8 Bit ALU is a combinational circuit which accepts two 8-bit numbers gives result.It is designed using the Verilog HDL code which is more useful for bachelor as well as masters engineering students.
The document describes the design of an 8-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) including a block diagram, flowchart, Verilog code, test bench, and simulation results. It also includes the synthesis report, device utilization summary, power and thermal analysis, and discusses future extensions such as parallel processing using pipelining.
This document discusses the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and its role in a central processing unit (CPU). It begins with an overview of the ALU and its functions, including that it performs arithmetic and logical operations. The document then shows a typical schematic symbol for an ALU and builds a sample 1-bit ALU circuit. It concludes by mentioning how ALUs can be expanded by connecting more 1-bit circuits in parallel.
Designing of 8 BIT Arithmetic and Logical Unit and implementing on Xilinx Ver...Rahul Borthakur
The main objective of this project was to design and verify different operations of Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU). To implement ALU, the coding was written in VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) and verified in ModelSim. The device was configured and using FPGA (Field-programmable gate array) verification, debugging was done.
8 Bit ALU design is a combinational circuit which adds two binary numbers of 8 bit lenth.Which is more useful for both bachelor as well as masters students.
Registers are used to store binary numbers and consist of groups of flip flops, with one flip flop per bit. There are four basic types of registers: serial in serial out, serial in parallel out, parallel in serial out, and parallel in parallel out. Shift registers are groups of flip flops connected to allow data to be entered and shifted. Data can be shifted either serially or in parallel. Common integrated circuits used include the 74164 for serial in parallel out and 74191 for serial in serial out.
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
This document contains slides from a lecture on Verilog hardware description language. It introduces Verilog and compares it to other HDLs like VHDL. It discusses both structural and behavioral modeling in Verilog. Structural models describe a design using primitive components and their interconnections, while behavioral models describe the input-output function of a design. The document provides examples of modeling combinational logic like an AND gate and sequential logic like a 4-bit comparator using behavioral and structural Verilog. It also covers Verilog syntax like modules, ports, continuous assignments, always blocks, if/case statements.
Introduction of memory Segmentation
Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own base address.
Memory segmentation is the methods where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts called segments of various sizes.
A segment is just an area in memory.
The process of dividing memory this way is called segmentation.
The document describes the design of an 8-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) including a block diagram, flowchart, Verilog code, test bench, and simulation results. It also includes the synthesis report, device utilization summary, power and thermal analysis, and discusses future extensions such as parallel processing using pipelining.
This document discusses the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and its role in a central processing unit (CPU). It begins with an overview of the ALU and its functions, including that it performs arithmetic and logical operations. The document then shows a typical schematic symbol for an ALU and builds a sample 1-bit ALU circuit. It concludes by mentioning how ALUs can be expanded by connecting more 1-bit circuits in parallel.
Designing of 8 BIT Arithmetic and Logical Unit and implementing on Xilinx Ver...Rahul Borthakur
The main objective of this project was to design and verify different operations of Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU). To implement ALU, the coding was written in VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) and verified in ModelSim. The device was configured and using FPGA (Field-programmable gate array) verification, debugging was done.
8 Bit ALU design is a combinational circuit which adds two binary numbers of 8 bit lenth.Which is more useful for both bachelor as well as masters students.
Registers are used to store binary numbers and consist of groups of flip flops, with one flip flop per bit. There are four basic types of registers: serial in serial out, serial in parallel out, parallel in serial out, and parallel in parallel out. Shift registers are groups of flip flops connected to allow data to be entered and shifted. Data can be shifted either serially or in parallel. Common integrated circuits used include the 74164 for serial in parallel out and 74191 for serial in serial out.
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
This document contains slides from a lecture on Verilog hardware description language. It introduces Verilog and compares it to other HDLs like VHDL. It discusses both structural and behavioral modeling in Verilog. Structural models describe a design using primitive components and their interconnections, while behavioral models describe the input-output function of a design. The document provides examples of modeling combinational logic like an AND gate and sequential logic like a 4-bit comparator using behavioral and structural Verilog. It also covers Verilog syntax like modules, ports, continuous assignments, always blocks, if/case statements.
Introduction of memory Segmentation
Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own base address.
Memory segmentation is the methods where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts called segments of various sizes.
