This document discusses techniques for breaking seed dormancy, including scarification, hot water treatment, sulfuric acid treatment, and exposure to light or plant hormones to break hard seed coat or light-sensitive seed dormancies. It also addresses stratification and gibberellic acid to break chilling-requiring seed dormancies, as well as using potassium nitrate, thiourea, ethylene chlorhydrin, and plant hormones to promote growth and break dormancy. Running water treatment is also described as a way to wash off inhibitors and break dormancy.
introduction,meaning,definition, classification of seed dormancy,factors causing dormancy of seed , methods to overcome seed dormancy , dormancy due ti growth
This presentation describes about the dormancy, types of dormancy (seed dormancy and bud dormancy) as well as methods to overcome the bud and seed dormancy in detail.
Water Stress in Plant: Causes, Effects and ResponsesSukhveerSingh31
Drought, as an abiotic stress, is multidimensional in nature, and it affects plants at various levels of their organization.Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
introduction,meaning,definition, classification of seed dormancy,factors causing dormancy of seed , methods to overcome seed dormancy , dormancy due ti growth
This presentation describes about the dormancy, types of dormancy (seed dormancy and bud dormancy) as well as methods to overcome the bud and seed dormancy in detail.
Water Stress in Plant: Causes, Effects and ResponsesSukhveerSingh31
Drought, as an abiotic stress, is multidimensional in nature, and it affects plants at various levels of their organization.Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
Damping-off |Symptoms, Causes, Control and Management Mamoona Ghaffar
It's an overview about most prevalent plant disease attack on seedlings .the disease incidence is dependent more upon the conditions under which the seedlings are grown than upon the particular species of plant concerned.
seed is scientifically the mature embryo.
these powerpoint slides include the basic concepts of seed,its importance, parts of seed, composition,seed structure, seed development and embryogenesis.
Seed dormancy, its causes and applicabilityPragyaNaithani
Seed dormancy is defined as a state in which seeds are prevented from germinating even under environmental conditions normally favourable for germination. According to Wareing (1965) the term dormancy is used in the sense where the viable seed of a given species falls to germinate under conditions of moisture, temperature and oxygen supply which are normally favourable for the later stages of germination and growth of that species.
Many seeds do not germinate when placed under conducive conditions for germination viz., optimum temperature, moisture, oxygen. However, seeds can be shown to be viable, as they can be induced to germinate by various special artificial treatments, or under special external conditions. Such seeds are said to be dormant, or to be said in a state of dormancy.
Plants with a long history of domestication generally, show less dormancy than wild or recently domesticated species. When domesticated species exhibit dormancy, they become a problem to the communities involved in seed occupation. However, a degree of dormancy in certain crops is desirable since it prevents pre-harvest germination and helps in the maintaining seed quality. Though, dormancy may be cause seeds of numerous species to maintaining ungerminated in the soil for many years. This explains the presence of unwanted crop plants or weeds in fields that are cultivated regularly and maintain seed quality.
Seed dormancy is defined as a state in which seeds are prevented from germinating even under environmental conditions normally favorable for germination.
These conditions are a complex combination of water, light, temperature, gasses, mechanical restrictions, seed coats, and hormone structures.Seed is a ripe and fertilized ovule that encloses an embryo
It is the connecting link between parents and progeny.
Structurally seeds have four major components,
Seed coat or a protective envelope
Embryo
Reserve food and minerals which provide nourishment
Enzymes and hormones for the digestion of food and formation of new tissues during germination
Seed dormancy is fully explained in this ppt. it includes causes ( dormancy due to hard seed coat, dormancy due to condition of embryo, dormancy due to absence of light, dormancy due to low temperature etc. ) of seed dormancy, types of seed dormancy, various methods to remove seed dormancy like impaction, stratification, scarification, exposure of seed to light
One important function of most seeds is delayed germination, which allows time for dispersal and prevents germination of all the seeds at the same time.
The staggering of germination safeguards some seeds and seedlings from suffering damage or death from short periods of bad weather or from transient herbivores; it also allows some seeds to germinate when competition from other plants for light and water might be less intense.
Generally plants or plant structures, in order to overcome or survive against hostile environmental conditions undergo a period of dormancy with suitable modifications.
In lower plants production of endospores, zygospores, auxospores, akinetes, etc, are some of the methods involved in tiding over unfavorable conditions
Angiosperms produce seeds within the ovary and ovary itself develops into a fruit. In Gymnosperms only seeds develop.
