This document discusses various non-ferrous materials including their properties and applications. It provides details about aluminum, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, tin, and constantan. It also discusses alloys of these metals such as brass, bronze, and monel metal. Additionally, it covers cutting tool materials, ceramics, composites, semiconductors, organic polymers, plastics, and their properties and applications in engineering.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Manufacturing & benefit of Brass Electrical Componentsasianfasteners
There are many advantages of working brass electrical parts. A few of them are included here. Thus, brass electrical components are widely used in different industries.
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
Dear All, Best Greetings! This presentation is very useful to all of you to understand the steel basics, background, history, steel making process video, characteristics, metallurgical properties, iron carbon diagram, different phases in steel, effects of alloying elements, high carbon steel introduction, and application of low, medium and high carbon steel.
Stainless steel is one of the most widely used materials in dentistry for the production of dental instruments, e.g. scalpel blades and forceps, orthodontic wires, denture bases and partial denture clasps, endodontic posts and as stainless steel crowns for the treatment of severely decayed primary molars.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Manufacturing & benefit of Brass Electrical Componentsasianfasteners
There are many advantages of working brass electrical parts. A few of them are included here. Thus, brass electrical components are widely used in different industries.
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
Dear All, Best Greetings! This presentation is very useful to all of you to understand the steel basics, background, history, steel making process video, characteristics, metallurgical properties, iron carbon diagram, different phases in steel, effects of alloying elements, high carbon steel introduction, and application of low, medium and high carbon steel.
Stainless steel is one of the most widely used materials in dentistry for the production of dental instruments, e.g. scalpel blades and forceps, orthodontic wires, denture bases and partial denture clasps, endodontic posts and as stainless steel crowns for the treatment of severely decayed primary molars.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. • The elements of tools, machines and
equipment should be made of such a material
which has properties suitable for the
conditions of operation.
• An engineer should always be familiar with
various kinds of engineering materials
including non-ferrous materials, their
properties, and applications to meet the
functional requirements of the design
product.
3. • Although the nonferrous metals as a group cannot
match the strength of the steels, certain
nonferrous alloys have corrosion resistance
and/or strength-to-weight ratios that make them
competitive with steels in moderate-to-high stress
applications.
• The non-ferrous metals are used for the following
purposes namely resistance to corrosion, special
electrical and magnetic properties, softness,
facility of cold working, fusibility, ease of casting,
good formability, low density and attractive color.
5. • Prepared from a mineral called bauxite
• Extraction of Aluminum can be summarized
in 3 steps: (1) washing and crushing of
bauxite into fine powders, (2) the Bayer
process that converts bauxite into pure
alumina (Al2O3); and (3) electrolysis that
separates alumina into aluminum and
oxygen gas.
6. Properties
• has silvery color and lusture
• ductile, malleable and very good conductor of heat
and electricity
• has a very high resistance to corrosion than the
ordinary steel
• tensile strength varies from 95 to 157 MN/m2
• when mixed with small amounts of other alloys, it
becomes hard and rigid
• a very ductile metal and is noted for its formability
7. Applications
• mainly used in aircraft and automobile parts
where saving of weight is an advantage
• useful metal for cooking utensils under
ordinary conditions
• widely used for reflectors, mirrors and
telescopes
• Aluminium foil is used as silver paper for
food packing etc.
8. Alloys
• may be easily alloyed with other elements
like copper, magnesium, zinc, manganese,
silicon and nickel to improve various
properties
• converts the soft and weak metal into hard
and strong metal, while still retaining its
light weight
• Various aluminum alloys are: Duralumin, Y-
alloy, Magnalium and Hindalium
10. • one of the most widely used non-ferrous
metals in industry
• extracted from ores of copper such as copper
glance, copper pyrites, melachite and azurite
• Copper ore is first ground and then smelted
producing an impure alloy. Then the air is
blown through the molten metal to obtain
blister copper. Copper is then refined further
using electrolysis processes.
11. • has a distinctive reddish-pink color
• soft, malleable and ductile metal
• good conductor of electricity and heat
• non-corrosive under ordinary conditions and
resists weather very effectively
• tensile strength varies from 300 to 470
MN/m2
• can withstand severe bending and forging
without failure
12. Applications
• mainly used in making electric cables and
wires for electric machinery, motor winding,
electric conducting appliances, and
electroplating etc.