A segment is just an area in memory.
The process of dividing memory this way is called segmentation.
The document describes experiments conducted in a digital electronics lab to study and implement various logic gates and digital circuits. It includes summaries of experiments to study logic gates and verify their truth tables, design adders and subtractors using logic gates, and design various code converters including binary to gray, gray to binary, BCD to excess-3, and excess-3 to BCD. The document provides circuit diagrams, truth tables, and procedures for designing and verifying the operation of each digital circuit using logic gates.
1. A bus is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer or between computers using both parallel and serial connections.
2. An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs arithmetic and logical operations and was a core component of the earliest computer architectures proposed by John Von Neumann in 1945.
3. Logic gates are the basic building blocks of digital circuits and perform logical operations like AND, OR, and NOT on binary inputs to produce binary outputs. Common logic gates include AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR.
This document discusses programmable logic devices (PLDs). It describes the different types of PLDs including SPLDs, CPLDs, and FPGAs. SPLDs are the least complex, while CPLDs have higher capacity than SPLDs and allow for more complex logic circuits. FPGAs have the greatest logic capacity and consist of an array of configurable logic blocks and programmable interconnects. The document also covers how PLDs are programmed using schematic entry or text-based entry along with required programming software and hardware.
Vhdl code and project report of arithmetic and logic unitNikhil Sahu
The main objective of project is to design and verify different operations of Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU). We have designed an 8 bit ALU which accepts two 8 bits numbers and the code corresponding to the operation which it has to perform from the user. The ALU performs the desired operation and generates the result accordingly. The different operations that we dealt with, are arithmetical, logical and relational. Arithmetic operations include arithmetic addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operations include AND, OR, NAND, XOR, NOT and NOR. These take two binary inputs and result in output logically operated. The operations like the greater than, less than, equal to, exponential etc are also included. To implement ALU, the coding was written in VHDL . The waveforms were obtained successfully. After the coding was done, the synthesis of the code was performed using Xilinx-ISE. Synthesis translates VHDL code into netlist (a textual description). Thereafter, the simulation was done to verify the synthesized code.
The document discusses Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) and Programmable Array Logic (PALs). It explains that a PLA is similar to a PROM but does not provide full decoding and generates only some minterms. It has three sets of fuses to program the AND gates, OR gates, and output function. A PAL has a fixed OR array and programmable AND array, making it easier to program but less flexible than a PLA. The differences between PLA and PAL are described, along with an example and implementation details.
The document discusses subroutines and string handling in programming. It describes the key elements of a subroutine, including saving information to the stack with PUSH, executing the main body of instructions, and restoring information from the stack with POP before returning. It also discusses string concepts like a series of bytes or words in consecutive memory addresses. Common string operations are outlined, such as moving, comparing, scanning, loading and storing strings. Finally, it provides examples of subroutines and string instructions.
JK & MASTER SLAVE FLIP-FLOP
The document discusses the JK flip-flop, which removes invalid states that occur in other flip-flops. The JK flip-flop has inputs for J, K, preset, clear, and clock, and outputs of Q and Q'. It operates in four modes - hold, set, reset, toggle - based on the states of J and K. A master-slave JK flip-flop uses two JK flip-flops connected by an inverter to avoid race-around conditions, with the master capturing the input on the rising clock edge and the slave outputting it on the falling edge.
Registers are groups of flip-flops that store binary data. An n-bit register contains n flip-flops and can store 2^n different states. Registers are used to store and provide digital data to logic circuits. There are different types of registers including shift registers. Shift registers can transfer data in serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out modes. Counters are registers that increment their stored value on each clock pulse and are used to count events.
Sequential circuits consist of combinational logic and memory elements like latches and flip-flops. There are different types of latches and flip-flops that differ in their trigger mechanisms and outputs, including SR latches, D latches, and edge-triggered flip-flops like SR, D, and JK flip-flops. Asynchronous inputs can directly set or reset flip-flop outputs independent of the clock signal.
A detailed note on the Fourier Transform of the Unit Step Signal. This text explains the various approaches used in the evaluation of the Fourier transform of the unit step signal.
