This document provides an overview of key concepts and methods in educational psychology. It defines educational psychology as the application of psychology principles to education with the goal of modifying student behavior and development. Some key methods discussed include introspection, observation, experimentation, and clinical methods. Introspection involves self-examination of one's own mental states but lacks reliability. Observation allows for studying behavior directly but can be biased. Experimentation uses controlled conditions for objective, valid results but is resource-intensive. Clinical methods involve in-depth study of individuals for diagnosis and treatment.

2. INTRODUCTION
Every teacher is confronted with the
problem of individuals difference in the
classroom. The purpose of this unit is to
define the concept of educational
Psychology. It describes meaning and
nature of Educational Psychology. An
attempt has also been made to describe the
characteristics and meaning of learning.

3. Educational Psychology and consists of
two words Psychology and Education.
Educational Psychology is its application
in the field of education with the aim of
socializing man and modifying his
behavior.

4. According to Crow Educational
Psychology describes and explains
the learning experiences of an
individual from birth through old
age. Skinner defines Educational
Psychology as “that branch of Psychology
which deals with teaching and
learning”

5. More specifically, we can say educational
psychology is concerned with an understanding of:
 The child, his development, his need and his
potentialities.
 The learning situation including group
dynamics as the affect learning.
 The learning process its nature and the ways
to make it effective. Stated differently, the
Central theme of Educational Psychology is
Psychology of learning.

6. INTROSPECTION METHOD
Students at many times, when you have
experienced an emotion like anger or
fear you begin to think reasons for the
state of yours.

7. You say, “Why have I been annoyed
over this or that? Why been afraid of
such things”
In whatever manner it is done, it
gives you an understanding, though
rudimentary of your mind.

8. The word ‘Introspection is made
up of two Latin words. “Intro”
meaning within and “Aspection”
meaning looking. Hence it is a
method where an individual is
looking within one self.

9. Introspection method is one of
the oldest methods to collect data
about the conscious experiences
of the subject. It is a process of
self – examination where one
perceives, analyses and reports
one’s own feelings.

10. It is said you are introspecting your
own mental feelings and examining
what is going on in your mental process
in the state of happiness. Similarly, you
may introspect in state of anger or
fear; etc Introspection is also defined
as the notice, which the mind takes of
itself.

11. Characteristics of Introspection
The subject gets direct, immediate and
intuitive knowledge about the mind.
The subject has actually to observe his
own mental processes. He cannot
speculate about them.

12. Merits of Introspection Method
▫ It is the cheapest and most economical
method. No need of any apparatus or
laboratory for its use.
▫ It can be used any time and anywhere while
walking, traveling, sitting on a bed & so on.
▫ It is the easiest method and is readily
available to the individual.
▫ Data are first hand as the person himself
examines his own activities.

13. ▫ It has generated research which gradually
led to the development of more objective
methods.
▫ It is still used in all experimental
investigation.
▫ It is the only method with the help of which
and individual can know his emotions and
feelings.

14. Limitations of Introspection Methods
The data collected by introspection
cannot be verified. An individual may
not pass through the same mental state
again. There is no independent way of
checking the data.
The data collected by introspection lacks
validity and reliability. It is impossible
to acquire validity and exactness in self-
observation of one’s own mental processes.

15. Conclusion:
The limitations of introspection
can be overcome by practice and
training, by remaining alter
during introspection and by
comparing results obtained by
experts.

16. OBSERVATION METHOD
Student we observe so many things in
nature. We also observe the action and
behavior of others and form our own
notions about these person. We look at
other persons, listen to their talks and try
to infer what they mean. We try to infer
the characteristics, motivations, feelings
and intentions of others on the basis of
these observations.

17. Observation literally means looking
outside oneself. Facts are collected by
observing overt behavior of the
individual in order to locate underlying
problem and to study developmental
trends of different types.
Meaning of Observation

18. The overt behavior is the manifestation
of court conditions within the individual.
The study of overt behavior gives indirectly
the clue to the mental condition of the
individual. Observation means ‘perceiving
the behavior as it is”

19. Types of Observation
Natural Observation:
In natural observation we observe the specific
behavioral characteristics of children in natural
setting. Subject do not become conscious of the
fact that their behavior is being observed by
someone.
Participant – Observation:
Here the observer becomes the part of the
group, which he wants to observe. It discloses
the minute and hidden facts.

