Damping off is a fungal disease that affects seedlings. It is caused by soil-borne fungi like Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Phytophthora, and Pythium. The disease damages seedlings during or after germination, causing them to rot at the soil line and fall over. Common symptoms include water-soaked lesions, wilting, and discoloration of stems. Pythium is often the causal organism and reproduces both sexually, forming thick-walled oospores, and asexually through sporangia and zoospores. Control methods include soil disinfection, seed treatment, and improving soil drainage and aeration.
Downy mildew of grapes refers to any of several types of oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants. Downy mildews exclusively belong to Peronosporaceae. In commercial agriculture, they are a particular problem for growers of crucifers, grapes and vegetables that grow on vines. slide contains vivid descrition of the plant pathogen.
Damping-off |Symptoms, Causes, Control and Management Mamoona Ghaffar
It's an overview about most prevalent plant disease attack on seedlings .the disease incidence is dependent more upon the conditions under which the seedlings are grown than upon the particular species of plant concerned.
Downy mildew of grapes refers to any of several types of oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants. Downy mildews exclusively belong to Peronosporaceae. In commercial agriculture, they are a particular problem for growers of crucifers, grapes and vegetables that grow on vines. slide contains vivid descrition of the plant pathogen.
Damping-off |Symptoms, Causes, Control and Management Mamoona Ghaffar
It's an overview about most prevalent plant disease attack on seedlings .the disease incidence is dependent more upon the conditions under which the seedlings are grown than upon the particular species of plant concerned.
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T) Unit-III Part-1 Study of morphology, cla...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-1Study of morphology, classification, reproduction/replication and cultivation of fungi, Introduction fungi. Morphological Characteristics of fungi, CLASSIFICATION: Depending on cell morphology, fungi can be divided into 4 classes:
Moulds Yeasts ,Yeast like fungi and
Dimorphic fungi
Depending on their sexual spores formation fungi are divided into 4 classes:
Zygomycetes Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes Dueteromycetes
Reproduction and sporulation;Vegetative, Asexual
and Sexual
Vegetative reproduction: Fragmentation ,Fission, budding, Sclerotia Rhizomorphs
Asexual reproduction: Zoospores
Sporangiospore, Conidia
Oidia Uredospores ,Basidiospores
Sexual reproduction:Planogametic copulation: Isogamy Heterogamy
Gametangial contact
Gametangial copulation Spermatization Somatogamy CULTIVATION OF FUNGI: Brain Heart Infusion (BHT) agar
Czapek’s agar
Mycobiotic agar Inhibitory mold agar (IMA)
Potato dextrose agar
Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA):
Sabouraud’s heart infusion (SABHI) agar
Potato Flake agar
Potato dextrose-yeast extract agar (PDYA)
. Cornmeal agar
Malt extract agar (MEA)
Asexual reproduction is a process in which new organism is produced from a single parent without the involvement of gametes or cells. Many unicellular and multi cellular organisms reproduce asexually.
How Do Organisms Reproduce ? - Class 10 CBSE science (BIo)Amit Choube
Reproduction is an integral feature of all living beings. The process by which a living being produces its own like is called reproduction.
Importance of Reproduction:
Reproduction is important for each species, because this is the only way for a living being to continue its lineage. Apart from being important for a particular individual, reproduction is also important for the whole ecosystem. Reproduction helps in maintaining a proper balance among various biotic constituents of the ecosystem. Moreover, reproduction also facilitates evolution because variations come through reproduction; over several generations.
REPRODUCTION PROCESS IN ANIMALS AND MEN EXPLAINED COMPLETELY
CHECK FOR GOOD RESULTS
EXPLAINED WITH DIAGRAMS SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION]
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION,REGENERATION AND FRAGMENTATION ARE EXPLAINED BRIEFLY.
DNA REPRODUCTION,VEGTATIVE PROPAGATION AND POLLINATION PROCESS EXPLAINED
REPRODUCTION IN HUMAN BEINGS EXPLAINED FULLY FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. SUBJECT : BOTANY
CLASS : B.Sc (BIO)
YEAR : I YEAR (Semester 1 )
PAPER : I
TOPIC : MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANT-PATHOLOGY
SUB TOPIC : PLANT-PATHOLOGY
KEYWORDS : DAMPING-OFF OF SEEDLINGS
PREPARED BY : DR.ALOK
DESIGNATION : ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT : BOTANY
E MAIL : alok.sharma13@gmail.com
FAULTY: SCIENCE
COLLEGE NAME: S.K.B.B. GOVT.P.G.COLLGE, HARAKH, BARABANKI, U.P
AFFILIATION: DR.R.M.L.AWADH UNIVERSITY, AYODHYA
SELF DECLARATION
The information given in the E-content/material/manuscript is authentic to the best of my knowledge .The use of above said content is purely for
academic/educational purpose to promote teaching and learning.
DR.ALOK
3.
4. • Damping off disease of seeding is widely distributed all over the world.
• This disease occurs in vegetables, flower, cereals and many fruits and forest trees.
• This condition damages or weakens the seedlings during the process of germination either
before or after emergence.
• Poor seed germination of seedling is due to dumping off infections in pre-emergence stage.
• Older plants are not killed but develop stem lesions or root rot, thus retards their growth.
• It is caused by different pathogens and is mostly found in wet and cool conditions.
