Here we'll discuss the Memory Disorders and their types. We'll learn about 3 types of memories. We'll discuss Amnesia and the types of amnesia as well as the various other pathologies related to memory. Hope this will help you all
This document provides an overview of memory disorders. It discusses the biology of memory including long term potentiation and the role of the CREB protein in memory formation. It describes different types of memory like sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. It also discusses various memory disorders like amnesia and distortions of memory. Organic amnesia can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on the underlying brain disease. Psychogenic amnesia includes anxiety, katathymic, and hysterical amnesia. Memory can also be distorted through falsification, delusions, and confabulation.
The document discusses various types of memory disorders and distortions, including amnesias, confabulations, déjà vu experiences, and misidentifications. It covers psychogenic and organic causes of amnesia, different types of amnesia like retrograde and anterograde, and syndromes involving memory distortions like Korsakoff's syndrome, Capgras syndrome, and confabulation.
This document discusses motor disorders and their classification. It covers disorders of adaptive movements including expressive, reactive, and goal directed movements. Disorders of non-adaptive movements like stereotypies, parakinesia, tics, tremors, chorea, athetosis, and spasmodic torticollis are described. Motor speech disturbances, disorders of posture, abnormal complex patterns of behavior like stupor and excitement, and drug-induced movement disorders are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of disorders of thought. It discusses different types of thought disorders including disorders of thought tempo like flight of ideas and inhibition of thinking. It also covers disorders of thought continuity like perseveration and thought blocking. Additionally, it examines disorders of thought possession such as obsessions and compulsions. The document aims to classify and describe various thought disorders and their presentations to help with proper diagnosis and understanding of these conditions.
This document summarizes different aspects of memory, including the three stages of memory (sensory, short-term, and long-term), different types of memories (autobiographical, explicit/declarative, and implicit/procedural), memory impairments such as amnesias and distortions, and specific disorders. It describes various organic and psychogenic causes of amnesia and different types of distortions of memory including false memories, confabulation, and déjà vu.
The document discusses disorders of stream of thought, including disorders of tempo such as flight of ideas, retardation of thinking, and circumstantiality, as well as disorders of continuity such as perseveration and thought blocking. It provides definitions and examples of each disorder. Assessment methods are also summarized, including observation, clinical interviews, mental status examinations, scales like PANSS and BPRS, and other tools like the Rorschach ink blot test and Thought and Language Index.
This document discusses normal emotions and the assessment of mood and affect in clinical interviews. It defines key terms like feeling, emotion, mood and affect. It describes the basic emotions and normal physiology of emotions, including the role of the autonomic nervous system and brain structures. Assessment of mood involves evaluating qualities like intensity, duration and fluctuations. Assessment of affect involves monitoring body language and facial expressions.
This document summarizes various motor disorders seen in psychiatry, including both subjective and objective motor disorders. Subjective motor disorders include obsessions/compulsions and delusions of passivity. Objective motor disorders include disorders of adaptive movements like expressive movements, reactive movements, and goal-directed movements. It also discusses various non-adaptive movements like tics, tremors, chorea, athetosis, and stereotypies. Other topics covered are motor speech disturbances, disorders of posture, and movement disorders associated with antipsychotic medication.
This document provides an overview of memory disorders. It discusses the biology of memory including long term potentiation and the role of the CREB protein in memory formation. It describes different types of memory like sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. It also discusses various memory disorders like amnesia and distortions of memory. Organic amnesia can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on the underlying brain disease. Psychogenic amnesia includes anxiety, katathymic, and hysterical amnesia. Memory can also be distorted through falsification, delusions, and confabulation.
The document discusses various types of memory disorders and distortions, including amnesias, confabulations, déjà vu experiences, and misidentifications. It covers psychogenic and organic causes of amnesia, different types of amnesia like retrograde and anterograde, and syndromes involving memory distortions like Korsakoff's syndrome, Capgras syndrome, and confabulation.
