Differential thermal analysis is a type of Thermal Analysis. This presentation includes definition of Thermal analysis, types of thermal analysis with focus on DTA, its principle, Instrumentation and applications.
Differential thermal analysis is a type of Thermal Analysis. This presentation includes definition of Thermal analysis, types of thermal analysis with focus on DTA, its principle, Instrumentation and applications.
The Addition of Aluminum Nanoparticles to Polypropylene Increases Its Thermal...IJERA Editor
This work reports the thermal degradation kinetics of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and iPP with incorporated Al nanoparticles. The Friedman, Flynn-Wall–Ozawa (FWO), ASTM E698 and Coats-Redfern methods were used to calculate the activation energy of the samples from thermogravimetric data. The thermal stability of the iPP was improved by the introduction of the nanoparticles: the maximum decomposition temperature of the nanocomposite increased from 453 ºC to 457 ºC and the activation energy from 226 kJ/mol to 244 kJ/mol. The thermal degradation models of iPP can be described by “Contracting Sphere” model, whereas that to nanocomposite by Rn (n= 4.8) model (phase boundary reaction).
It encloses a brief information about ITC its experimental instrumentation, working, results, and applications to other fields like pharmaceuticals, drug discovery etc.
In DSC the heat flow is measured and plotted against temperature of furnace or time to get a thermo gram. This is the basis of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
The deviation observed above the base (zero) line is called exothermic transition and below is called endothermic transition.
The Addition of Aluminum Nanoparticles to Polypropylene Increases Its Thermal...IJERA Editor
This work reports the thermal degradation kinetics of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and iPP with incorporated Al nanoparticles. The Friedman, Flynn-Wall–Ozawa (FWO), ASTM E698 and Coats-Redfern methods were used to calculate the activation energy of the samples from thermogravimetric data. The thermal stability of the iPP was improved by the introduction of the nanoparticles: the maximum decomposition temperature of the nanocomposite increased from 453 ºC to 457 ºC and the activation energy from 226 kJ/mol to 244 kJ/mol. The thermal degradation models of iPP can be described by “Contracting Sphere” model, whereas that to nanocomposite by Rn (n= 4.8) model (phase boundary reaction).
It encloses a brief information about ITC its experimental instrumentation, working, results, and applications to other fields like pharmaceuticals, drug discovery etc.
In DSC the heat flow is measured and plotted against temperature of furnace or time to get a thermo gram. This is the basis of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
The deviation observed above the base (zero) line is called exothermic transition and below is called endothermic transition.
Review on Thermoelectric materials and applicationsijsrd.com
In this paper thermoelectric materials are theoretically analyzed. The thermoelectric cooler device proposed here uses semiconductor material and uses current to transport energy (i.e., heat) from a cold source to a hot source via n- and p-type carriers. This device is fabricated by combining the standard n- and p-channel solid-state thermoelectric cooler with a two-element device inserted into each of the two channels to eliminate the solid-state thermal conductivity. The heat removed from the cold source is the energy difference, because of field emitted electrons from the n-type and p-type semiconductors. The cooling efficiency is operationally defined as where V is the anode bias voltage The cooling device here is shown to have an energy transport (i.e., heat) per electron of about500 me V depending on concentration and field while, in good thermoelectric coolers, it is about 50-60 me V at room temperature.
Review on Design and Theoretical Model of Thermoelectricijsrd.com
This paper presents the theoretical development of the equations that allow to evaluate the performance of an air conditioning system based on the thermoelectric effect. The cooling system is based on a phenomena discovered by Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, in 1834. According to this when electricity runs through a junction between two semiconductors with different properties, heat is dissipated or absorbed. Thus, thermoelectric modules are made by semiconductors materials sealed between two plates through which a continuous current flows and keeps one plate hot and the other cold. The most important parameters to evaluate the performance of the device thermoelectric refrigeration are the coefficient of performance, the heat pumping rate and the maximum temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module.
