Meningitis involves meninges
Viral meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Fungal meningitis
Parasitic meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).
Skipping vaccinations
Age-Viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5. Bacterial meningitis is common in those under age 20.
Living in a community setting
Pregnancy.
Compromised immune system. AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant drugs etc.
Primary- Neisseria meningitidis
Secondary- E. coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Meningitis involves meninges
Viral meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Fungal meningitis
Parasitic meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).
Skipping vaccinations
Age-Viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5. Bacterial meningitis is common in those under age 20.
Living in a community setting
Pregnancy.
Compromised immune system. AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant drugs etc.
Primary- Neisseria meningitidis
Secondary- E. coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
otitis media is the inflammation of the ear drum or tympanic membrane this topic include its definition , etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and its treatment which can be used by nursing students for taking care of the patient suffering from otitis media and for learning for their examination and knowledge purpose
and care of the child with acute otitis media and chronic otitis media and make their family aware about the complication of the otitis media like hearing loss meningitis
Meningitis involves meninges
Viral meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Fungal meningitis
Parasitic meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).
Skipping vaccinations
Age-Viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5. Bacterial meningitis is common in those under age 20.
Living in a community setting
Pregnancy.
Compromised immune system. AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant drugs etc.
Primary- Neisseria meningitidis
Secondary- E. coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Meningitis involves meninges
Viral meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
Fungal meningitis
Parasitic meningitis
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and the spinal cord (meninges).
Skipping vaccinations
Age-Viral meningitis occur in children younger than age 5. Bacterial meningitis is common in those under age 20.
Living in a community setting
Pregnancy.
Compromised immune system. AIDS, alcoholism, diabetes, use of immunosuppressant drugs etc.
Primary- Neisseria meningitidis
Secondary- E. coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
otitis media is the inflammation of the ear drum or tympanic membrane this topic include its definition , etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and its treatment which can be used by nursing students for taking care of the patient suffering from otitis media and for learning for their examination and knowledge purpose
and care of the child with acute otitis media and chronic otitis media and make their family aware about the complication of the otitis media like hearing loss meningitis
Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. Common symptoms are a stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip. The inflammation is caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants or allergens
cerebrovascular accident, commonly known as stroke is one of the most common health problems of the world. in the developing world, its increasing incidence is a matter of concern among the health workers across the globe. thus adequate knowledge about this medical condition is a must to deal with it effectively.
Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. Common symptoms are a stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip. The inflammation is caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants or allergens
cerebrovascular accident, commonly known as stroke is one of the most common health problems of the world. in the developing world, its increasing incidence is a matter of concern among the health workers across the globe. thus adequate knowledge about this medical condition is a must to deal with it effectively.
Postural control and Dynamics PresentationHongbo Zhang
In this talk. I talked about the postural modeling techniques. More specifically, iIt includes:
1) wavelet coherence analysis of postural coordination.
2) Utilize sliding mode postural controller for modeling posture
3) A new method to quantify the passive and active ankle torque, stiffness, and damping
Now a days TBM is super most disease in Indian children.
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is difficult to diagnose, and a high index of suspicion is needed to make an early diagnosis.
Bacterial and bacterial-like sepsis in children - Susanna Esposito WAidid
How to detect and prevent bacterial and bacterial-like sepsis in children and adolescents? Professor Susanna Esposito presents in this slideset data on epidemiology, etiology and mortality rates of pediatrical sepsis, and then discusses the possible treatment and the more efficient way of preventing the burden of pediatric sepsis.
To learn more, visit www.waidid.org.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
1. MUHIMBILI UNIVERSITY OF
HEALTH AND ALLIED
SCIENCESNURSING
SCHOOL OF
DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL NURSING
PEDIATRIC NURSING
TOPIC:MANAGEMENT OF CHILD WITH
MENINGITIS
PRESENTER:SONGOMA JOHN
2. INTRODUCTION
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges
, the protective membranes that surround the
brain and spinal cord.
Common causes of meningitis may include:
Bacteria, Virus, Fungi and Parasites.
Most episodes of meningitis result from
hematogenous seeding of infection from
other sites to the meninges.
3. 1. Bacterial causes
Varies with age:
1. Newborn to 3 months of age:
E. coli and other coliforms, group B Streptococci,
Listeria monocytogenes, Strep pneumoniae,
H. influenza type b, Neisseria meningitidis
2. Age 3 months to adolescence:
N. meningitidis, S pneumoniae, H influenza type b
(in young children)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is most common in
young children, but can affect children of any
age.
4. . Fungal Causes
Common in immunocompromised patients.
May include:Histoplasma , Coccidioides
,Paracoccidiodes ,Candida , Aspergilus
Cryptococcus neoformans
Viral Causes (aseptic meningitis) include:-
Mumps
Enterovirus (coxackie, polio)
Adenovirus and
Herpes simplex
5. Classification of meningitis
1. Based on duration, meningitis is classified as:
Acute: symptoms present within a period of 0 –
24 hrs
Sub acute: symptoms lasting from 1-7 days.
Chronic: symptoms lasting over 7 days
2. Based on aetiology:
Bacterial meningitis
Viral (aseptic) meningitis
Fungal meningitis
6. Clinical Presentation: Symptoms
and signs
1. Young infants < 3 months: The signs and
symptoms are non specific and may include:
Fever or hypothermia
Bulging fontanelle or acute increase in head
circumference
Convulsions / seizures
High-pitched cry, irritability
Lethargy, altered mental state
Apnoea
Poor feeding, vomiting.
