Notes dihybrid crosses
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•2,954 views
This document provides instructions for completing a dihybrid cross involving two traits. It explains that a dihybrid cross involves two different traits, and it outlines the two main steps: 1) determining the gametes of the parents using FOIL and 2) constructing a Punnett square using the gametes to determine the possible offspring genotypes. It includes examples of determining gametes for different parental genotypes and instructions for filling out and coloring a Punnett square to show the possible offspring phenotypes. It concludes with a practice problem to complete.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Genetics
Gregor Mendel discovered the fundamental principles of genetics through breeding pea plants. He found that traits are determined by alleles, or alternative forms of genes. Dominant alleles will mask recessive alleles in heterozygous individuals. Mendel used Punnett squares and conducted monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to study inheritance patterns, discovering the principles of segregation and independent assortment. The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant over time if certain conditions are met.
Dihybrid Cross Complete Dominance
This document summarizes a dihybrid cross between cattle that are heterozygous for both coat color (black dominant over red) and horned/polled condition (polled dominant over horned). The cross results in 9 offspring with black coats and polled, 3 with black coats and horns, 3 with red coats and polled, and 1 with a red coat and horns, following a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.
Dihybrid cross
This Power Point Presentation is designed to explain Mendel's experiment on hybridization and dihybrid cross which considers inheritance of two traits at a time and to know whether they are inherited independently or are influenced by each other and also about Law of Independent assortment
Dihybrid cross
Mendel performed a dihybrid cross experiment involving two traits - plant height and flower color. He crossed a tall, red-flowered homozygous plant with a dwarf, white-flowered homozygous plant. The F1 generation were all tall with red flowers, showing dominance. In the F2 generation, there were 9 tall red plants, 3 tall white plants, 3 dwarf red plants, and 1 dwarf white plant, in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. This supported Mendel's second law of independent assortment, that two traits are inherited independently. Test crosses on the F1 hybrids confirmed independent assortment of alleles between the two gene pairs.
Monohybrid and dihybrid cross(1)
1) A monohybrid cross involves determining inheritance patterns between parents differing in a single trait.
2) A Punnett square is used to predict outcomes of crosses between heterozygous parents for a trait.
3) A dihybrid cross examines inheritance of two traits simultaneously by crossing F1 offspring differing in two traits.
Dihybrid crossing
This document provides instructions for creating a dihybrid cross in Microsoft Word in 6 steps: 1) Open a new Word document and insert a 3x3 table to show a Punnett square for a monohybrid cross. 2) Complete the Punnett square and include probability ratios. 3) Create a 5x5 table Punnett square for the second generation cross of two traits and determine the 8 potential phenotypes and their probabilities. 4) Add your name and assignment number as a header. 5) Submit the completed Word document to the instructor's Google Drive account.
Biology Unit 6 Notes: RNA & Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA code is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and the code is translated as amino acids are assembled into proteins using transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) during translation. Errors in DNA bases through mutations can lead to changes in mRNA and the production of defective proteins.
Monohybrid cross
A document discusses monohybrid crosses and Punnett squares. It provides examples of using Punnett squares to determine offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parental genotypes in problems involving dominant and recessive alleles. Key points covered include that a 1:3 ratio indicates both parents are heterozygous, while a 1:1 ratio means one parent is heterozygous and the other is homozygous recessive. Gregor Mendel is identified as the father of genetics for his experiments with pea plants that helped develop an understanding of inheritance patterns and alleles.
Recommended
Genetics
Gregor Mendel discovered the fundamental principles of genetics through breeding pea plants. He found that traits are determined by alleles, or alternative forms of genes. Dominant alleles will mask recessive alleles in heterozygous individuals. Mendel used Punnett squares and conducted monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to study inheritance patterns, discovering the principles of segregation and independent assortment. The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant over time if certain conditions are met.