This document provides examples of VHDL code for modeling basic logic gates and multiplexers. It begins with syntax for VHDL programs and then provides behavioral VHDL code for modeling common logic gates like AND, OR, NOR, NAND, XOR and XNOR gates. It also provides code for half adder, full adder, half subtractor and full subtractor. The document further contains VHDL code examples to model a 4-to-1 multiplexer and 1-to-4 demultiplexer using different types of statements like if-else, case, when-else and with-select.
The Program Status Word (PSW) is an 8-bit register that contains status flags in microprocessors like the 8085 and microcontrollers like the 8051. The PSW has an accumulator and flag register, with the accumulator being higher order and flag register lower order. The PSW tracks status flags like the carry, parity, auxiliary, zero, and sign flags to indicate results of operations such as carries/borrows between bits and whether a result is zero or negative.
Sequential circuits have outputs determined by both the current inputs and previous outputs due to the inclusion of memory elements. Combinational circuits only have outputs determined by the current inputs. Sequential circuits contain logic gates arranged in parallel and feedback loops allowing the circuit to store past states, while combinational circuits only depend on the current input combination. There are different types of sequential circuits including those controlled by a clock signal from a clock generator that produces periodic pulses defining the circuit timing.
Types of encoders and decoders with truth tablesAbdullah khawar
Encoders and decoders are used to convert data between different forms. Encoders convert analog to digital signals, while decoders convert digital to analog. There are different types of encoders and decoders like 4-bit, 8-bit, etc. They are designed using logic gates. Encoders have multiple inputs but only one is active at a time, producing an output code. Decoders have a single input but multiple outputs, with only one active at a time. Encoders and decoders are used in applications like motor speed synchronization, remote-controlled robots, home automation, and wireless health monitoring. RF technology is often used to transmit data between the encoder and decoder.
This document provides an overview of registers and shift registers. It defines four types of shift registers based on data input/output: serial in parallel out (SIPO), parallel in serial out (PISO), serial in serial out (SISO), and parallel in parallel out (PIPO). Common integrated circuit shift registers like 74164 and 74195 are described. Applications of shift registers in arithmetic operations and counters like ring counters and Johnson counters are explained. Upon completing this chapter, students should understand registers, shift register types, their operations and applications.
This document discusses programmable logic arrays (PLAs) and provides examples of implementing logic functions using a PLA. It defines a PLA as having programmable AND gates followed by programmable OR gates, making it well-suited for implementing sums-of-products logic functions. The document includes the structure of a PLA, the procedure for implementation, and provides four examples showing the logic diagrams and programming tables for PLAs implementing different logic functions with various numbers of inputs, outputs, and product terms.
The document discusses finite state machines (FSMs) and algorithmic state machines (ASMs). FSMs have a fixed set of states and can only be in one state at a time. ASMs provide a flowchart-like diagram representation of FSMs and are suitable for more complex FSMs with many inputs and outputs. ASMs have three main building blocks - state boxes, decision boxes, and conditional output boxes. State boxes represent states, decision boxes represent condition expressions, and conditional output boxes represent Mealy-type outputs that depend on state and inputs. The document provides examples of converting state diagrams to ASM charts and vice versa.
The document contains Verilog code for several digital logic circuits including a 32-bit barrel shifter, 8-bit Booth multiplier, 32-bit ripple carry adder, 32-bit simple adder, and 32-bit carry lookahead adder. Test benches with stimulus are provided to test the functionality of each circuit.
The document describes experiments conducted in a digital electronics lab to study and implement various logic gates and digital circuits. It includes summaries of experiments to study logic gates and verify their truth tables, design adders and subtractors using logic gates, and design various code converters including binary to gray, gray to binary, BCD to excess-3, and excess-3 to BCD. The document provides circuit diagrams, truth tables, and procedures for designing and verifying the operation of each digital circuit using logic gates.
1. A bus is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer or between computers using both parallel and serial connections.
2. An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs arithmetic and logical operations and was a core component of the earliest computer architectures proposed by John Von Neumann in 1945.
3. Logic gates are the basic building blocks of digital circuits and perform logical operations like AND, OR, and NOT on binary inputs to produce binary outputs. Common logic gates include AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR.
This document discusses programmable logic devices (PLDs). It describes the different types of PLDs including SPLDs, CPLDs, and FPGAs. SPLDs are the least complex, while CPLDs have higher capacity than SPLDs and allow for more complex logic circuits. FPGAs have the greatest logic capacity and consist of an array of configurable logic blocks and programmable interconnects. The document also covers how PLDs are programmed using schematic entry or text-based entry along with required programming software and hardware.