This document discusses motor disorders and their classification. It covers disorders of adaptive movements including expressive, reactive, and goal directed movements. Disorders of non-adaptive movements like stereotypies, parakinesia, tics, tremors, chorea, athetosis, and spasmodic torticollis are described. Motor speech disturbances, disorders of posture, abnormal complex patterns of behavior like stupor and excitement, and drug-induced movement disorders are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of disorders of thought. It discusses different types of thought disorders including disorders of thought tempo like flight of ideas and inhibition of thinking. It also covers disorders of thought continuity like perseveration and thought blocking. Additionally, it examines disorders of thought possession such as obsessions and compulsions. The document aims to classify and describe various thought disorders and their presentations to help with proper diagnosis and understanding of these conditions.
This document summarizes different aspects of memory, including the three stages of memory (sensory, short-term, and long-term), different types of memories (autobiographical, explicit/declarative, and implicit/procedural), memory impairments such as amnesias and distortions, and specific disorders. It describes various organic and psychogenic causes of amnesia and different types of distortions of memory including false memories, confabulation, and déjà vu.
The document discusses disorders of stream of thought, including disorders of tempo such as flight of ideas, retardation of thinking, and circumstantiality, as well as disorders of continuity such as perseveration and thought blocking. It provides definitions and examples of each disorder. Assessment methods are also summarized, including observation, clinical interviews, mental status examinations, scales like PANSS and BPRS, and other tools like the Rorschach ink blot test and Thought and Language Index.
This document discusses normal emotions and the assessment of mood and affect in clinical interviews. It defines key terms like feeling, emotion, mood and affect. It describes the basic emotions and normal physiology of emotions, including the role of the autonomic nervous system and brain structures. Assessment of mood involves evaluating qualities like intensity, duration and fluctuations. Assessment of affect involves monitoring body language and facial expressions.
This document summarizes various motor disorders seen in psychiatry, including both subjective and objective motor disorders. Subjective motor disorders include obsessions/compulsions and delusions of passivity. Objective motor disorders include disorders of adaptive movements like expressive movements, reactive movements, and goal-directed movements. It also discusses various non-adaptive movements like tics, tremors, chorea, athetosis, and stereotypies. Other topics covered are motor speech disturbances, disorders of posture, and movement disorders associated with antipsychotic medication.
Amnesia is a loss of memory that can be caused by organic factors like brain damage or drugs, or functional factors like psychological defenses. There are two main types: anterograde amnesia where new memories are not formed, and retrograde amnesia where past memories cannot be recalled. Post-traumatic amnesia is usually due to head injury and can be transient or permanent, while dissociative amnesia has psychological causes like repressed memories. Improving memory involves techniques like repeated studying, associating information with cues, and testing yourself to determine what you have not yet learned.
This document discusses various types of memory, including immediate, short-term, and long-term memory. It describes different ways that memory can be impaired, such as issues with registration, retention, recall, and recognition. Several types of amnesia are outlined, including psychogenic amnesia, organic amnesia from acute or chronic brain diseases, and amnesias related to anxiety or depression. The document also discusses phenomena like confabulation, déjà vu, and pseudologia fantastica.
The document provides information about several topics related to the brain and memory:
- The hippocampus is involved in memory formation and storage and is located in the temporal lobe.
- Autism affects social and communication skills and may be linked to factors like diet, mercury, or vaccines.
- Hyperthymesia is a condition where individuals have exceptional autobiographical memory recall.
- Memory loss can range from normal forgetfulness to conditions like Alzheimer's disease, which is a progressive brain disease leading to irreversible neuron loss and cognitive decline.
The document discusses cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and amnestic disorders, outlining their symptoms, causes, assessments, and treatment approaches. Several types of dementia are described such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Nursing interventions focus on promoting safety, adequate nutrition and hygiene, emotional support, and structured routines.
This document summarizes various disorders of thought and intelligence. It discusses disorders like flight of ideas, slowing of thinking, circumstantiality, perseveration, thought blocking, obsessions and compulsions, thought alienation, and different types of delusions. It describes how intelligence is measured and different levels of intellectual disability. It also outlines various ways of classifying disorders of thinking, such as disorders of stream of thought, possession of thought, content of thought, and form of thought.