• easily forged, casted, rolled and drawn into
wires
• in the form of tubes is used widely in heat
transfer work
13. • used in production of boilers, condensers,
roofing etc.
• used in making valves and bearings
14. Alloys
• Important copper alloys are: Copper-zinc
alloys (Brasses) and Copper-tin alloys
(Bronzes)
• Has wide range of applications
15. Brasses
• widely used alloy of copper (main
constituent) and zinc
• by adding small quantities of other
elements, properties of brass may be greatly
changed
• has a greater-strength than that of copper,
but has a lower thermal and electrical
conductivity
16. • very resistant to atmospheric corrosion and
can be easily soldered
• Phases of brass are: Alpha phase, Beta phase
and Gamma phase
• Various types of brasses are: Red Brass,
Yellow brass or Muntz Metal, Cartridge Brass,
Admiralty Brass, Naval Brass, Manganese
Brass, Iron Brass or Delta Metal, Gilding
Brass, Free Cutting Brass, and Lead Brass
17. Bronzes
• a common alloy of copper and tin
• comprises 75 to 95% copper and 5 to 25%
tin
• has higher strength, better corrosion
resistance than brasses
• comparatively
• hard and resists surface wear and can be
shaped or rolled into wire, rods and sheets
very easily
18. • has antifriction or bearing properties
• tensile strength of bronze increases
gradually with the amount of tin, reaching a
maximum when tin is about 20%
• most ductile when it contains about 5% of
tin
• presence of zinc in the bronze increases
fluidity of molten metal, strength and
ductility
19. • Common types of bronze are: Phosphor
Bronze, Silicon Bronze, Beryllium Bronze,
Manganese Bronze, Aluminum Bronze and
Bell Metal
20. Constantan
• Composed of
Cu = 55%
Ni = 45%
• has high specific resistance
• Specific resistance is unaffected by
temperature variation
• used for accurate resistors like thermo-
couples, Wheet-stone bridge, low
temperature heaters and resistances.
22. • similar to iron in many aspects
• a silvery shining white metal having
extremely good response to polish
• most important nickel’s ore is pentlandite
• the ore is first crushed and ground with
water
• Flotation techniques are used to separate
the sulfides from other minerals mixed with
the ore
23. • nickel sulfide is then heated to burn off
some of the sulfur, followed by smelting to
remove iron and silicon
• further refinement is accomplished in a
Bessemer-style converter to yield high-
concentration nickel sulphide (NiS).
• electrolysis is then used to recover high-
purity nickel from the compound
24. Properties
• is as hard as steel but is more corrosion
resistant and the high temperature
properties of its alloys are generally
superior
• possesses good heat resistance
• Nickel alloys are sometimes used for their
high potential field strengths, some for their
permeability and some for their high
coercive force
25. • when it contains small amount of carbon, it
is quite malleable
• less ductile than soft steel, but small amount
of magnesium improves ductility
considerably
26. Applications
• used in kitchen utensils and appliances, and
in laundry and dairy machinery
• extensively useful for electroplating plating
work for protecting surfaces of iron and
brass from corrosion
• helpful for making stainless steel
29. • a bluish grey metal with a high metallic
lusture when freshly cut
• a very durable and versatile material
30. Properties
• Has high density and easy workability
• has very good resistance to corrosion and
many acids have no chemical action on it
• softest and heaviest of all the common
metals
• very malleable and may be readily formed
into foil
• can readily be scratched with fingernail
when pure
31. Application
• used in safety plug in boilers, fire door releases
and fuses
• finds extensive applications as sheaths for
electric cables, both overhead and underground
• sheets are used for making roofs, gutters etc.
• employed for chemical laboratory and plant
drains
• an alloy of lead and tin is most widely utilized as
a solder material for joining metals in joining
processes
33. • zinc blende or sphalerite is the principal ore
of zinc
• other important ores include smithsonite,
which is zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), and
hemimorphate, which is hydrous zinc silicate
• The oxide is heated in an electric furnace
where the zinc is liberated as vapor. The
vapors are then cooled in condensers to get
metallic zinc.