Vhdl code and project report of arithmetic and logic unitNikhil Sahu
The main objective of project is to design and verify different operations of Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU). We have designed an 8 bit ALU which accepts two 8 bits numbers and the code corresponding to the operation which it has to perform from the user. The ALU performs the desired operation and generates the result accordingly. The different operations that we dealt with, are arithmetical, logical and relational. Arithmetic operations include arithmetic addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operations include AND, OR, NAND, XOR, NOT and NOR. These take two binary inputs and result in output logically operated. The operations like the greater than, less than, equal to, exponential etc are also included. To implement ALU, the coding was written in VHDL . The waveforms were obtained successfully. After the coding was done, the synthesis of the code was performed using Xilinx-ISE. Synthesis translates VHDL code into netlist (a textual description). Thereafter, the simulation was done to verify the synthesized code.
The document discusses Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) and Programmable Array Logic (PALs). It explains that a PLA is similar to a PROM but does not provide full decoding and generates only some minterms. It has three sets of fuses to program the AND gates, OR gates, and output function. A PAL has a fixed OR array and programmable AND array, making it easier to program but less flexible than a PLA. The differences between PLA and PAL are described, along with an example and implementation details.
The document discusses subroutines and string handling in programming. It describes the key elements of a subroutine, including saving information to the stack with PUSH, executing the main body of instructions, and restoring information from the stack with POP before returning. It also discusses string concepts like a series of bytes or words in consecutive memory addresses. Common string operations are outlined, such as moving, comparing, scanning, loading and storing strings. Finally, it provides examples of subroutines and string instructions.
JK & MASTER SLAVE FLIP-FLOP
The document discusses the JK flip-flop, which removes invalid states that occur in other flip-flops. The JK flip-flop has inputs for J, K, preset, clear, and clock, and outputs of Q and Q'. It operates in four modes - hold, set, reset, toggle - based on the states of J and K. A master-slave JK flip-flop uses two JK flip-flops connected by an inverter to avoid race-around conditions, with the master capturing the input on the rising clock edge and the slave outputting it on the falling edge.
Registers are groups of flip-flops that store binary data. An n-bit register contains n flip-flops and can store 2^n different states. Registers are used to store and provide digital data to logic circuits. There are different types of registers including shift registers. Shift registers can transfer data in serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out modes. Counters are registers that increment their stored value on each clock pulse and are used to count events.
Sequential circuits consist of combinational logic and memory elements like latches and flip-flops. There are different types of latches and flip-flops that differ in their trigger mechanisms and outputs, including SR latches, D latches, and edge-triggered flip-flops like SR, D, and JK flip-flops. Asynchronous inputs can directly set or reset flip-flop outputs independent of the clock signal.
A detailed note on the Fourier Transform of the Unit Step Signal. This text explains the various approaches used in the evaluation of the Fourier transform of the unit step signal.
This document provides examples of VHDL code for modeling basic logic gates and multiplexers. It begins with syntax for VHDL programs and then provides behavioral VHDL code for modeling common logic gates like AND, OR, NOR, NAND, XOR and XNOR gates. It also provides code for half adder, full adder, half subtractor and full subtractor. The document further contains VHDL code examples to model a 4-to-1 multiplexer and 1-to-4 demultiplexer using different types of statements like if-else, case, when-else and with-select.
The Program Status Word (PSW) is an 8-bit register that contains status flags in microprocessors like the 8085 and microcontrollers like the 8051. The PSW has an accumulator and flag register, with the accumulator being higher order and flag register lower order. The PSW tracks status flags like the carry, parity, auxiliary, zero, and sign flags to indicate results of operations such as carries/borrows between bits and whether a result is zero or negative.
Sequential circuits have outputs determined by both the current inputs and previous outputs due to the inclusion of memory elements. Combinational circuits only have outputs determined by the current inputs. Sequential circuits contain logic gates arranged in parallel and feedback loops allowing the circuit to store past states, while combinational circuits only depend on the current input combination. There are different types of sequential circuits including those controlled by a clock signal from a clock generator that produces periodic pulses defining the circuit timing.