This document discusses various types and disorders of thinking. It describes disorders of thought tempo including flight of ideas, circumstantiality, and inhibition or slowness of thinking. Disorders of continuity of thinking like perseveration and thought block are also examined. Different types of delusions such as delusions of grandeur, persecution, love, and guilt are outlined. Formal thought disorders involving tangentiality, word salad, neologisms, loosening of associations, and clang associations are defined.
This document defines and classifies hallucinations, which are false sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli. Hallucinations are categorized by sensory modality (auditory, visual, etc.), complexity, organization, and reality value. Neuroimaging research has found that auditory hallucinations are associated with reduced grey matter in language processing areas of the brain and altered connectivity between these areas and regions involved in control. Current models propose that hallucinations result from overactivity in sensory processing regions combined with weakened top-down control.
Dr. Zainab from the Department of Psychiatry at KMCH Guntur presented on consciousness and its disorders. Consciousness refers to one's awareness of themselves and their environment. It can be altered in three ways - a dream-like state as seen in delirium, a depressed state, or a restricted state. Delirium involves a lowering of consciousness and disordered thinking similar to dreams, along with possible hallucinations and confusion about time and place. Consciousness levels range from alertness to lethargy, obtundation, stupor, and coma - with decreasing responsiveness at each level. Proper assessment of consciousness level is crucial for an accurate mental status examination.
This document provides an overview of the history, definitions, classification, epidemiology and psychiatric disorders associated with epilepsy. It discusses how epilepsy was viewed in ancient times as a supernatural condition and outlines key developments in understanding including Hippocrates' view of it as a brain disorder. It defines terms like seizure, aura and epilepsy and classifies seizure types. Statistics on prevalence and risk factors for psychopathology in epilepsy are presented. Specific psychiatric conditions like depression, anxiety and inter-ictal psychosis are also examined.
Disorders of consciousness can affect perception, attention, thinking, and orientation. There are three main types: dream-like changes where consciousness is lowered and hallucinations may occur; depressed consciousness where awareness is reduced; and restricted consciousness where awareness is narrowed to a few ideas. Specific disorders include delirium, characterized by cognitive impairment and fluctuating consciousness; confusion involving disorientation; and twilight states where consciousness is briefly interrupted. Qualitative changes in consciousness are important to understand for clinical and legal purposes.
This document discusses disorders of perception, including sensory distortions and hallucinations. It defines perception and divides disorders into sensory distortions, where a real object is perceived in a distorted way, and sensory deceptions, where a new perception occurs that may or may not be in response to external stimuli. Sensory distortions can involve changes in intensity, quality, spatial form, the experience of time, or splitting of perception. Hallucinations are false perceptions without an external object and can involve any of the senses, including hearing voices, visions, smells, tastes, tactile sensations, and a sense of presence. Hallucinations are discussed in the context of their relationship to emotions, sensory deprivation, and disorders of the central nervous system.
This document provides information on organic disorders, specifically delirium and dementia. It defines organic disorders as disorders caused by a known pathological condition of an organic structure. Delirium is described as a state of mental confusion caused by a disturbance in brain metabolism, with rapid onset and fluctuating symptoms. Dementia is defined as the progressive deterioration of brain function occurring after maturation, characterized by deficits in memory, thinking and behavior. The document discusses the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment/management of delirium and dementia.
The document summarizes a presentation on thought and thought disorders. It defines thought, describes different types of thinking (fantasy, imaginative, rational), and characteristics of healthy thinking. It then discusses thought disorders, formal thought disorders, and specific disorders like flight of ideas, poverty of speech, circumstantiality, and loose associations. Research on thought disorders in schizophrenia is mentioned, focusing on structural brain abnormalities and biomarkers.
This document discusses disorders of self-experience and awareness. It defines self as how a person views themselves and their identity. There are four main aspects of self-awareness: awareness of existence, self-unity, continuity of identity, and boundaries. Disorders are discussed under each of these categories. For example, depersonalization is a disturbance in awareness of one's own activity where a person feels detached from themselves. Schizophrenia can involve feelings that one's thoughts are being controlled or stolen, disturbing boundaries. The document examines various conditions that can impact self-experience like depression, anxiety, substance use, and neurological disorders.