Applications of thermoelectric modules on heat flow detectionISA Interchange
This paper presents quantitative analysis and practical scenarios of implementation of the thermoelectric module for heat flow detection. Mathematical models of the thermoelectric effects are derived to describe the heat flow from/to the detected media. It is observed that the amount of the heat flow through the thermoelectric module proportionally induces the conduction heat owing to the temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module. In turn, the Seebeck effect takes place in the thermoelectric module where the temperature difference is converted to the electric voltage. Hence, the heat flow from/to the detected media can be observed from both the amount and the polarity of the voltage across the thermoelectric module. Two experiments are demonstrated for viability of the proposed technique by the measurements of the heat flux through the building wall and thermal radiation from the outdoor environment during daytime.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. Why calorimetry?
Calorimetry is an extremely appropriate method
for studying the anaerobic processes.
Thermal power-time curves are influenced by
the metabolic activity and can be related to the
different physiological states of bacteria (Kemp
and Lamprecht, 2000).
From microcalorimetric data the thermodynamic
(∆H) as well as kinetic ( =dX/(X dt))
parameters of a process can be calculated.
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3. Ice calorimeter of Lavoisier-Laplace
The quantities of heat that are
produced or absorbed are proportional
to the extent of the processes
involved.
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4. Isothermal calorimeter
Very intensive
thermal process
Reaction in calorimetric container is
accompanied by a temperature
difference ∆T which produces a flow
of heat Φ.
Intensive thermal
process
No thermal
process
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5. Thomas Johann Seebeck
born 9 April 1770 in Tallinn, Estonia, Russion Empire
died 10 December 1831 in Berlin, Prussia (now Germany)
In 1821 Estonian-German physicist Seebeck
showed the presence of electric potential between
the junction of two different metals, the
temperatures of which are different. This
thermochemical effect is known in physics as
Seebeck’s effect. This is the underlying principle of
working the thermocouple and it is considered to be
the most precise temperature measuring method.
Seebeck published his findings about
thermomagnetism in 1822-1823 as "Magnetische
Polarisation der Matalle und Erze durch
Temperatur-Differenz. Abhandlungen der
Preussischen Akad, Wissenschaften, pp 265-373."
Thomas Johann Seebeck,
undated engraving
German Muuseum, Munich
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http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/seebeck.html
6. Seebeck‘s instrument
Seebeck’s effect
The “thermomagnetic effect”
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http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/seebeck.html
7. Heat flow rate and heat production rate
Φ = G · ∆T, where (1)
Φ - heat flow rate over the entire area of container (W)
G - thermal conductance of materials between the container
and the heat sink (J s-1 K-1)
Heat production rate in any process in the calorimetric container is not
equal to the heat flow rate as part of the applied thermal power is lost for
the temperature increase in the container:
P = Φ + Cp d∆T/dt, where
∆ (2)
P – heat production rate (W)
Cp – total combined heat capacity of the reaction vessel and its content (W K-1)
At the beginning of the experiment all the thermal power is used to
increase the temperature in the container while when d∆T/dt → 0,
/dt
P = Φ:
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8. /dt
P = Φ+ Cp/G · (dΦ/dt) (3)
The quotient of Cp and G controls the response properties of
the instrument and is called time constant:
constant:
τ = Cp/G (4)
/dt
P = Φ + τ dΦ/dt (5)
Isothermal calorimetry can also be used for measuring the
total amount of released heat Q:
d∆T
t2
Q = ∫ Φ + C p dt (6)
t1 dt
t2
If ∆T(t1) ≅ ∆T(t2), Q = ∫ Φdt (7)
t1
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9. In isothermal heat conduction calorimetry the signal that is
measured directly is not the heat output rate P (µW) but rather a
potential U (µV) from the thermoelectric plates. The heat output
rate and the potential U can be related receiving the Tian