Types of encoders and decoders with truth tablesAbdullah khawar
Encoders and decoders are used to convert data between different forms. Encoders convert analog to digital signals, while decoders convert digital to analog. There are different types of encoders and decoders like 4-bit, 8-bit, etc. They are designed using logic gates. Encoders have multiple inputs but only one is active at a time, producing an output code. Decoders have a single input but multiple outputs, with only one active at a time. Encoders and decoders are used in applications like motor speed synchronization, remote-controlled robots, home automation, and wireless health monitoring. RF technology is often used to transmit data between the encoder and decoder.
This document provides an overview of registers and shift registers. It defines four types of shift registers based on data input/output: serial in parallel out (SIPO), parallel in serial out (PISO), serial in serial out (SISO), and parallel in parallel out (PIPO). Common integrated circuit shift registers like 74164 and 74195 are described. Applications of shift registers in arithmetic operations and counters like ring counters and Johnson counters are explained. Upon completing this chapter, students should understand registers, shift register types, their operations and applications.
This document discusses programmable logic arrays (PLAs) and provides examples of implementing logic functions using a PLA. It defines a PLA as having programmable AND gates followed by programmable OR gates, making it well-suited for implementing sums-of-products logic functions. The document includes the structure of a PLA, the procedure for implementation, and provides four examples showing the logic diagrams and programming tables for PLAs implementing different logic functions with various numbers of inputs, outputs, and product terms.
The document discusses finite state machines (FSMs) and algorithmic state machines (ASMs). FSMs have a fixed set of states and can only be in one state at a time. ASMs provide a flowchart-like diagram representation of FSMs and are suitable for more complex FSMs with many inputs and outputs. ASMs have three main building blocks - state boxes, decision boxes, and conditional output boxes. State boxes represent states, decision boxes represent condition expressions, and conditional output boxes represent Mealy-type outputs that depend on state and inputs. The document provides examples of converting state diagrams to ASM charts and vice versa.
The document contains Verilog code for several digital logic circuits including a 32-bit barrel shifter, 8-bit Booth multiplier, 32-bit ripple carry adder, 32-bit simple adder, and 32-bit carry lookahead adder. Test benches with stimulus are provided to test the functionality of each circuit.
The document describes a 4-bit synchronous ALU design project including schematics and layouts. Key components designed were logic gates, a carry lookahead adder, D flip-flop, 4-bit register, and multiplexer. Layouts were extracted and LVS was performed to verify the layouts matched the schematics. Simulation shows the ALU performs 4-bit addition, 2's complement, add-traction, 4-input NAND, 4-input NOR, and 1's complement as required for different input codes.
The document describes designing an 8-bit ALU in Verilog that performs logic and arithmetic operations. It includes the Verilog module code for the ALU and a test fixture. Students must submit a project report by May 17th that describes the ALU operations, includes the Verilog code and test results, and discusses the synthesis report.
Verilog codes and testbench codes for basic digital electronic circuits. shobhan pujari
Verilog codes and test bench codes for full adder,full adder using 2 half adders,Ripple carry adder,16x1 mux using 4x1 mux,decoder,mealy state machine,counter. These are more useful for bachelor students and masters students who are pursuing degree in electrical engineering .
The document describes various digital logic components including logic gates, adders, subtractors, encoders, decoders, multiplexers, demultiplexers, flip-flops, counters, registers, and a traffic light controller. Logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR are implemented. Adders include half adders, full adders, parallel adders, and carry lookahead adders. Flip-flops include D, T, JK, and SR flip-flops. Counters include an up-down counter. A traffic light controller module is described to control lights using a 3-bit state register. CMOS implementations of logic gates are also provided.
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF DIFFERENT 8-BIT MULTIPLIERS USING VERILOG CODE BY SA...Saikiran Panjala
This document describes the design and simulation of different 8-bit multipliers using Verilog code. It summarizes four multipliers: array, Wallace tree, Baugh-Wooley, and Vedic. It finds that the Baugh-Wooley multiplier has advantages in speed, delay, area, complexity, and power consumption compared to the other multipliers. The document also discusses half adders, full adders, ripple carry adders, carry save adders, and multiplication algorithms. It aims to compare the multipliers based on area, speed, and delay.