Dihybrid Cross Complete Dominance
This document summarizes a dihybrid cross between cattle that are heterozygous for both coat color (black dominant over red) and horned/polled condition (polled dominant over horned). The cross results in 9 offspring with black coats and polled, 3 with black coats and horns, 3 with red coats and polled, and 1 with a red coat and horns, following a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.
Dihybrid cross
This Power Point Presentation is designed to explain Mendel's experiment on hybridization and dihybrid cross which considers inheritance of two traits at a time and to know whether they are inherited independently or are influenced by each other and also about Law of Independent assortment
Dihybrid cross
Mendel performed a dihybrid cross experiment involving two traits - plant height and flower color. He crossed a tall, red-flowered homozygous plant with a dwarf, white-flowered homozygous plant. The F1 generation were all tall with red flowers, showing dominance. In the F2 generation, there were 9 tall red plants, 3 tall white plants, 3 dwarf red plants, and 1 dwarf white plant, in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. This supported Mendel's second law of independent assortment, that two traits are inherited independently. Test crosses on the F1 hybrids confirmed independent assortment of alleles between the two gene pairs.
Monohybrid and dihybrid cross(1)
1) A monohybrid cross involves determining inheritance patterns between parents differing in a single trait.
2) A Punnett square is used to predict outcomes of crosses between heterozygous parents for a trait.
3) A dihybrid cross examines inheritance of two traits simultaneously by crossing F1 offspring differing in two traits.
Dihybrid crossing
This document provides instructions for creating a dihybrid cross in Microsoft Word in 6 steps: 1) Open a new Word document and insert a 3x3 table to show a Punnett square for a monohybrid cross. 2) Complete the Punnett square and include probability ratios. 3) Create a 5x5 table Punnett square for the second generation cross of two traits and determine the 8 potential phenotypes and their probabilities. 4) Add your name and assignment number as a header. 5) Submit the completed Word document to the instructor's Google Drive account.
Biology Unit 6 Notes: RNA & Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA code is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and the code is translated as amino acids are assembled into proteins using transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) during translation. Errors in DNA bases through mutations can lead to changes in mRNA and the production of defective proteins.
Monohybrid cross
A document discusses monohybrid crosses and Punnett squares. It provides examples of using Punnett squares to determine offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parental genotypes in problems involving dominant and recessive alleles. Key points covered include that a 1:3 ratio indicates both parents are heterozygous, while a 1:1 ratio means one parent is heterozygous and the other is homozygous recessive. Gregor Mendel is identified as the father of genetics for his experiments with pea plants that helped develop an understanding of inheritance patterns and alleles.
Trihybrid cross
A trihybrid cross involves mating organisms that differ in three specific traits determined by three gene pairs. The offspring of this cross will exhibit nine possible phenotypes in a 3:3:3:1 ratio and sixteen possible genotypes in a 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 ratio. The fork line method can be used to determine the expected ratios by considering the occurrence of each gene or combination of genes that will be found in gametes and multiplying them together for the male and female parents.
Biology unit 5 genetics punnett square notes
Punnett squares are tools used to predict the probability of offspring inheriting traits from their parents. They show all the possible combinations of alleles that offspring could receive. To set up a Punnett square, write one parent's genotypes along the top and the other parent's along the side. Then fill in the boxes by writing the alleles from the top parent down and the alleles from the side parent across. Each box represents a possible genotype for the offspring, and the number of boxes showing a particular genotype divided by the total boxes gives the probability that the offspring will have that genotype. Examples are provided to illustrate setting up and interpreting Punnett squares for different parental genotype combinations.
Punnett square practice seeds
This document provides 7 Punnett square practice problems involving genetics and Mendelian inheritance. The problems cover topics like dominant and recessive traits, homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, and using Punnett squares to determine offspring genotypes and phenotypes from given parental crosses. The document prompts the user to solve each problem and identify the relevant genotypes, phenotypes, and probabilities using the appropriate letter designation in parentheses.
