The document discusses the menstrual cycle, which occurs approximately every 28 days in females. It is controlled by hormones including estrogen and progesterone. The cycle involves three phases - the menstruation phase where the uterine lining sheds, the follicular phase where an egg matures and is released during ovulation, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum develops and progesterone is produced to prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins. The document also discusses common menstrual problems like painful periods, heavy bleeding, PMS, and absent periods, as well as their potential causes and treatments.

1. Menstrual Cycle
By:
HARITH RIYADH

2. Definition
• Monthly cycle of changes that
occur in female body,
associated with ovulation and
the discharge of blood
• Take about 28 day for each cycle
• Certain cases may be more or
less than 28 days

3. Hormone control menstrual cycle

6. Progesterone
• Progesterone is sometimescalled the
“Hormone of Pregnancy“
• If the egg is fertilized (Pregnancy occurs), the
Corpus Luteum will begin receiving hCG from
the embryo. hCG tells the Corpus Luteum to
keep producing Progesterone.
• If pregnancy does not occur, Progesterone
levels will decrease, leading to Menstruation.
Normal Menstrual Bleeding is Progesterone-
withdrawal Bleeding

7. • Normal Menstruation
– 3521- day cycle
– 2-8 days of flow
• Menstrual Variations
– No flow
– Little flow
– Irregular
– Too much flow
Blood loss per cycle averages 30 mL
(normal range, 13 to 80 mL) and is
usually greatest on the 2nd day

8. Menstrual Cycle:
Egg Maturation, and Endometrial Growth
Figure 26-13: The menstrualcycle
• Follicular phase
– Egg matures
• Ovulation
– Egg released
• Luteal phase
– Corpus luteum
– Endometrium
– Prepare for blastocyst
• No Pregnancy
– Menses

9. Three Stage Of Menstrual Cycle
• Menstruation stage(1st day to day 5th )
• Follicle development stage (from end of
menstruation to ovulation 6th to 14th day)
• Corpus luteum stage (from ovulation to the
beginning menstruation, 15th day to 28th day)

10. Menstrual Problems
• Painful
Periods
Cramping
Nausea
Vomiting
• Heavy Periods
Anaemia due to loss of iron

11. • Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Breast discomfort
Bloating
Mood swings
Food craving
• No Period
Pregnancy
Medical condition

12. Treating Menstrual Problems
• Medication
• Exercise
• Proper Diet

13. MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
 Amenorrhea
• Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period in a
woman of reproductive age.
 Primary Amenorrhea
• Primary Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation in
a woman by the age of 16.
 Secondary Amenorrhea
• Secondary Amenorrhea is where an established
menstruation has ceased—for 3 months in a woman
with a history of regular cyclic bleeding, or 9 months in
a woman with a history of irregular periods

14.  Menorrhagia/Hypermenorrhea
Menorrhagia is an unusually heavy and
prolonged menstrual period at regular
intervals.
A blood loss of greater than 80 ml or lasting longer than
7 days constitutes menorrhagia
 Hypomenorrhea
Hypomenorrhea is extremely light menstrual blood flow
(scanty periods).

15.  Metrorrhagia
Metrorrhagia is uterine bleeding at frequent, irregular intervals,
particularly between the expected menstrual periods.
 Menometrorrhagia
Menometrorrhagia is a condition in which prolonged or excessive
uterine bleeding occurs irregularly and more frequently than
normal.
 Polymenorrhea
Polymenorrhea is the medical term for cycles with intervals of 21
days or fewer.
 Oligomenorrhea
Oligomenorrhea is infrequent (or very light) menstruation. More
strictly, it is menstrual periods occurring at intervals of greater than
35 days

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