20. Non-Participant Observation:
• Here the observer observes in such a position, which
is least disturbing to the subject under study, the
specific behavior is observed in natural setting
without subjects getting conscious that they are
observed by some one. Non-participant observation
permits the use of recording instruments.
Structure Observation:
• Here the observer in relevance sets up a form and
categories in terms of which he wishes to analyze
the problem. The observer always keeps in view
a] A frame of reference
b] Time units
c] Limits of an act

21. Merits of Observation Method
• Being a record of actual behavior of the
child, it is more reliable and objective.
• It is an excellent source of information about
what actually happens in classroom.
• It is a study of an individual in a natural
situation and is therefore more useful than
the restricted study in a test situation.

22. Limitations
There is great scope for personal prejudices
and bias of the observer. The observers
interest, values can distort observation.
Records may not be written with hundred
percent accuracy as the observations are
recorded after the actions are observed.
There is some time lag.

23. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Students till now, we saw introspection
method and observation method used in
psychology of learning. But these methods
lack scientific objectivity and validity.
Experimental method is the most scientific
and objective method of studying behavior.

24. Experimentation is where the investigator
controls the educative factors to which a
group of children are subjected during the
period of inquiry and observes the
resulting achievement.

25. Basic concepts /essentials of
experimental method
• Experiments are always conducted in
laboratory. Hence the laboratory is
essential.
• Psychological experiments performed in
this method essentially require two people;
the experiment or group of experimenters
who perform experiment and the other is
the subject or subjects on whom the
experiment is performed.

26. Steps in the experimental method
• Raising a problem
• Formulation of a hypothesis
• Making a distinction between
Independent and dependent variables
• Controlling the situational variables
• Analysis of the Results
• Verification of Hypothesis

27. Merits of experimental method
Experimental method is the most systematic
method or getting reliable data.
Experimental method enables accurate
observations due to controlled conditions.
It allows us to establish cause effect.
relationship between different phenomena.
The results obtained are valid and reliable.

28. Demerits of the method
• Experimental method is costly and time
consuming method as it requires a
laboratory and apparatus to conduct it
properly.
• Experiments are conducted in artificially
determined pattern of behavior. In real life
situation it is quite different.
• It needs specialized knowledge and
therefore every teacher cannot be expected
to conduct the experiment.

29. Clinical Psychology
This provides continuing and
comprehensive mental and behavioral
health care for individuals and families;
consultation to agencies and
communities; training, education and
supervision; and research-based practice.

30. Procedures
• Assessment: diagnostic interviewing,
behavioral assessment, administration and
interpretation of psychological test measures
• Intervention (primary, secondary and tertiary
levels): clinical services to individuals,
families and groups
• Consultation: inter- and intra-professional
practice with other health and behavioral
health professionals and organizations
• Research: engagement with specific research
and critical review of science, knowledge and
methods pertaining to clinical psychology.

31. • Clinical method includes clinical-study
where in-depth study of an individual is
done.
• Clinical method employs both method of
diagnosis and treatment in dealing with an
individual case.

32. • Psychophysical methods are the tools for
measuring perception and performance. These
tools are used to reveal basic perceptual
processes, to assess observer performance, and
to specify the required characteristics of a
display.
Psychophysical Method

33. This method is simple, but you need to
worry about two kinds of errors:
habituation and anticipation. With
habituation, a person may continue provide
the same response, even though the person
can perceive a change. With anticipation, a
person may change her or his response,
even though the person cannot really
perceive a change. To offset the effects of
these errors, you present two different types
of series to each person.
Method of Limits

34. Differential Method
The goals of Differential Method are no
different from those of any other science:
descriptive and testable explanations of
phenomena

35. • Studies the ways in which individuals
differ in their behavior and the processes
that underlie it. This is a discipline that
develops classifications (taxonomies) of
psychological individual differences.

36. • This is distinguished from other aspects of
psychology in that although psychology is
ostensibly a study of individuals, modern
psychologists often study groups, or
attempt to discover general psychological
processes that apply to all individuals.

37. • Importantly, individuals can also differ not
only in their current state, but in the
magnitude or even direction of response to
a given stimulus.

38. THANKS
MUCH!
AMPING :*