equation:
P = ε (U+ τ dU/dt) (8)
In practice the calorimetric signal is not collected as U but as
digital units on the computer that are proportional to the potential
U. The instrument output data are presented as heat production
rate P (µW). Another characteristic instrumental constant is the
practical calibration constant ε
ε = G/(kd · n · e) (9)
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11. Isothermal
microcalorimeter
2277 TAM
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12. General advantages of calorimetry
low specificity
good reproducibility
non-destructive analysis
continuous registration of processes
possibility to analyze turbid or coloured samples
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13. Multichannel calorimeters
TAM Air TAM III System
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16. Three types of power-time curves
depending on the state of anaerobic process
c
150
120
Power / µW cm -3
5.0
90
60
30
4.0 0
-3
0 5 10 15 20
Time / h
Volatile fatty acids / g dm
3.0
b
a 60
120 50
Power / µW cm -3
2.0 100
Power / µW cm -3
40
80
30
60
20
40
20 10
1.0 0 0
-20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Time / h Time / h
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Experiment time / d
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17. IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No 1
Biochemical steps
(Batstone et al., 2001 )
• Disintegration from homogeneous particulates to
carbohydrates, proteins and lipids;
• Extracellular hydrolysis of these particulate
substrates to sugars, amino acids, and long chain
fatty acids (LFCAs), respectively;
• Acidogenesis from sugars and amino acids to
volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and H2;
• Acetogenesis of LFCAs and VFAs to acetate;
• Separate methanogenesis steps from acetate and
H2/CO2.
18. IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No 1
(Batstone et al., 2001 )
Complex particulate waste and inactive biomass
Inert particulate
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids
Inert soluble
Sugars Amino acids Long chain fatty acids (LCFA)
Propionate Valerate, acidogenesis from sugars
Butyrate
acidogenesis from amino acids
acetogenesis from LCFA
acetogenesis from propionate
acetogenesis from butyrate
and valerate
Acetate H2
acetotrophic methanogenesis
hydrogenotrophic
methanogenesis
CH4
19. Cultivation of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) isolated from yeast
wastewater treatment plant in batch culture
Without preparation Biotreat 100 With supplement of Biotreat 100
-1
-1
Sulfides / mg L-1
S ulfides / mg L
-1
Sul fa tes / mg L
Sulfates / mg L
-1
-1
-1
-1
dQ/dt / µ W mL
Number of cells mL
dQ/dt / µW mL
Number of cells mL
600 600
1E8 1E8
50 50
6000 500 6000 500
1E7 40 1E7 40
400
400
100000 0 30 4000 100000 0 30 4000 300
300
10000 0 10000 0 200
20 20
200
2000 2000
100
10000 10 10000 10
100
0
10 00 0 0 0 1000 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
Time / h Time / h
Symbols _ thermal power, - cell count, ∆ - sulfates, - sulfides.
Pyruvate-+0.2 SO42-+ 0.15 H2O + 0.33 H+ CO2 + 0.95 acetate-+ 0.05 ethanol + 0.087 H2S + 0.113 HS- + 0.1 H2 ∆Hcat (KJ mol-1)=-70.2
Lactate-+ 0.37 SO42-+ 0.56 H+ CO2 + 0.98 acetate- + 0.02 ethanol + 0.16 H2S + 0.215 HS-+ 0.5 H2O + 0.48 H2 ∆Hcat (KJ mol-1)=-36.4
2 Lactate- + SO42- + 3H+ 2 acetate- + 2 CO2 + 2 H2O+HS- ∆G’0cat (KJ mol-1)=-74.5
Propionate- + 0.75 SO4 2- + acetate- + HCO3- + 0.75 HS- + 0.25 H+ ∆G’0cat (KJ mol-1)=-37.7
Propionate- + 1.75 SO42- + 3 HCO3- + 1.75 HS- + 0. 5 H+ + 0.25 OH- ∆G’0cat (KJ mol-1)=-88.9
Acetate- + SO4 2- HCO3 - + HS- ∆G’0cat (KJ mol-1)=-47.6
Acetate- + SO42- + 3H+ 2CO2 + HCO3- + HS- ∆G’0cat (KJ mol-1)=-57.0
20. Power-time curves of cultures of
sulfate reducing bacteria
200
Thermal power / µW
1
150
2
Batch experiments on 100 3
Postgate C at +35°C
4
with various amounts of
growth regulator 50
Biotreat. 1 - 0 mg L-1; 2
- 50 mg L-1; 3 - 500 mg
L-1; 4 - 5000 mg L-1. 0
0 20 40
Time / h
21. Adaptation of biofilm to yeast industry waste in
the first stage (AF)
100
day 61, gas 4.08 L/day
90 day 72, gas 5.51 L/day
day 83, gas 7.54 L/day
80
70
Thermal power /µW mL-1
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time /h
22. Calculation of specific growth rate µ
• In exponential growth phase dX/dt = µX (1)
• If the stoichiometry of biomass growth does not change during the growth
(dX/dt) is proportional to dQ/dt and
(X-X0) is proportional to Q.