Disorders of thought can affect processes like thinking, associations between ideas, and thought content. Thinking can be divided into undirected fantasy, imaginative, and rational/conceptual types. Formal thought disorders involve disturbances in how thoughts are arranged and connected logically. Specific disorders include flight of ideas, circumstantiality, and formal thought disorder. Delusions involve false fixed beliefs and can be primary, arising from internal experiences, or secondary, derived from other abnormal experiences. Dimensions of delusions include conviction, bizarreness, and effect on behavior. Primary delusions include delusional moods while secondary delusions are influenced by hallucinations or other delusions.
This document provides an overview of organic mental disorders, including their classification, causes, symptoms, stages, and treatment approaches. Key points discussed include:
- Organic mental disorders involve decreased mental function due to medical or physical brain disease rather than psychiatric illness. They are classified in the ICD-10 and include conditions like dementia, delirium, and amnestic syndrome.
- Dementia is characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. It has stages from mild to severe. Causes include Alzheimer's, strokes, and other degenerative brain diseases.
- Delirium involves acute changes in consciousness, perception, and motor behavior. It has many reversible medical causes and typically resolves within
This document discusses disorders of memory and consciousness. It outlines seven stages of memory and three types: sensory, short-term, and long-term. It describes different memory systems like explicit and implicit memory. It also discusses various types of amnesia like psychogenic amnesia, organic amnesia, and transient global amnesia. Other topics covered include paramnesia, confabulation, misidentification, and changes in consciousness like lowering, restriction, and dream-like states.
Emotions are complex phenomena involving physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. There are several theories on the origins and nature of emotions. Basic emotions include anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Affect refers to short-term fluctuations in mood while mood is a more sustained emotional state. Emotional disorders involve abnormalities in basic emotions, expression of emotion, physiological arousal, and cognitive evaluation of social contexts. Anxiety, panic attacks, phobias, irritability, and obsessions are some specific emotional disorders discussed in the document.
Disorders of consciousness and experience of self dr aliOSMAN ALI MD
This document provides an overview of consciousness and disorders of consciousness from a psychopathological perspective. It discusses consciousness, unconsciousness, and the preconscious. It describes quantitative lowering of consciousness which includes clouding, drowsiness, sopor, coma and death. It also discusses qualitative changes in consciousness such as delirium, fluctuations and confusion. Other disorders mentioned include twilight states, dissociative fugue, mania a potu, automatism, dreamlike states, stupor and locked-in syndrome.
This document discusses memory processes and disorders of memory. It describes the stages of memory as sensory memory, short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory. It then discusses types of long-term memory and different forms of amnesia, including organic amnesia which can cause anterograde or retrograde memory loss. The document also covers psychogenic amnesias like dissociative amnesia and distortions of memory such as confabulation and retrospective falsification.
Amnesia is a loss of memory caused by various brain injuries, diseases, and other factors. It involves an inability to recall information or form new memories. Common causes include traumatic brain injury, strokes, Alzheimer's disease, alcoholism, and certain infections or toxins. Symptoms range from difficulty recalling past events to problems learning new information. Treatment focuses on medication in some cases as well as lifestyle changes and memory aids to support those with amnesia.
Memory is the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. There are several theories of memory, including that it involves three processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Memory can be categorized as either explicit (declarative) or implicit (non-declarative). Explicit memory involves consciously recalling facts and events, and can be further divided into episodic memory of personal experiences and semantic memory of general knowledge. Implicit memory involves unconscious recall of skills and procedures. Disorders of memory include amnesia, which is the inability to recall information, and paramnesia, which involves distortions of memory such as false memories.
Amnesia is a loss of memory that can be caused by organic factors like brain damage or drugs, or functional factors like psychological defenses. There are two main types: anterograde amnesia where new memories are not formed, and retrograde amnesia where past memories cannot be recalled. Post-traumatic amnesia is usually due to head injury and can be transient or permanent, while dissociative amnesia has psychological causes like repressed memories. Improving memory involves techniques like repeated studying, associating information with cues, and testing yourself to determine what you have not yet learned.