This document describes a bit-serial multiplier project implemented using Verilog HDL. It discusses bit-serial arithmetic and its advantages over parallel multipliers. The project involves designing and simulating a bit-serial multiplier using a Xilinx tool. The multiplier is tested to verify correct functionality.
This document provides an introduction to Verilog HDL including:
- An overview of Verilog keywords, data types, abstraction levels, and design methodology.
- Details on the history of Verilog including its development over time and transitions to newer standards.
- Explanations of key Verilog concepts like modules, ports, instantiation, stimuli, and lexical conventions.
Modules are the basic building blocks, ports define module interfaces, and instantiation replicates modules. Stimuli provide test inputs and lexical conventions cover syntax rules.
Verilog code for design a specific processor to down sample a given image via a math-lab by using SPARTAN-6 FPGA. Math-lab code, results also included.
This document describes the design of an 8-bit multiplier circuit. It uses 4-bit multipliers as building blocks, along with adders and carry look-ahead units. The 8-bit numbers are broken into 4-bit groups, and the partial products of each group are generated using 4-bit multipliers. Adders are then used to sum the slices of the partial products to obtain the final 16-bit product. The implementation requires four 4-bit multipliers, four 4-bit adders, three arithmetic logic units, and an optional carry look-ahead unit, for a total of 12 packages. While this design works, the document notes a direct 8-bit multiplier would have been simpler if 8-bit
The document contains Verilog code for half adders and full adders. It provides two implementations for each: a half adder is implemented using XOR and AND gates to calculate the sum and carry outputs from two input bits, and a full adder uses additional gates to calculate the sum and carry from three input bits.
This document discusses several optimizations and tradeoffs that can be made during RTL design of datapaths, including pipelining, concurrency, component allocation, operator binding, and operator scheduling. It provides examples of applying these techniques to optimize designs for FIR filters and SAD computation. Additionally, it discusses a multiple clocking scheme for low-power RTL design and an input space adaptive design methodology for optimizing energy and performance.
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This document describes the gate-level synthesis of a FIFO design using Synopsys Design Compiler. It discusses the FIFO description, introduces Design Compiler and the libraries used. It then outlines the steps to set up Design Compiler and synthesize the design, including specifying libraries, reading the HDL file, setting constraints, and compiling. Timing and reference reports are generated and the synthesized netlist is written out.
Verilog Tutorial - Verilog HDL Tutorial with ExamplesE2MATRIX
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Simulation tools typically accept full set of Verilog language constructs
Some language constructs and their use in a Verilog description make simulation efficient and are ignored by synthesis tools
Synthesis tools typically accept only a subset of the full Verilog language constructs
In this presentation, Verilog language constructs not supported in Synopsys FPGA Express are in red italics
There are other restrictions not detailed here, see [2].
The Module Concept
Basic design unit
Modules are:
Declared
Instantiated
Modules declarations cannot be nested
This document contains a list of 56 VLSI projects for B.Tech students. The projects cover a wide range of topics including digital signal processing, communication systems, cryptography, bus architectures, memory controllers and CPU design. The projects are implemented using Verilog and VHDL and target FPGAs.
This document discusses test generation for digital circuits. It covers fault detection and location in digital systems, as well as various test generation methods for combinational and sequential logic circuits. For combinational circuits, it describes path sensitization and Boolean difference methods. For sequential circuits, it discusses converting the circuit to combinational form and verifying the state table. The document also discusses design for testability, including testability measures and techniques like LSSD. Reed-Muller expansion is presented as a method to derive and implement logic functions.
Fpga implementation of high speed 8 bit vedic multiplier using barrel shifter(1)Karthik Sagar
This document describes the implementation of an 8-bit Vedic multiplier using a barrel shifter on an FPGA. It begins with an introduction to Vedic mathematics and the Nikhilam sutra technique for multiplication. This technique reduces the number of partial products generated. The design uses a 64-bit barrel shifter in the base selection module and multiplier to significantly reduce the propagation delay compared to conventional multipliers. The 8-bit Vedic multiplier was implemented on a Xilinx Spartan-6 FPGA. Simulation results showed the design achieved a propagation delay of 6.781ns, demonstrating the speed improvement from using a barrel shifter.