• Damping-off is caused by several seed-borne and soil-borne fungi including Rhizoctonia solani
and Aphanomyces cochlioides. It is also caused by oomycetes and different fungal species
which include Pythium, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Botrytis, Cylindrocladium, Diplodia, Phoma,
and Alternaria.
• Damping off caused by these pathogens has a severe impact on the plant species and can
cause great loss to economically important food crops.
5. Damping Off Symptoms
• Seeds in infested soils fail to germinate, they become soft and mushy, turn brown, shrink, and
finally disintegrates.
• In initial infections appears as a slightly darkened, water soaked spot.Infected area enlarges
rapidly, the invaded cells collapseband the seedling is overrun by the fungus and dies shortly.
• Rotting of seeds before the process of germination causing the seedlings to die before emerging
is the first symptom of damping off. This process is also regarded as Pre-emergence damping-off.
• Rotting of young seedlings around the crown region, resulting in softening of tissue, wilting, and
falling over of plants is another common symptom known as Post-emergence damping-off.
• In most cases, the seedlings turn to form a dull green colour along with the drooping of
cotyledons. This is mainly caused by Pythium spp. which also causes the development of water-
soaked lesions on the hypocotyls at the soil line resulting in seedlings wilt and collapse.
• Seedlings that have already emerged are usually attacked at the root below the soil line. The
succulent tissues are invaded and killed rapidly, infected areas become water soaked and cells
soon collapses. The basal part of seed is much thinner and softer than upper part. Due to infection
basal part can not support upper part and the seedling falls over on the soil.
6. Causal organism
• Several fungi have been reported to be responsible for damping off of seedling. These are
species of Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Phytopthora and Pythium.
• Pythium appears to be the most important . Several species of this genus are involved P.
debaryanum, P. aphanidermatum, P. ultimatum but the effect of each of them on its hosts is
usually similar to that of others.
• Here we discuss about Pythium species
Kingdom-Fungi
Division-Eumycota
Class-Oomycetes
Order-Perenosporales
Family-Pythiaceae
Genus-Pythium
Species-debaryanum
•Species of Pythium grow in water and soil as saprotrophs.
•Intolerant of highly acidic soils.
•Grow commonly where seedlings are grown crowded together in poorly drained soil.
•Produce branched colonies of tip-growing hyphae.
•Reproduction can be asexual and sexual.
•Pythium are Necrotrophic pathogens i.e. they kill the cells which they attack.
7. • Most species are plant parasites.
• Pythium penetrates plant directly by physical force and by using enzymes like pectinase or cellulase.
• Pectinases break down pectins in the middle lamella causing cells to part and tissues to break up.
• Cellulases result in plant cell wall disintegration.
• Morphology:
• The mycelium of Pythium is white, slender, profusely branched, with coenocytic hyphae.
• They have terminal and intercalary sporangia, which may be spherical or filamentous.
• Sporangia produces zoospores, oogonia, antheridia, and thick-walled oospores.
• Sporangia germinate and form vesicles(zoosporangium) in which zoospores are formed.
• Zoospores ovoid and biflagellate.
• Zoospores released in favorable condition and infect host by germ tube.
• Reproduction:
• Pythium reproduces both asexually and sexually.
• Asexual mode is most common while sexual reproduction occurs mostly towards the end of the
• growing season.
• Asexual reproduction is favoured by humid conditions.
• The reproductive phase sets on before the death of the host in case of parasitic species.
8. Asexual reproduction:
• Pythium spp. produce sack-like structures called sporangia.
• Sporangium germinate to produce a hypha or give rise to zoospores.
• Zoospores that are formed in a vesicle and get released when the vesicle wall ruptures.
• After a period, the zoospores slow their movements and become quiescent, retract their flagella,
secrete a wall around themselves, and become encysted to form cystospores.
• Cystospores on the arrival of favourable conditions, either directly germinate to establish a new
mycelium, or give rise to secondary zoospores which then germinate to establish the mycelium.
Sexual reproduction:
• Sexual reproductive structures include an oogonium and a club-shaped antheridium.
• The two structures form from a common strand of hyphae, or form two different hyphal strands.
• Two structures come in contact, a fertilization tube enters the oogonium from the antheridium, and
the antheridial nucleus is transferred to the egg within the oogonium.
• Then antheridial and oogonial nuclei unite and form a zygote.
• The wall of the egg cell then thickens creating an oospore which contains the zygote.
• The oospore can survive periods of drying and remain viable for many years.
9.
10. • The infected area enlarges rapidly, the invaded cells collapse.
• The basal part of the stem of the seedlings is much thinner and softer than the above.
• The invaded area become water-soaked and discoloured, and the cells soon collapse.
• Cotyledon and leaf chlorosis occurs and the plant soon shows signs of infection in the form of
wilting, result in its death.
Control:
• Soil disinfection with chemicals like Formalin, Captain, Thiram, Blitox-50.
• Soil sterilization by steam or dry heat.
• Seed protectants,which includes several type of chemicals as phygon,agrosan GN,ceresin.
These are applied to seed in dry or wet form.
• Seed treatment followed by spraying of seedings with ziram, chloranil, captan, soluble copper
etc.
• Cultural practices that includes chiefly good drainage, improvement of soil aeration, check on
excessive use of nitrate forms of fertilisers etc.