7. 2. Children > 3 months to adolescents:
Fever is present in about ~ 50% of patients.
Headache, photophobia, stiff neck, irritability or
lethargy, vomiting and altered level of consciousness.
Kerning’s sign in older children (inability to completely
extend the leg).
8. Brudzinski’s sign in older children (flexion at the
knee in response to forward flexion of the neck).
Convulsions in 20 – 30% of cases.
Focal neurological deficits due to vasculitis or
thrombosis of blood vessels.
Papilledema (Swelling of the optic disc (where the
optic nerve enters the eyeball); usually associated
with an increase in intraocular pressure) is
uncommon unless in advanced cases. This
suggests increased intracranial pressure.
9. Laboratory Investigations
1. CSF
Lumbar puncture or a shunt tap is performed as
soon as the diagnosis of meningitis is
suspected.
CSF should be examined for:
Microbiology and
Biochemistry
10. Laboratory Investigations cont.
2. C-Reactive protein (CRP).
3. Blood culture and other cultures
(urine, abscess, and middle ear).
4. Full Blood Picture (CBC) and ESR.
5. Serum electrolytes, BUN, Creatinine.
11. Investigations cont
6.Other examinations
Electroencephalogram (EEG) if seizures are
prominent.
Head imaging (CT). Indications for CT are:
Focal neurological examination findings,
Seizures,
Increasing head circumference,
Lack of improvement despite appropriate treatment
and
Suspected brain abscess.
CTshould only be done when the patient is
stable.
12. Medical Treatment of Meningitis
pediatric
1. Triage and ensure the ABCDs.
2. IV line for IV medication and rehydration
3. Drug therapy.
13. Treatment of Bacterial meningitis 1
Give antibiotic treatment as soon as
possible:
1. Infants < 3 month old:
Ampicillin 200 mg/kg/day IV div q6hr,
PLUS
Cefotaxime 200 mg/kg/day IV div q6hr for
10 to 14 days
14. Treatment of bacterial meningitis 2
2. Age 3 months to < 18 years; choose on
of the following regimens:
1) Chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6
hourly, plus Ampicillin 50 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6
hourly
2) Chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6
hourly, plus Benzyl penicillin 6o mg/kg
(100,000 IU /kg) IV or IM 6 hourly.
15. Treatment of bacterial meningitis 2
2. Age 3 months to < 18 years; choose on
of the following regimens:
1) Chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6
hourly, plus Ampicillin 50 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6
hourly
2) Chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg IV (or IM) 6
hourly, plus Benzyl penicillin 6o mg/kg
(100,000 IU /kg) IV or IM 6 hourly.
16. Treatment of bacterial meningitis 3
Alternative treatment:
If Haemophilus influenza or Pneumococcus is
common;
1) Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg IV or IM 12 hourly or 100
mg/kg IV od for up to 10 – 14 days, or
2) Cefotaxime 50 mg/kg every 6 hrs for 3 weeks.
17. Supportive Treatment
Give paracetamol 15 mg/kg 6 – 8 hrly for
fever (>38.50 C)
IV fluids: isotonic fluids at maintenance
rate (250 ml/24hrs).
Feeding according to age requirement (75
– 100 kcal/kg/day).
Give anticonvulsant if convulsing
Correct hypoglycemia if present
NGT for feeding
Physiotherapy
18. Nursing management
Monitor vital signs 2-4 hrly (Temperature, Pulse
rate, Oxygen saturation, BP, and Respiratory
Rate)
Monitor Input/output
Give treatment as prescribed.
Maintain a clear airway
• Turn the patient every 2 hours.
• Do not allow the child to lie in a wet bed.
• Pay attention to pressure points
Monitor IV fluids very carefully and examine
frequently for signs of fluid overload
19. Nurses should monitor the child’s state of
consciousness, respiratory rate and pupil size
every 3 hours during the first 24 hours (thereafter,
every 6 hours).
On discharge, assess all children for neurological
problems, especially hearing loss.
Measure and record the head circumference of
infants.
If there is neurological damage, refer the child for
physiotherapy, if possible, and give simple
suggestions to the mother for passive exercises
20. Nursing management at
emergency
Step one
Triage according to clinical indicators.
Step two
Prioritise care. The nurse’s role is to prioritise
Airway, Breathing and Circulation,
accompanied by a rapid assessment of
conscious level using the AVPU# scale.
21. Step three
Follow with specific nursing assessments. These should
include the following:
■ Assess for decreased cerebral tissue perfusion related to
increased ICP:
– neurological observations, including blood pressure
should be performed at intervals determined by the
child’s clinical state
– assess for increased ICP
– monitor fluid and electrolyte status.
■ Assess for ineffective breathing pattern related to
increased ICP:
22. Assess for potential for injury related to seizures:
– document characteristics of seizure activity-duration,
characteristics of motor behaviour and post-ictal phase
– assess the patient’s environment for potential hazards.
■ Assess for alteration in fluid and electrolytes related to SIADH,
DI, diuretics, fluid restrictions:
– monitor haemodynamic parameters
– monitor urine output
– monitor SG, urine electrolytes and osmolality.
■ Assess for alterations in comfort related to meningeal
irritation, headache, photophobia, fever
– monitor temperature and assess effectiveness of comfort
measures.
23. Reference
NSW HEALTH( 2010) Management of acute
bacterial meningitis in infants and children
Clinical Practice Guidelines
WHO (2005) POCKET BOOKOF Hospital care
for children GUIDELINES FOR THE
MANAGEMENT OF COMMON ILLNESSES
WITH LIMITED RESOURCES