• The rate of biomass increase is proportional to the rate of increase in the heat
production (where YQ is the proportionality factor):
dX/dt = YQ * dQ/dt (2)
• From definition of specific growth rate (Eq. 1) and replacing it into Eq. 2 we get the
relationship between µ and dQ/dt:
µX = YQ * dQ/dt (3)
• The increase of biomass in the exponential growth phase is an exponential
function: X = X0 * eµt (4)
• Replacing X from Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) µ * X0 * eµt = YQ * dQ/dt (5)
dQ/dt = 1/YQ * µ * X0 * eµt (6)
• After integrating :ln (dQ/dt) = ln (dQ/dt)t=0 + µt (7)
where ln (dQ/dt)t=0 = ln (1/YQ * µ * X0 * eµ).
23. Biomass growth rate is proportional to the heat production rate
(in exponential phase)
Specific growth rate of X
Ansorbance
microorganisms µ Cellcount
Biomass ln X
dX/dt = µX µ=(lnXt-lnX0)/t
µ=1/X*dX/dt
Xt=X0*eµt lnXt =lnX0 + µt Time
q
dQ/ Qs1 my1
Q µ
µW/mL µJ/mL 1/h
dt 2.5e+06 0.50
150
6 5
5 ln dQ/dt = 0.648 + 0.272 t
µmax = 0.272 h-1 3
120 2e+06 0.40 4
3
1
90 1.5e+06 0.30 2
ln dQ/dt
1
ln Q
0 5 10 15 20
-1
0
60 1e+06 0.20
0 5 10 15 20
-1
ln Q = - 3.382 + 0.254 t -3
-2 µmax = 0.254 h-1
30 500000 0.10
-3 -5
hours -4
0 0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 -5 -7
time Time / h
Region for calculation of maximum
specific growth rate
ln (dQ/dt) = ln (dQ/dt)t=0 + µt
24. Comparison of growth characteristics determined
by microcalorimetry and ATP measurements
N umber of cells by ATP
1.00E+09
-1
N umbe r of ce lls mL
1.00E+08
1.00E+07
1.00E+06
1.00E+05
1.00E+04
0 10 20 30
N umber of cells by calorimetry 40 50
1.00E+09 Time / h
-1
1.00E+08
Numbe r of ce lls mL
1.00E+07
1.00E+06
1.00E+05
1.00E+04
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time / h
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25. Growth rates of sulfate reducing bacteria
determined by ATP and thermal power
Conc. of Biotreat 100 (mg L-1) max(ATP) (h-1) max(dQ) (h-1)
0 0.220 0.150
50 0.195 0.153
500 0.171
5000 0.184
Average max 0.207±0.013 0.165±0.008
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26. Heat production as a function of biomass
(on the example of SRB isolated from yeast waste treatment plant)
3.0
y = 1 2.009x
-1
2.5 R 2 = 0 .9631
He at production Q / J mL
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
-1
0.20 0.25
B iomas s / mg mL
27. Influence of thermophilic anaerobic pre-treatment
(t = +65 C) on the thermal power of sludge
P,µW ...20012005sm2 ...20012005sm3 P,µW ...20012005sm1 ...20012005sm4
I: 7.735 J I: 6.535 J I: 4.085 J I: 3.797 J
I: 7.749 J I: 6.542 J I: 4.088 J I: 3.800 J
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 15 30 45 Time,hour 0 15 30 45 Time,hour
Raw sludge Mesophilic digestion without pretreatment
Pre-treated (t=65° sludge
C) Mesophilic digestion with pretreatment
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28. Acetogenesis, methanogenesis and heat production
Power-time curve of coculture of two types of Kinetics of formation and degradation of
bacteria – a sulfidogen (Desulfovibrio vulgaris products during lactate fermentation by
Hildenborough (NCIB 8303)) and a methanogen coculture of D. vulgaris Hildenborough
(Methanosarcina barkeri (DSM 800)) (NCIB 8303) and M. barkeri (DSM 800).