Jeopardy game chapter 11 green
This document provides definitions for key genetics and heredity terms. It includes explanations of concepts like alleles, genetics, dominant and recessive traits, Punnett squares, genotypes and phenotypes. Example terms defined are heredity, hybrid, incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance, blood types, sex-linked genes, and Mendel's contributions to the study of heredity through experimentation with pea plants.
Punnett square Review - Oompah Gen.
The document discusses Punnett squares and basic genetics concepts. It defines key terms like heterozygous, homozygous, genotype and phenotype. It provides examples of Punnett squares and asks the reader to determine genotypes and phenotypes based on whether a trait is dominant or recessive. It also includes an example involving the inheritance of face color and hair color in Oompa Loompas.
Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel performed dihybrid crosses in garden peas to study inheritance of two traits simultaneously. He found that the alleles for each trait sorted independently during gamete formation, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring (F2 generation). This led Mendel to formulate his Law of Independent Assortment, which states that allele pairs for different traits assort independently during meiosis. His findings demonstrated that inheritance of one trait does not influence inheritance of another trait.
MONOHYBRID AND DIHYBRID CROSS
This document summarizes an experiment on Mendelian genetics involving monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. It describes using Punnett squares to determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios for crosses involving one or two traits. Chi-square tests were used to analyze if the observed ratios fit the expected Mendelian ratios. For monohybrid crosses, the observed ratios fit 1:2:1 genotypic and 3:1 phenotypic ratios. However, for some dihybrid cross samples, the observed ratios did not fit the expected 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio, possibly due to limitations in the experimental design and samples used.
Dihybrid crosses notes for blog
Dihybrid crosses involve two different traits, like height and color. In the first generation, the offspring all show the dominant traits from the parents, like being tall and yellow. In the second generation, when the heterozygous offspring are crossed, they produce a mix of traits in a 9:3:3:1 ratio for the four possible combinations.
Punnett squares
Punnett squares can be used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross between two parents. Mendel performed dihybrid crosses involving two traits, like seed shape and color, and found independent assortment of traits in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. A Punnett square represents the possible combinations of alleles from each parent that are passed on to offspring. It accurately predicts the probability but not absolute outcomes of genetic crosses.
Dihybrid cross Tutorial
This document describes a dihybrid cross between two hypothetical traits: hair length and eye color. The parents are both heterozygous for short/long hair and black/red eyes. A Punnett square is constructed with the parents' alleles to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring. The offspring have 9 chances to be short haired with black eyes, 3 chances each for short haired with red eyes and long haired with black eyes, and 1 chance for long haired with red eyes.
Mendel's experiment on hybridisation and monohybrid cross
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments on hybridization using pea plants from 1857-1865. He performed monohybrid crosses focusing on one trait at a time, such as seed shape, seed color, flower color, etc. The results showed that in F1 generations, the dominant trait was expressed in all offspring. In F2 generations, both dominant and recessive traits were expressed in a 3:1 ratio. From this, Mendel proposed two laws of inheritance - the Law of Dominance and the Law of Segregation. The Law of Dominance states the dominant trait masks the recessive trait in hybrids. The Law of Segregation explains the separation and transmission of traits from parents to offspring through inheritance factors we now
Monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
Punnett squares
This document explains how to use Punnett squares to predict genetic outcomes based on Mendel's laws of inheritance. It provides examples of setting up and interpreting Punnett squares to determine the probability of different traits being passed on from parents to offspring. Key points covered include dominant and recessive alleles, determining genotypes and phenotypes from Punnett squares, and calculating probability percentages. Practice questions are provided at the end for the reader to set up Punnett squares to predict genetic inheritance in different scenarios.
Monohybrid Cross Complete Dominance
Complete dominance is a type of genetic dominance where the dominant gene fully masks the expression of the recessive gene in heterozygous individuals. In a monohybrid cross exhibiting complete dominance, such as tail length in cats, the dominant gene for long tails (T) will be represented by capital letters while the recessive gene for short tails (t) uses lowercase. Crossing two heterozygous individuals (Tt x Tt) will result in a genotypic ratio of 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt and a phenotypic ratio of 3 long tails : 1 short tail.