34. Properties
• tensile strength is 19 to 25 Mpa
• becomes brittle at 200°C and can be
powdered at this temperature
• possesses high resistance to corrosion
• can be readily worked and rolled into thin
sheets or drawn into wires by heating it to
100-150°C
35. Applications
• zinc is the fourth most utilized metal after iron,
aluminium, and copper
• commonly used as a protective coating on iron
and steel in the form of a galvanized or sprayed
surface
• used for generating electric cells and making
brass and other alloys
• Parts manufactured by zinc alloys include
carburetors, fuel pumps, automobile parts, and
so on.
37. • recognized as brightly shining white metal
• Main source of tin is tinstone
• To obtain crude tin, the ores of tins are
crushed, calcined, washed and then smelted in
a furnace using anthracite coal and sand.
• The crude tin is then refined in a reverberatory
furnace to get commercially pure tin.
• Chemically pure tin is made by electrolytic
deposition from commercial tin.
38. Properties
• does not corrode in wet and dry conditions
• soft and ductile material
• possesses very good malleability
39. Applications
• commonly used as a protective coating
material for iron and steel
• commonly used to make bearings that are
subjected to high pressure and load
• used as coating on other metals and alloys
owing to its resistance to corrosion
• employed in low melting point alloys as a
substitute for Bismuth
40. • generally preferred as moisture proof
packing material
• finds application in tin cans for storing food
and food items
41. Alloy
• also known as Babbitt metal
• Contains
Sn = 88%
Sb = 8%
Cu = 4%
• possesses excellent antifriction properties and
sufficient mechanical strength
• can be easily casted
• expensive because of high tin content
43. • commonly possesses good wearing quality,
low coefficient of friction, high thermal
conductivity, good casting qualities, non-
corrosive properties, ability to withstand
high pressure and impact, low shrinkage
after coating and less cost
• Various bearing metals are: Admiralty Gun
Metal, Lead Bronze and Hard Bearing
Bronze
45. High Speed Steel
• have superior hot hardness and it can retain
the hardness up to 900°C
• Its three types are: 18-4-1 High Speed Steel
– has 18% tungsten, 4% chromium, 1% vanadium
and 0.7% carbon: This is used for machining or
metal cutting speed above 50 m/min.
– for higher cutting speed vanadium is increased.
47. Cobalt High Speed Steel
• also known as super high speed steel
• has 1-12% cobalt, 20% tungsten, 4%
chromium and 2% vanadium
• very good for high cutting speed
48. • Other cutting tool materials are as follows:
ceramics tool, carbides tool and diamond
50. • are non-metallic solids made of inorganic
compounds such as oxides, nitrides, borides
and carbides
• are fabricated by first shaping the powder with
or without the application of pressure into a
compact form and after that it is subjected to
high temperature
• possesses electrical, magnetic, chemical and
thermal properties which are exceptionally
good
51. Applications
• utilized for making electronic control
devices, computers, structures, components
of nuclear engineering and aerospace field
53. • are mixture of materials such as metal and
alloys and ceramics, metals and organic
polymers, ceramics and organic polymers
54. Applications
• Examples of composites are: Vinyl coated
steels, steel reinforced concrete, fiber
reinforced plastics, carbon reinforced
rubber etc.
• used for making sports items, structures,
and electrical devices
56. • are solid materials, either non-metallic
elements or compounds which allow
electrons to pass through them
• occupy intermediate position between
conductors and insulators
• usually have high resistivity, negative
temperature coefficient of resistance and
are generally hard and brittle
57. Applications
• Examples of Semiconductors are:
Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Silicon (Si),
Boron (B), Sulphur (S), Selenium (Se).
• utilized in making devices used in areas of
telecommunication and radio
communication, electronics and power
engineering, photocells, rectifiers etc.
59. • consist of carbon chemically combined with
usually with hydrogen, oxygen or other non-
metallic substances
• formed by polymerization reaction in which
simple molecules are chemically combined
into long chain molecules
60. Applications
• Examples of organic polymers are: Nylon,
Teflon, Polyethylene, PVC, Terylene, Cotton
etc.
• used in making packings, pipes, covers and
insulating materials etc.