Damping-off |Symptoms, Causes, Control and Management Mamoona Ghaffar
It's an overview about most prevalent plant disease attack on seedlings .the disease incidence is dependent more upon the conditions under which the seedlings are grown than upon the particular species of plant concerned.
seed is scientifically the mature embryo.
these powerpoint slides include the basic concepts of seed,its importance, parts of seed, composition,seed structure, seed development and embryogenesis.
Seed dormancy, its causes and applicabilityPragyaNaithani
Seed dormancy is defined as a state in which seeds are prevented from germinating even under environmental conditions normally favourable for germination. According to Wareing (1965) the term dormancy is used in the sense where the viable seed of a given species falls to germinate under conditions of moisture, temperature and oxygen supply which are normally favourable for the later stages of germination and growth of that species.
Many seeds do not germinate when placed under conducive conditions for germination viz., optimum temperature, moisture, oxygen. However, seeds can be shown to be viable, as they can be induced to germinate by various special artificial treatments, or under special external conditions. Such seeds are said to be dormant, or to be said in a state of dormancy.
Plants with a long history of domestication generally, show less dormancy than wild or recently domesticated species. When domesticated species exhibit dormancy, they become a problem to the communities involved in seed occupation. However, a degree of dormancy in certain crops is desirable since it prevents pre-harvest germination and helps in the maintaining seed quality. Though, dormancy may be cause seeds of numerous species to maintaining ungerminated in the soil for many years. This explains the presence of unwanted crop plants or weeds in fields that are cultivated regularly and maintain seed quality.
Seed dormancy is defined as a state in which seeds are prevented from germinating even under environmental conditions normally favorable for germination.
These conditions are a complex combination of water, light, temperature, gasses, mechanical restrictions, seed coats, and hormone structures.Seed is a ripe and fertilized ovule that encloses an embryo
It is the connecting link between parents and progeny.
Structurally seeds have four major components,
Seed coat or a protective envelope
Embryo
Reserve food and minerals which provide nourishment
Enzymes and hormones for the digestion of food and formation of new tissues during germination
Seed dormancy is fully explained in this ppt. it includes causes ( dormancy due to hard seed coat, dormancy due to condition of embryo, dormancy due to absence of light, dormancy due to low temperature etc. ) of seed dormancy, types of seed dormancy, various methods to remove seed dormancy like impaction, stratification, scarification, exposure of seed to light
One important function of most seeds is delayed germination, which allows time for dispersal and prevents germination of all the seeds at the same time.
The staggering of germination safeguards some seeds and seedlings from suffering damage or death from short periods of bad weather or from transient herbivores; it also allows some seeds to germinate when competition from other plants for light and water might be less intense.
Generally plants or plant structures, in order to overcome or survive against hostile environmental conditions undergo a period of dormancy with suitable modifications.
In lower plants production of endospores, zygospores, auxospores, akinetes, etc, are some of the methods involved in tiding over unfavorable conditions
Angiosperms produce seeds within the ovary and ovary itself develops into a fruit. In Gymnosperms only seeds develop.
Seed marks the beginning of each plant production and therefore
ensuring its quality is the priority of modern seed science and a prerequisite
for obtaining high yields of all plant species. Determination of seed quality
and its viability indicates what seed lots can be placed onto the market, and
for that reason it is very important to have reliable methods and tests to be
used for seed quality and seed vigour testing
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. HOW TO BREAK…..
Hard seed coat dormancy
light sensitive seeds dormancy
Dormancy due to chilling requirement
Immature embryo dormancy
3. BREAKING DORMANCY OF HARD SEED COAT
Scarification
Hot water treatment
Sulphuric acid treatment
Micro-organisms reaction
4. BREAKING DORMANCY OF LIGHT SENSITIVE
SEEDS
Exposure to white light
Exposure to red and far red light
Role of phytochromes
Use of plant hormones
Role of darkness
6. ROLE OF GROWTH PROMOTING SUBSTANCES IN
BREAKING SEED DORMANCY
Potassium nitrate
Thiourea
Ethylene chlorhydrin
Some plant hormones
7. RUNNING WATER TREATMENT
Running water treatment is given to seeds so
that Running water washes off the inhibitors
from the seeds and breaks dormancy