Vitamin a presentation, Vitamin A Deficiency, Vitamin A toxicity
This presentation contains Importance of vitamin A, Sources of Vitamin A, Absorption,Transport and Excretion of Vitamin A, Vitamin A Deficiency, Vitamin A Toxicity, Required dose of Vitamin A, Nutrition, Nutrition deficiency
Vitamins
This document summarizes key information about vitamins. It defines vitamins as organic molecules that serve essential functions in the body as cofactors for enzymatic reactions, though they are required in small amounts and must be obtained through diet. The document outlines the two types of vitamins - fat soluble (A, D, E, K) and water soluble (B complex, C) - and provides details on individual vitamins, including their roles, deficiency symptoms, dietary sources, and recommended daily values.
Notes speciation
This document discusses speciation and the different types. It defines a species as a group that can interbreed and defines speciation as the origin of new species. It describes two main types of speciation: allopatric speciation which occurs when a population is separated geographically, and sympatric speciation which occurs without barriers. Sympatric speciation can happen through habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, or polyploidy. The document concludes with an activity where students will act out one of the speciation types.
Evolution of complex traits
The document discusses complex traits that have multiple interacting parts, such as eyes and blood clotting. It notes that opponents argue some traits are too complex to have evolved through small changes, but biologists have shown this is not true. Complex traits can evolve through natural selection accumulating small beneficial changes over time, and traits may have had different functions in the past and evolved to take on new roles.
Brain notes projects
The document describes the main structures and regions of the brain. It states that the cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain and consists of two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. The cerebrum's surface is wrinkled with gyri and sulci. It then lists the four main lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal - and their functions. The limbic lobe which controls involuntary behavior is also mentioned. The cerebellum at the back controls balance and coordination. The diencephalon and brain stem located under the cerebrum are involved in unconscious behaviors.
Vision projects
The document describes the main structures of the eye. It lists the cornea, iris, retina, lens, anterior cavity, vitreous chamber, rods, and cones as key parts. It notes that the cornea lets light in, the iris controls the pupil size, the retina contains photoreceptors, and the lens focuses light onto the retina. It also explains that rods support peripheral and night vision while cones allow for color vision.
Notes genetic drift
This document discusses genetic drift, which is changes in allele frequencies in a population due to chance events rather than natural selection. Genetic drift is more likely to have large effects in small populations and can cause increases in neutral, beneficial, or detrimental traits randomly. Two types of genetic drift are founder effects, which occur when a new population is founded by a small number of colonists, and population bottlenecks, when a population is drastically reduced in size, such as by a natural disaster. Examples are provided of each type.
More Related Content
Viewers also liked
Trihybrid cross
A trihybrid cross involves mating organisms that differ in three specific traits determined by three gene pairs. The offspring of this cross will exhibit nine possible phenotypes in a 3:3:3:1 ratio and sixteen possible genotypes in a 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 ratio. The fork line method can be used to determine the expected ratios by considering the occurrence of each gene or combination of genes that will be found in gametes and multiplying them together for the male and female parents.
Biology unit 5 genetics punnett square notes
Punnett squares are tools used to predict the probability of offspring inheriting traits from their parents. They show all the possible combinations of alleles that offspring could receive. To set up a Punnett square, write one parent's genotypes along the top and the other parent's along the side. Then fill in the boxes by writing the alleles from the top parent down and the alleles from the side parent across. Each box represents a possible genotype for the offspring, and the number of boxes showing a particular genotype divided by the total boxes gives the probability that the offspring will have that genotype. Examples are provided to illustrate setting up and interpreting Punnett squares for different parental genotype combinations.