62. • commonly known as synthetic resins or
polymers
• plastic materials are fairly hard and rigid
and can be readily molded into different
shapes by heating or pressure or both
• Various useful articles can be produced
from them rapidly, accurately and with very
good surface quality
63. • are recognized by their extreme lightness, good
corrosion resistance and high dielectric
strength
• are very attractive organic engineering
materials and find extensive applications in
industrial and commercial work such as
electrical appliances, automotive parts,
communication products bodies (Telephone,
Radio, TV), and those making household goods
64. Properties
• Plastics are light in weight and at the same
time they possess good toughness strength
and rigidity
• They are less brittle than glass, yet they can
be made equally transparent and smooth
• Their high dielectric strength makes them
suitable for electric insulation
• They resist corrosion and the action of
chemicals
65. • The ease with which they can be mass-
produced contributes greatly to their
popularity as wrappers and bags
• They possess the property of low moisture
absorption
• They can be easily molded to desired shapes
• They can easily be made colored
• They are bad conductance of heat
66. • They are hard, rigid and heat resistance
• They possesses good deformability, good
resiatance against weather conditions, good
colorability, good damping characteristics
and good resistance to peeling
67. Classification
• Plastics are classified into thermo plastics and
thermo-setting plastics.
• Thermo Plastics
– plastics which can be easily softened again and
again by heating
– retain their plasticity at high temperature
– On cooling they become hard
– Sometimes also called as cold-setting plastics
– can be very easily shaped into tubes, sheets,
films, and many other shapes as per the need
69. • Thermo-Setting Plastics
– plastics which are hardened by heat, effecting a
non-reversible chemical change, are called
thermo-setting
– acquire a permanent shape when heated and
pressed and thus cannot be easily softened by
reheating
70.
71. Fabrication
• Thermo plastics can be formed by:
– Injection molding
– Extrusion
– Blow molding
– Calendaring
– Thermo-forming
– Casting
72. • Thermo-setting plastics can be formed by:
– Compression or transfer molding
– Casting
• Thermo plastics can be joined with the help
of :
– Solvent cements
– Adhesive bonding
– Welding
– Mechanical fasteners
74. Additions in Polymers
• Catalysts
• Fillers
• Modifiers
• Plasticizers
• Stabilizers
• Initiators
• Dyes and pigments
Editor's Notes
The Bayer process involves solution of bauxite powders in aqueous caustic soda (NaOH) under pressure, followed by precipitation of pure Al2O3 from solution.
Electrolysis to separate Al2O3 into its constituent elements requires dissolving the precipitate in a molten bath of cryolite (Na3AlF6) and subjecting the solution to direct current between the plates of an electrolytic furnace. The electrolyte dissociates to form aluminum at the cathode and oxygen gas at the anode.
-Useful metal for cooking utensils because of its non-toxicity and resistance to corrosion
-used for reflectors, mirrors and telescope if aluminum has high purity
-used in making furniture, doors and window components, rail road, trolley cars, automobile bodies and pistons, electrical cables, rivets, kitchen utensils and collapsible tubes for pastes.
Blister copper – 98-99% pure copper
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and then flowing a filler metal into the joint—the filler metal having a relatively low melting point.
Specific Resistance is defined as the resistance offered by unit length and unit cross section of that material when a known voltage is applied at its end
A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature
Wheet-stone bridge a simple circuit for measuring an unknown resistance by connecting it so as to form a quadrilateral with three known resistances and applying a voltage between a pair of opposite corners.
Gangue is the commercially valueless material in which ore is found
Flotation is the process of separating small particles of various materials by treatment with chemicals in water in order to make some particles adhere to air bubbles and rise to the surface for removal while others remain in the water.
calcination is also used to mean a thermal treatment process in the absence or limited supply of air or oxygen applied to ores and other solid materials to bring about a thermal decomposition.
Anthracite coal is a form of coal that is almost made entirely of carbon. Anthracite coal is much harder than other forms of coal such as bituminous, and is usually found in areas surrounding mountains or deep valleys
Substitute for bismuth example as solder
Sn = tin
Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process.
Dielectric is having the property of transmitting electric force without conduction; insulating.