Behavioral Design and Synthesis of 64 BIT ALU using Xilinx ISEIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the behavioral Design and synthesis of a 64 bit ALU. 64 bit ALU is basically a multiplexer that operates mainly 16 operations as per select line Bit-permutation. Flags are other important indicators used for specific purpose e.g. if Sign Flag is HIGH then the output of ALU must be a negative number. CLR can reset the output of ALU.
Keywords: Flags, CLR, 64 Bit ALU, VHDL.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of computing devices from early machines like ENIAC to modern computers. It discusses key innovations like the development of transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors that led to computers becoming smaller, more powerful, and ubiquitous. The document also covers basic concepts in computer architecture like CPU, memory, input/output components, and how digital logic gates and simple circuits like AND, OR, and latches function to perform computations.
Material Architecture and organization of computerferoza rosalina
This document discusses the components and functions of a basic computer system. It lists five group members and then describes how the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output devices work together. The CPU consists of a control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and follows a four-step machine cycle of fetch, decode, execute, and store to process instructions. The control unit directs this cycle and communicates with the ALU and memory, while the ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations.
Microprocessors are central processing units contained on a single chip. They power modern computers and digital devices. A microprocessor has several components including a control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, instruction decoder, and bus interface unit. It communicates with memory and peripherals using an instruction set and addressing modes. Interfacing devices like USART, PPI, and DMA controllers allow microprocessors to connect to external components and transfer data. Interrupts and polling allow microprocessors to multitask and respond to events. Microprocessors have evolved over generations from 4-bit to 64-bit designs, increasing capabilities.
Lecturer1 introduction to computer architecture (ca)ADEOLA ADISA
The document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a computer architecture course. It discusses the course structure, including an introduction, sign-in sheet, and evaluation. The topics to be covered are the history of computers, organization and architecture, structure and function, evolution of Intel x86, embedded systems, and cloud computing. The goals of the course are to explain computer functions and evolution, overview x86 architecture evolution, define embedded systems, and present cloud computing models. Generations of computers and the technologies that defined each generation are also summarized.
An ALU (arithmetic logic unit) carries out arithmetic and logic operations on operands in computer instructions. It receives an opcode and operands from memory and performs operations like addition, subtraction, AND, OR, XOR. An FPGA (field-programmable gate array) is a programmable integrated circuit that allows a user to implement custom logic functions. Verilog HDL (hardware description language) is used to describe the behavior of digital circuits, including how blocks are connected and data flows through an FPGA.
An ALU (arithmetic logic unit) carries out arithmetic and logic operations on operands in computer instructions. It receives an opcode and operands from memory and performs operations like addition, subtraction, AND, OR, XOR. An FPGA (field-programmable gate array) is a programmable integrated circuit that allows a user to implement custom logic functions. Verilog HDL (hardware description language) is used to describe the behavior of digital circuits, including how blocks are connected and data flows through an FPGA.
The document discusses CPU types and components. It provides a brief history of CPU development from vacuum tubes and magnetic drums in the 1940s-1950s to early microprocessors in the 1970s. It then describes the main components of a CPU - the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and memory unit. The control unit sends signals to run operations, the ALU performs arithmetic and logical calculations, and memory holds data and instructions. The document also lists the basic functions of a CPU as fetch, decode, execute, and store.
The document traces the history and development of microprocessors from 1971 to the present. It begins with the Intel 4004, the first commercial microprocessor released in 1971. Important subsequent microprocessors included the Intel 8080 in 1974 and 8085 in 1977. The Pentium brand was introduced in 1993 and included 64-bit x86 instruction sets. The Core 2 brand from 2006 featured single, dual, and quad-core processors. The document also provides basic explanations of how microprocessors work and their components like the ALU, registers, and control unit.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Lecture 1 introduction to microcontroller systemsesposa76
The document outlines the first lecture of an introduction to microcontroller systems course. It discusses the course syllabus, policies, and provides an overview of computer architecture history including the Von Neumann and Harvard architectures. Early computers from the 1940s-50s adopting Von Neumann designs are highlighted. The lecture contrasts microprocessors from microcontrollers, and defines their basic differences in features. Students are assigned homework to define and explain how a Turing Machine operates.
This document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses the key differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, including that microcontrollers have memory, I/O ports, and other peripherals integrated into a single chip, while microprocessors require external components. The document then focuses on the 8051 microcontroller, describing its architecture and components such as CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, timers, interrupts, and oscillators. Block diagrams depict the overall architecture and data flow of the 8051 microcontroller.