A - growth of D. vulgaris using sulfate as electron Symbols ∆ - lactate, - CO2, + - CH4, -
acceptor acetate, - H2 (Traore et al. 1983).
B – growth of the coculture when M. barkeri acted
as the H acceptor (from Traore et al., 1983).
2
29. Influence of thermophilic anaerobic pre-treatment
(t = +70 C) on the thermal power of sludge
exothermic region endothermic region
I II
60
a 0
-1
-1
50
Thermal power µW mL
Thermal power µW mL
0 5 10 15 20
40 -100
IV
30 I
III
II III -200
20
IV
10
-300
0 b
0 5 10 15 20
-10 -400
Time / h Time / h
I - raw sludge, II - pre-treated (t = +70 C) sludge, III - sludge after mesophilic digestion
(t = +35 C), I stage, IV - sludge after mesophilic digestion (t = +35 C), II stage.
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31. Formation of metabolites in the anaerobically pre-
treated (t = +65 C, 15 h) sludge
60 0.8 60 0.8
50 50
Concentration / mg mL -1
Concentration / mg mL -1
-1
0.6 0.6
Thermal power / J mL
-1
40 40
Thermal power / J mL
30 0.4 30 0.4
20 20
0.2 0.2
10 10
0 0.0 0 0.0
0 5 10 15 20 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time / h
Time / h
thermal power, - pyruvate, - lactate, - propionate, - acetate.
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32. Quantitative characteristics of microbial growth
Type of sludge
Raw sludge Pre-treated sludge After mesophilic conditions
Parameter For 70°C
For For At For Single Tallinn WWTP
+65°C +70°C +65°C At +70°C +65°C stage (as after II stage
a conrol) I stage II stage (as a control)
Heat production, Q/ J -1.729 -0.858 -1.562 -0.601 -0.740 -0.954 +1.372 -0.193 -0.902
mL-1
Biomass, X/ mg ml-1 0.0899 0.0446 0.0812 0.0313 0.0385 0.0496 0.0114* 0.0136 0.0469
Cell count, NQ /107 8.99 4.46 8.12 3.13 3.85 4.96 1.14* 1.36 4.69
cells mL-1
Specific growth rate , 0.106 0.268 0.337 0.422 0.197 0.347 0.180 low bact. 0.073
-1
max /h activity
Solubilized COD / mg 9 400 8 800 15 200 9 800 7 300 12 000 5 000 4 300 -**
O2 L-1
33. Microcalorimetry is a suitable analysis method for
monitoring of anaerobic processes:
• Nonspecific, reproducible, nondestructive, continuous
monitoring, allows turbid samples, not laborious
• Can be used for quantitative characterization of growth (Q,
µmax, YQ), incl monitoring bacterial growth in wastewater or
residual sludge; no need to isolate microorganisms as pure
cultures!
• To describe the microbial consortium more precisely, the
products of metabolism are determined by chemical analysis
or chromatography.
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