Punnett square practice seeds
This document provides 7 Punnett square practice problems involving genetics and Mendelian inheritance. The problems cover topics like dominant and recessive traits, homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, and using Punnett squares to determine offspring genotypes and phenotypes from given parental crosses. The document prompts the user to solve each problem and identify the relevant genotypes, phenotypes, and probabilities using the appropriate letter designation in parentheses.
Jeopardy game chapter 11 green
This document provides definitions for key genetics and heredity terms. It includes explanations of concepts like alleles, genetics, dominant and recessive traits, Punnett squares, genotypes and phenotypes. Example terms defined are heredity, hybrid, incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance, blood types, sex-linked genes, and Mendel's contributions to the study of heredity through experimentation with pea plants.
Punnett square Review - Oompah Gen.
The document discusses Punnett squares and basic genetics concepts. It defines key terms like heterozygous, homozygous, genotype and phenotype. It provides examples of Punnett squares and asks the reader to determine genotypes and phenotypes based on whether a trait is dominant or recessive. It also includes an example involving the inheritance of face color and hair color in Oompa Loompas.
Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel performed dihybrid crosses in garden peas to study inheritance of two traits simultaneously. He found that the alleles for each trait sorted independently during gamete formation, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring (F2 generation). This led Mendel to formulate his Law of Independent Assortment, which states that allele pairs for different traits assort independently during meiosis. His findings demonstrated that inheritance of one trait does not influence inheritance of another trait.
MONOHYBRID AND DIHYBRID CROSS
This document summarizes an experiment on Mendelian genetics involving monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. It describes using Punnett squares to determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios for crosses involving one or two traits. Chi-square tests were used to analyze if the observed ratios fit the expected Mendelian ratios. For monohybrid crosses, the observed ratios fit 1:2:1 genotypic and 3:1 phenotypic ratios. However, for some dihybrid cross samples, the observed ratios did not fit the expected 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio, possibly due to limitations in the experimental design and samples used.
Dihybrid crosses notes for blog
Dihybrid crosses involve two different traits, like height and color. In the first generation, the offspring all show the dominant traits from the parents, like being tall and yellow. In the second generation, when the heterozygous offspring are crossed, they produce a mix of traits in a 9:3:3:1 ratio for the four possible combinations.
Punnett squares
Punnett squares can be used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross between two parents. Mendel performed dihybrid crosses involving two traits, like seed shape and color, and found independent assortment of traits in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. A Punnett square represents the possible combinations of alleles from each parent that are passed on to offspring. It accurately predicts the probability but not absolute outcomes of genetic crosses.
Dihybrid cross Tutorial
This document describes a dihybrid cross between two hypothetical traits: hair length and eye color. The parents are both heterozygous for short/long hair and black/red eyes. A Punnett square is constructed with the parents' alleles to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring. The offspring have 9 chances to be short haired with black eyes, 3 chances each for short haired with red eyes and long haired with black eyes, and 1 chance for long haired with red eyes.
Mendel's experiment on hybridisation and monohybrid cross
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments on hybridization using pea plants from 1857-1865. He performed monohybrid crosses focusing on one trait at a time, such as seed shape, seed color, flower color, etc. The results showed that in F1 generations, the dominant trait was expressed in all offspring. In F2 generations, both dominant and recessive traits were expressed in a 3:1 ratio. From this, Mendel proposed two laws of inheritance - the Law of Dominance and the Law of Segregation. The Law of Dominance states the dominant trait masks the recessive trait in hybrids. The Law of Segregation explains the separation and transmission of traits from parents to offspring through inheritance factors we now
Monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
Punnett squares
This document explains how to use Punnett squares to predict genetic outcomes based on Mendel's laws of inheritance. It provides examples of setting up and interpreting Punnett squares to determine the probability of different traits being passed on from parents to offspring. Key points covered include dominant and recessive alleles, determining genotypes and phenotypes from Punnett squares, and calculating probability percentages. Practice questions are provided at the end for the reader to set up Punnett squares to predict genetic inheritance in different scenarios.
