970’s and more detailed assays of his rock samples indicated
they contained significant niobium contents. The niobium potential interested Teck Corporation
and from 1985-1987 they conducted follow up geological mapping, surface soil sampling and
blast trenching exploration programs that outlined several areas enriched in the lanthanide suite
of light rare earth elements as well as niobium, barium, strontium, zinc and fluorine.
The “Main Zone” soil anomaly as outlined by the 400 ppm cerium soil contour is 1km long and
up to 500m wide within which the 5000 ppm contour is roughly 300m long and 200m wide.
Peak values range up to 25,000 ppm cerium. Several other high value cerium soil anomalies
continue for over 600m northwest along strike from the “Main Zone”. These cerium soil
anomalies are also anomalous in niobium and barium. A ground magnetometer survey has
outlined a magnetic high anomaly on the north side of the “Main Zone” measuring roughly 500m
north- south and 1 km east-west.
These mineral showings and soil anomalies were never tested by drilling and the claims were
eventually allowed to lapse. In 2001 the property was restaked by the author Chris Graf who
subsequently incorporated Spectrum Mining Corporation to fund and conduct drilling on the
indicated rare earth mineralized targets.
In 2008 Spectrum Mining Corporation contracted Falcon Drilling Ltd. of Prince George, B.C. to
drill 4 BTW size diamond drill holes, totalling 866 m, at varying azimuths and dips from 1
drilling platform into the “Main Zone” cerium soil anomaly. All 4 drill holes intersected
significant rare earth mineralization over drill core lengths varying from 66 m to 231 m starting
at their collars. The highest grade intersections from the 2008 program include a 48.64 m interval
in hole 2008-02 which averaged 13,570 ppm (1.36%) cerium, 17,806 ppm (1.78%) lanthanum,
1,344 ppm (.13%) praseodymium and 2,780 ppm (.28%) neodymium for a combined rare earth
element content (REE) of 3.55% over 48.64 m.
Spectrum Mining Corporation shareholders regarded these initial results to be sufficiently
encouraging to fund a larger drilling program designed to expand the tonnage of the Wicheeda
deposit and contracted Falcon Drilling Ltd to conduct the work. In 2009, eleven NTW diamond
drill holes totalling 1835 m were drilled into the “Main Zone’ from 2 new drilling platforms. All
eleven drill holes intersected significant rare earth mineralization and the Wicheeda deposit
remains open in all directions.
Drill site 2009-A is located approximately 100 m northeast of the 2008 drill site and seven 150 m
long drill holes were completed from it at various azimuths and dips. All seven holes intersected
significant intervals of rare earth mineralization varying from 56 m to 148 m long starting at their
collars.
Drill site 2009-B is located approximately 100 m north of drill site 2009-A and approximately
150 m northeast of the 2008 drill site. Four drill holes were completed from it at various
azimuths and dips. Again all four holes intersected significant intervals of rare earth
mineralization varying from 95 m to 147 m long starting at their collars. Examples of some of
the intersections are 144 m averaging 12,924 ppm (1.3%) Cerium, 6,403 ppm (.64%) Lanthanum
and 2,599 ppm (.26%) Neodymium in hole 2009-09 (2.2% REE over 144 m) and 72 m averaging
18,310 ppm (1.83 %) Cerium), 7,296 ppm (.73%) Lanthanum and 3,547 ppm (.35%)
Neodymium in hole 2009-07 (2.92% REE over 72 m).
4. An important economic aspect is that the “Main Zone” outcrops on the front of a readily
accessible ridge with little to no overburden which would allow it to be mined by an open cut
with basically no strip ratio.
In 2009 Spectrum also completed three diamond drill holes to test two separate cerium- niobium
soil anomalies within the Carbonatite-Syenite breccia complex approximately 400 meters north
of the “Main Zone”. Two of these drill holes from one drill site intersected up to 150 meters of
calcium dominated carbonatite-syenite breccias with lower grade rare earth assays. One drill hole
on a separate target intersected a 15 m thick interval of dolomite carbonatite identical to the
“Main Zone” which contained significant amounts of rare earth mineralization.
World recognized carbonatite-rare earth mineralization specialist Anthony Mariano visited the
Wicheeda project during the 2009 drilling program and has subsequently examined drill core
samples as well as rock samples that he collected on the site.
His analytical work including SEM and cathodoluminescense indicates that the Wicheeda
mineralization is mainly quite coarse grained (0.2 mm to 0.5 mm) monazite and a bastnaesite-
synchisite-parasite mineral. He has also conducted a bench scale heavy liquid and magnetic
separation study on a composite sample of Wicheeda drill core and was able to produce a high
grade REE concentrate that contained 56.09 wt. % REE. This test indicates that the Wicheeda
rare earth mineralization is simple and easy to produce a marketable concentrate from compared
to most other world rare earth deposits including the dormant world class rare earth mine at
Mountain Pass in California.
By also applying a flotation circuit it should be easy to produce a 60% LREE concentrate from
Wicheeda which would exceed the concentrate grade from Mountain Pass which for over 40
years was main North American mine supplier of rare earth products to the world.