This document discusses various types of memory, including immediate, short-term, and long-term memory. It describes different ways that memory can be impaired, such as issues with registration, retention, recall, and recognition. Several types of amnesia are outlined, including psychogenic amnesia, organic amnesia from acute or chronic brain diseases, and amnesias related to anxiety or depression. The document also discusses phenomena like confabulation, déjà vu, and pseudologia fantastica.
The document provides information about several topics related to the brain and memory:
- The hippocampus is involved in memory formation and storage and is located in the temporal lobe.
- Autism affects social and communication skills and may be linked to factors like diet, mercury, or vaccines.
- Hyperthymesia is a condition where individuals have exceptional autobiographical memory recall.
- Memory loss can range from normal forgetfulness to conditions like Alzheimer's disease, which is a progressive brain disease leading to irreversible neuron loss and cognitive decline.
The document discusses cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and amnestic disorders, outlining their symptoms, causes, assessments, and treatment approaches. Several types of dementia are described such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Nursing interventions focus on promoting safety, adequate nutrition and hygiene, emotional support, and structured routines.
This document summarizes various disorders of thought and intelligence. It discusses disorders like flight of ideas, slowing of thinking, circumstantiality, perseveration, thought blocking, obsessions and compulsions, thought alienation, and different types of delusions. It describes how intelligence is measured and different levels of intellectual disability. It also outlines various ways of classifying disorders of thinking, such as disorders of stream of thought, possession of thought, content of thought, and form of thought.
This document discusses various types and disorders of thinking. It describes disorders of thought tempo including flight of ideas, circumstantiality, and inhibition or slowness of thinking. Disorders of continuity of thinking like perseveration and thought block are also examined. Different types of delusions such as delusions of grandeur, persecution, love, and guilt are outlined. Formal thought disorders involving tangentiality, word salad, neologisms, loosening of associations, and clang associations are defined.
This document defines and classifies hallucinations, which are false sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli. Hallucinations are categorized by sensory modality (auditory, visual, etc.), complexity, organization, and reality value. Neuroimaging research has found that auditory hallucinations are associated with reduced grey matter in language processing areas of the brain and altered connectivity between these areas and regions involved in control. Current models propose that hallucinations result from overactivity in sensory processing regions combined with weakened top-down control.
Dr. Zainab from the Department of Psychiatry at KMCH Guntur presented on consciousness and its disorders. Consciousness refers to one's awareness of themselves and their environment. It can be altered in three ways - a dream-like state as seen in delirium, a depressed state, or a restricted state. Delirium involves a lowering of consciousness and disordered thinking similar to dreams, along with possible hallucinations and confusion about time and place. Consciousness levels range from alertness to lethargy, obtundation, stupor, and coma - with decreasing responsiveness at each level. Proper assessment of consciousness level is crucial for an accurate mental status examination.
This document provides an overview of the history, definitions, classification, epidemiology and psychiatric disorders associated with epilepsy. It discusses how epilepsy was viewed in ancient times as a supernatural condition and outlines key developments in understanding including Hippocrates' view of it as a brain disorder. It defines terms like seizure, aura and epilepsy and classifies seizure types. Statistics on prevalence and risk factors for psychopathology in epilepsy are presented. Specific psychiatric conditions like depression, anxiety and inter-ictal psychosis are also examined.
Disorders of consciousness can affect perception, attention, thinking, and orientation. There are three main types: dream-like changes where consciousness is lowered and hallucinations may occur; depressed consciousness where awareness is reduced; and restricted consciousness where awareness is narrowed to a few ideas. Specific disorders include delirium, characterized by cognitive impairment and fluctuating consciousness; confusion involving disorientation; and twilight states where consciousness is briefly interrupted. Qualitative changes in consciousness are important to understand for clinical and legal purposes.