Monohybrid Cross Complete Dominance
Complete dominance is a type of genetic dominance where the dominant gene fully masks the expression of the recessive gene in heterozygous individuals. In a monohybrid cross exhibiting complete dominance, such as tail length in cats, the dominant gene for long tails (T) will be represented by capital letters while the recessive gene for short tails (t) uses lowercase. Crossing two heterozygous individuals (Tt x Tt) will result in a genotypic ratio of 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt and a phenotypic ratio of 3 long tails : 1 short tail.
Vitamin a presentation, Vitamin A Deficiency, Vitamin A toxicity
This presentation contains Importance of vitamin A, Sources of Vitamin A, Absorption,Transport and Excretion of Vitamin A, Vitamin A Deficiency, Vitamin A Toxicity, Required dose of Vitamin A, Nutrition, Nutrition deficiency
Vitamins
This document summarizes key information about vitamins. It defines vitamins as organic molecules that serve essential functions in the body as cofactors for enzymatic reactions, though they are required in small amounts and must be obtained through diet. The document outlines the two types of vitamins - fat soluble (A, D, E, K) and water soluble (B complex, C) - and provides details on individual vitamins, including their roles, deficiency symptoms, dietary sources, and recommended daily values.
Viewers also liked (16)
Mendel's experiment on hybridisation and monohybrid cross
Mendel's experiment on hybridisation and monohybrid cross
Vitamin a presentation, Vitamin A Deficiency, Vitamin A toxicity
Vitamin a presentation, Vitamin A Deficiency, Vitamin A toxicity
More from stewart_j
Notes speciation
This document discusses speciation and the different types. It defines a species as a group that can interbreed and defines speciation as the origin of new species. It describes two main types of speciation: allopatric speciation which occurs when a population is separated geographically, and sympatric speciation which occurs without barriers. Sympatric speciation can happen through habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, or polyploidy. The document concludes with an activity where students will act out one of the speciation types.
Evolution of complex traits
The document discusses complex traits that have multiple interacting parts, such as eyes and blood clotting. It notes that opponents argue some traits are too complex to have evolved through small changes, but biologists have shown this is not true. Complex traits can evolve through natural selection accumulating small beneficial changes over time, and traits may have had different functions in the past and evolved to take on new roles.
Brain notes projects
The document describes the main structures and regions of the brain. It states that the cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain and consists of two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. The cerebrum's surface is wrinkled with gyri and sulci. It then lists the four main lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal - and their functions. The limbic lobe which controls involuntary behavior is also mentioned. The cerebellum at the back controls balance and coordination. The diencephalon and brain stem located under the cerebrum are involved in unconscious behaviors.
Vision projects
The document describes the main structures of the eye. It lists the cornea, iris, retina, lens, anterior cavity, vitreous chamber, rods, and cones as key parts. It notes that the cornea lets light in, the iris controls the pupil size, the retina contains photoreceptors, and the lens focuses light onto the retina. It also explains that rods support peripheral and night vision while cones allow for color vision.
Notes genetic drift
This document discusses genetic drift, which is changes in allele frequencies in a population due to chance events rather than natural selection. Genetic drift is more likely to have large effects in small populations and can cause increases in neutral, beneficial, or detrimental traits randomly. Two types of genetic drift are founder effects, which occur when a new population is founded by a small number of colonists, and population bottlenecks, when a population is drastically reduced in size, such as by a natural disaster. Examples are provided of each type.
Diversity of life
The document describes the three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea are single-celled and prokaryotic. Bacteria are also single-celled and prokaryotic, and can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic. Eukarya have complex cells with nuclei and organelles, and can be single-celled or multicellular, including animals, plants, fungi and protists. It includes a diagram of the tree of life showing the relationships between these domains and kingdoms. Students will research and present on specific types of protists.
