The document describes the main parts of a microscope and their functions. It explains that a microscope uses lenses to magnify small objects. The main parts include the arm, base, eyepiece, body tube, revolving nosepiece, stage, objective lenses, fine and coarse adjustment knobs, slide holder, diaphragm, light source, and on/off switch. It also provides instructions for properly focusing a microscope and handling/storing the device.
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I will be very glad if you find my presentation interesting, or comment on how I can improve my craft, THANK YOU :)
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Mula sa Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya
Ang araling panlipunan (Ingles: social studies) ay isang katagang naglalarawan sa isang malawak na mga pag-aaral sa iba't ibang larangan na kinakasangkutan ng nakaraan at kasalukuyang pakikipag-ugnayan at kaugalian ng mga tao. Sa halip na nakatuon sa lalim ng alin mang mga paksa, nagbibigay ang araling panlipunan ng isang malawak na buod ng kaugalian ng sangkatauhan. Kinikilala ang araling panlipunan bilang pangalan ng kurso na tinuturo sa paaralang elementarya at mataas na paaralan, ngunit maaaring tumukoy din ito sa pag-aaral ng partikular na aspeto ng lipunan ng tao sa ilang kolehiyo sa buong mundo.
Introduction
History
Compound microscope
Variants of microscopes
Dark field microscope
Phase contrast microscope
Fluorescent microscope
Polarising microscope
Electron microscope
A Microscope is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked/ unaided eyes.
In Greek micron= small
skopien=to look at
The science of investigating small object using such an instrument is called microscopy
The term microscopic means minute or very small, not visible with the eye unless aided by a microscope
From ancient times, man wanted to see things for smaller than could be perceived with the naked eye.
This led to the construction in the 16th century, of a magnifier composed of a single convex lens, and this in turn led to the eventual development of the microscope.
The most famous early pioneers in the history of microscope are Digges of England and Hans & Zcharias Janssen of Holland
It was Antony Van Leeuwenhoek who became the man to make and use a real microscope.
Leeuwenhoek microscope was called as single lens microscope because it had convex lens attached to metal holder and was focused using screws
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. Microscope Parts and Functions
Created by: Joevani S. Peñol
Edited by: Brandi Shoemaker
2. Microscope
• An optical instrument that uses a lens or a
combination of lenses to produce magnified
images of small objects, especially of objects
too small to be seen by the unaided eye.
3. Microscope Parts and Functions
• Arm- Supports the body tube and connects it
to the base
• Base- The bottom of the microscope, used for
support
• Eyepiece- Where you look to see the image of
your specimen – usually contains a 10X or 15X
power lens.
5. Microscope Parts and Functions
• Body tube- Connects the eyepiece to the
objective lenses.
• Revolving Nosepiece- This is the part that
holds two or more objective lenses and can be
rotated to easily change power.
• Stage- The flat platform where you place your
slides.
7. Microscope Parts and Functions
• Fine Adjustment Knob--small, round knob on
the side of the microscope used to fine-tune
the focus of your specimen
• Coarse Adjustment Knob--large, round knob
on the side of the microscope used to move
the stage up and down in order to bring the
specimen into general focus.
• Slide holder (stage clips)--hold the slide in
place
9. Microscope Parts and Functions
• Diaphragm- controls the light going through
the aperture (hole in the stage).
• Light source-it projects light upwards through
the diaphragm, slide and lenses..
• Objective lenses-Low (4X), medium (10X), and
high (40X) objectives--used use to increase the
magnification of the specimen.
11. Microscope Parts and Functions
• Stage Controls-- These knobs move the stage
left and right or up and down.
• On/off switch: This switch on the base of the
microscope turns the light source off and on.
13. Proper Way of Focusing the
Microscope
• Always observe the specimen or object using
the LOWEST POWER object first.
• Focus using the COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
to bring the object into focus. Bring the object
into sharp focus by using the fine adjustment
knob.
14. Proper Way of Focusing the
Microscope
• Focus, and then move to a higher power
objective, if needed.
• Use only the FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB when
using the HIGHEST (longest) POWER
OBJECTIVE.
15. Proper Way of Focusing the
Microscope
• Keep both eyes open to reduce eyestrain.
Keep eye slightly above the eyepiece to
reduce eyelash interference.
• To find out the total magnification of the
object, multiply the power of the eyepiece
lens (10X) by the power of the objective.
16. Handling the Microscope
• Always use two hands to move the
microscope. Place one hand around the arm,
lift the scope, and then put your other hand
under the base of the scope for support.
• Be gentle.
17.
18. Storing the Microscope
• Dust is an enemy to microscope lenses; always
keep the microscope covered when not in use.
