The document compares microprocessors and microcontrollers, highlighting that microprocessors are general-purpose CPUs requiring external interfacing for memory and I/O, while microcontrollers are dedicated computers on a chip with embedded RAM, ROM, and I/O ports for specific applications. It elaborates on the architecture differences, with microprocessors following von-Neumann architecture and microcontrollers using Harvard architecture, along with examples of applications for each. The text specifically details the 8051 microcontroller family, its features, pin descriptions, and operational aspects.

1. VS
Microprocessor
Microcontroller

2. MICROPROCESSOR
 CPU on a chip
 General purpose
 Memory and input /output
(I/O) devices should be
interfaced
 Suitable for both big and
small systems (mainframe
Computers to pocket
calculators)
MICROCONTROLLER
 Computer on a chip
 Specific Purpose(Mainly for
embedded applications)
 Contains on chip RAM,
ROM, I/O ports, Oscillator,
Serial port, etc
 Suitable for small systems
having less I/O devices,
memory, power and requiring
smaller space

3. MICROPROCESSOR
 Based on Von-Neumann
architecture
 Application Software is not
ROM based.
 Instruction set is designed
such that program and data can
be transferred between CPU
and RAM.
Programming is generally
done in Assembly Language.
MICROCONTROLLER
 Based on Harvard
architecture
Application Software is ROM
based.
 Instruction set is designed
such that program and data can
be transferred between CPU
and ROM.
 Programming can be done
either in Assembly or High
level language.

4. Household Items
Toys, Cameras, Video Recorders, CD players, TVs,
Microwave Ovens, Washing Machines, Vacuum Cleaners,
Home Security Systems, etc.

5. Office Equipments
Fax Machines, Printers, Plotters, modems, ATM machines,
smart cards, Photocopy machines, etc

6. Communication
Cell Phones, Telephones, Pagers, Answering Machines, etc

7. Others
Robotics, Automation , Automobile industries , etc

8. Intel introduced 8051, referred as MCS-51, in 1981.
 Due to the flexibility and versatility of 8051 family microcontrollers,
they are quite popular till now.
Feature/Chip 8051 8031 8052 AT89S52
ROM 4K 0K 8K Flash 4K
RAM 128 bytes 128 bytes 256 bytes 128 bytes
I/O Pins 32 32 32 32
Serial I/O 1 1 1 1
Timer 2 2 3 2
Interrupt
Source
6 6 8 6
Large block of data is erased and written in Flash EPROM while only byte by byte
erasing and writing is available in EEPROM
INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

9.  On-chip Oscillator
 On-chip RAM of limited size
 On-chip ROM of limited size
 On-chip I/O ports
 Built in full duplex serial port
On-chip timer/counter
Bus control to interface external RAM and ROM(64
kb each)
 Large Set of Special Purpose registers
Boolean Processing Capacity (Bit addressable)
 Multiple Functionality of Pins
Key Features of 8051 microcontrollers

10. Organization and Architecture

11. PIN DESCRIPTION OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
Port 1
Port 3
Port 0
Port 2

12. VCC (PIN 40) :
Supply voltage (+5V) is provided to chip
GND(PIN 20):
Ground or Common terminal of supply
XTAL1 (PIN 19) & XTAL2 (PIN 18):
As discussed earlier 8051 microcontroller possess on-chip
Oscillator. It can generate frequency of 1.24 MHz to 12 MHz
Generally a quartz crystal of 12 MHz frequency is connected
to the pins 18 and 19.
The actual frequency produced is 11.0592 MHz
PIN DESCRIPTION OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

13. Also two capacitors of around 30 pF are connected as shown in figure.
The quartz crystal and capacitors help to produce clock pulse of exact
frequency not some harmonic frequency.
If a frequency source other than a crystal
oscillator is used , such as a TTL Oscillator,
it will be connected to XTAL1 and XTAL2 is
left unconnected.
PIN DESCRIPTION OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

14. RST(PIN 9):
RST stands for system RESET and is active high signal.(Normally low)
The Microcontroller is reset by holding RST high for at least two
machine cycles and then returning it low.
The execution of the program stops and begins at the first location in
program memory (ROM) on reset.
Need of RST circuitry
oWhen the supply is just turned on.
(Transient Effect)
oAs backup power source.

15. __
EA (PIN 31):
EA stands for “External Access” and is an input signal which is
either connected to VCC or GND.
 If the program is stored in on-chip ROM then, EA is
connected to VCC.
 If the program is stored in external ROM then, EA is
connected to GND.

16. _____
PSEN (PIN 29):
It stands for “Program Store Enable”.
 It is an output pin and it is connected to the OE(Output
Enable) pin of the ROM.
 It distinguish between program memory and data Memory.

17. ALE (PIN 30):
 ALE stands for “Address Latch Enable” and is an active high
output pin.
 Port o has got three functionality viz. I/O port, Address
and Data.
 ALE indicates if P0 has address or data
• When ALE=0, it provides data D0-D7
•When ALE=1, it has address A0-A7

18. PORT P0 (PIN 39 TO 32)
Port P0 has got three functionalities.(I/O port, lower order
address(A0 to A7) and data (D0 to D7).
It can be used for input or output , each pin must be connected
externally to a 10K ohm pull-up resistor.
ALE indicates if P0 has address or data
When ALE=0, it provides data D0-D7
When ALE=1, it has address A0-A7

19. PORT P1 (PIN 1 TO 8)
Port P1 is simple I/O port .
Internal pull up resistor is provided.
PORT P2(PIN 21 TO 28)
Port P2 has dual functionality.( I/o port and higher order address(A8 to
A15).
Port 2 must be used along with P0 to provide the 16-bit address for the
external memory.
 Internal pull up resistor is provided.

20. PORT P3 (PIN 10 TO 17)
Port 3 can be used as input or output.
Port 3 does not need any pull-up resistors.
Port 3 has the additional function of providing some extremely
important signals.

21. There are 21 special function registers

25. Memory
I/O PORTS
Figure : Interfacing Microprocessor
ALU
CONTROL
UNIT
Microprocessor

26. Microcontroller