The document discusses the history and components of the central processing unit (CPU). It describes how the CPU originated from concepts developed in the 1940s and evolved from large mainframe computers to smaller microprocessors. The key components of the CPU are the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and memory unit. The CPU functions by fetching instructions from memory, decoding and translating them, executing calculations and data movement, and storing results.
This document provides an overview of microprocessors and the 8085 microprocessor. It discusses the evolution of microprocessors from early business calculators and home computers to modern devices. It then describes the internal architecture of the 8085 microprocessor, including its functional blocks like the ALU, registers, flags, and buses. Finally, it outlines the five generations of microprocessors and provides details on the pin configuration and functions of the 8085 microprocessor.
This document provides an overview of microprocessors and the 8085 microprocessor. It discusses the evolution of microprocessors from early business calculators and home computers to modern devices. It then describes the internal architecture of the 8085 microprocessor, including its functional blocks like the ALU, registers, flags, and buses. Finally, it outlines the five generations of microprocessors and provides details on the pin configuration and functions of the 8085 microprocessor.
The document provides information about the syllabus for a course on microprocessors and microcontrollers. It includes four units:
Unit I introduces microprocessor systems, architecture, and assembly language programming of the 8085 microprocessor.
Unit II covers the 8086 microprocessor architecture, differences from the 8085, addressing modes, instruction set, and assembly language programming.
Unit III discusses interfacing the 8086 with peripherals like the 8255 PPI, 8253/8254 timers, 8251 USART, and 8259 PIC.
Unit IV gives an overview of the 8051 microcontroller architecture, memory organization, registers, I/O interfacing, programming, and interrupts.
This document provides an overview of a computer system architecture course. It outlines the chapters that will be covered in the class, including digital logic circuits, digital components, data representation, register transfer and microoperations, basic computer organization and design, programming the basic computer, microprogrammed control, central processing unit, pipeline and vector processing, computer arithmetic, input-output organization, memory organization, and multiprocessors. The class aims to teach students how a computer works by building a "Mano machine" and learning about its hardware and software architecture in detail. Students will complete homework problems and have the option to complete a design report. Their grade will be based on homework, exams, an optional report, and class participation.
The document discusses the history and development of early computers. It describes ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer built in 1946. ENIAC was programmed manually using switches and cables. The stored-program concept was developed around this time, allowing programs to be stored in memory. This led to the development of the IAS computer in 1952, considered the first modern computer. It had a stored-program architecture with memory to store both data and instructions. This became the standard von Neumann architecture used in most modern computers.
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise logical operations on integer binary numbers.
This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units.
A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs
History Of ALU:Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945 in a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Typical Schematic Symbol of an ALU:A and B: the inputs to the ALU
R: Output or Result
F: Code or Instruction from the
Control Unit
D: Output status; it indicates cases
Circuit operation:An ALU is a combinational logic circuit
Its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes
The external circuitry connected to the ALU is responsible for ensuring the stability of ALU input signals throughout the operation
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
3. Aim Of the project is to design a 8-bit ALU which
accepts two 8-bit binary numbers and displays
results.
It performs arithmetical , logical and relational
operations.
ALU is designed by using of gates like
AND,OR,NAND,NOR,NOT,XOR and XNOR gates.
Verilog code is used for designing and EDA tool is
used for simulation.
4. An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a major
component of the central processing unit of a
computer system.
It does all processes related to arithmetic and
logic operations that need to be done on
instruction words.
In some microprocessor architectures, the ALU
is divided into the arithmetic unit (AU) and the
logic unit (LU).
5. Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the
ALU concept in 1945.
The first ALU was introduced in 1948 that
operated on single data bit.
In some early microprocessors employed a
narrow ALU which performs 32-bit operation in
two cycles with a 16-bit ALU.
Over time, transistor geometries shrank further
and it became feasible to build wider ALUs on
microprocessors.
18. The Arithmetic Logic Unit is an important part
of computer CPU’s. We learned how to produce
different arithmetic operations and logic
functions by using various select singles for a
single circuit.
The ALU can also be designed using reversible
logic gates instead of conventional gates.
The reversibility significantly reduces the use
and loss of information bits.