Dichotomous keys
Dichotomous keys are tools used to identify unknown items. They work by presenting two choices at each step, narrowing down the options until the item is identified. An example key is provided that uses three steps to distinguish between a ladybug, grasshopper, dragonfly, and housefly based on characteristics like wing coverage and wing position. The document concludes by constructing a sample key to identify strawberries, apples, oranges, and bananas based on color and shape traits.
Science overview
Science is a method of understanding the natural world through making observations and developing testable explanations known as hypotheses. Scientists form hypotheses and models to make predictions that can be observed, and theories are explanations that have been well tested to unify broad observations. The scientific process involves observations, developing hypotheses and models, making predictions, and building theories through testing to best explain natural phenomena.
Photosyn and respiration
The document provides instructions for creating an interactive notebook covering photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It directs the student to construct a 5-page binder cover labeled with the unit topic and their name and period. Definitions are then provided for photosynthesis, cellular respiration, autotrophs, heterotrophs, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are described as the processes by which plants convert carbon dioxide into glucose and cells break down glucose to produce energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs are defined in relation to their ability to produce or consume food, and ATP is described as the molecule cells use to store and release energy.
Pcr
PCR is a technique used to make millions of copies of a particular region of DNA. It stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction and is used to amplify a specific segment of DNA. The process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA sample to enable polymerase enzymes to make new copies of the targeted DNA region.
Characteristics of life2012
All living things share universal traits such as having DNA, growing and developing over their lifetime, responding to their environment, reproducing offspring sexually or asexually, maintaining homeostasis, obtaining and using energy through metabolism, evolving over time from common ancestors, and being made of one or more cells.
Graphing in biology
The document describes the characteristics of a good graph, including using a ruler, giving the graph a title, labeling the axes and including units, numbering the axes such that the graph takes up half the page and numbers increase in consistent intervals, and drawing a best fit line rather than connecting data points. It then provides an example of a bad graph that lacks clear labels and spacing and wastes space, and notes issues one could find with it.
More from stewart_j (20)
Notes dihybrid crosses
- 1. Bell Work • Study for the quiz! Look over your punnett square worksheets
- 2. Notes: Dihybrid Crosses (pg 11)
- 3. Notes: Dihybrid Crosses (pg 11) • Dihybrid cross = A cross involving 2 different traits
- 4. Notes: Dihybrid Crosses (pg 11) • Dihybrid cross = A cross involving 2 different traits • Step 1: Figure out gametes (use FOIL)
- 5. Notes: Dihybrid Crosses (pg 11) • Dihybrid cross = A cross involving 2 different traits • Step 1: Figure out gametes (use FOIL) Example 1: Parent genotype = AaBb Gametes = AB, Ab, aB, ab
- 6. Notes: Dihybrid Crosses (pg 11) • Dihybrid cross = A cross involving 2 different traits • Step 1: Figure out gametes (use FOIL) Example 1: Parent genotype = AaBb Gametes = AB, Ab, aB, ab Example 2: Parent genotype = RrGG
- 7. Notes: Dihybrid Crosses (pg 11) • Dihybrid cross = A cross involving 2 different traits • Step 1: Figure out gametes (use FOIL) Example 1: Parent genotype = AaBb Gametes = AB, Ab, aB, ab Example 2: Parent genotype = RrGG Gametes = RG, rG
- 8. • Step 2: Punnett square: Write one set of gametes across the top and one down the side. Can have up to 16 boxes
- 9. Handout: Paste in on pg 11 Fill in the boxes of the Punnett square then color code as follows: • Yellow Round: Color whole box yellow • Green Round: Color whole box green • Yellow wrinkled: Color half box yellow • Green wrinkled: Color half box green
- 10. Practice Problem (pg 10) • A female pea plant that is pure yellow and heterozygous round is crossed with a male plant that is green and heterozygous round 1. List the genotypes of the parents 2. List the gametes each parent could make 3. Draw the Punnett square (Hint: it will have 4 boxes) 4. Give the phenotype ratios