This document discusses disorders of perception, including sensory distortions and hallucinations. It defines perception and divides disorders into sensory distortions, where a real object is perceived in a distorted way, and sensory deceptions, where a new perception occurs that may or may not be in response to external stimuli. Sensory distortions can involve changes in intensity, quality, spatial form, the experience of time, or splitting of perception. Hallucinations are false perceptions without an external object and can involve any of the senses, including hearing voices, visions, smells, tastes, tactile sensations, and a sense of presence. Hallucinations are discussed in the context of their relationship to emotions, sensory deprivation, and disorders of the central nervous system.
This document provides information on organic disorders, specifically delirium and dementia. It defines organic disorders as disorders caused by a known pathological condition of an organic structure. Delirium is described as a state of mental confusion caused by a disturbance in brain metabolism, with rapid onset and fluctuating symptoms. Dementia is defined as the progressive deterioration of brain function occurring after maturation, characterized by deficits in memory, thinking and behavior. The document discusses the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment/management of delirium and dementia.
The document summarizes a presentation on thought and thought disorders. It defines thought, describes different types of thinking (fantasy, imaginative, rational), and characteristics of healthy thinking. It then discusses thought disorders, formal thought disorders, and specific disorders like flight of ideas, poverty of speech, circumstantiality, and loose associations. Research on thought disorders in schizophrenia is mentioned, focusing on structural brain abnormalities and biomarkers.
This document discusses disorders of self-experience and awareness. It defines self as how a person views themselves and their identity. There are four main aspects of self-awareness: awareness of existence, self-unity, continuity of identity, and boundaries. Disorders are discussed under each of these categories. For example, depersonalization is a disturbance in awareness of one's own activity where a person feels detached from themselves. Schizophrenia can involve feelings that one's thoughts are being controlled or stolen, disturbing boundaries. The document examines various conditions that can impact self-experience like depression, anxiety, substance use, and neurological disorders.
Disorders of thought can affect processes like thinking, associations between ideas, and thought content. Thinking can be divided into undirected fantasy, imaginative, and rational/conceptual types. Formal thought disorders involve disturbances in how thoughts are arranged and connected logically. Specific disorders include flight of ideas, circumstantiality, and formal thought disorder. Delusions involve false fixed beliefs and can be primary, arising from internal experiences, or secondary, derived from other abnormal experiences. Dimensions of delusions include conviction, bizarreness, and effect on behavior. Primary delusions include delusional moods while secondary delusions are influenced by hallucinations or other delusions.
This document provides an overview of organic mental disorders, including their classification, causes, symptoms, stages, and treatment approaches. Key points discussed include:
- Organic mental disorders involve decreased mental function due to medical or physical brain disease rather than psychiatric illness. They are classified in the ICD-10 and include conditions like dementia, delirium, and amnestic syndrome.
- Dementia is characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. It has stages from mild to severe. Causes include Alzheimer's, strokes, and other degenerative brain diseases.
- Delirium involves acute changes in consciousness, perception, and motor behavior. It has many reversible medical causes and typically resolves within
This document discusses disorders of memory and consciousness. It outlines seven stages of memory and three types: sensory, short-term, and long-term. It describes different memory systems like explicit and implicit memory. It also discusses various types of amnesia like psychogenic amnesia, organic amnesia, and transient global amnesia. Other topics covered include paramnesia, confabulation, misidentification, and changes in consciousness like lowering, restriction, and dream-like states.
Emotions are complex phenomena involving physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. There are several theories on the origins and nature of emotions. Basic emotions include anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Affect refers to short-term fluctuations in mood while mood is a more sustained emotional state. Emotional disorders involve abnormalities in basic emotions, expression of emotion, physiological arousal, and cognitive evaluation of social contexts. Anxiety, panic attacks, phobias, irritability, and obsessions are some specific emotional disorders discussed in the document.
Disorders of consciousness and experience of self dr aliOSMAN ALI MD
This document provides an overview of consciousness and disorders of consciousness from a psychopathological perspective. It discusses consciousness, unconsciousness, and the preconscious. It describes quantitative lowering of consciousness which includes clouding, drowsiness, sopor, coma and death. It also discusses qualitative changes in consciousness such as delirium, fluctuations and confusion. Other disorders mentioned include twilight states, dissociative fugue, mania a potu, automatism, dreamlike states, stupor and locked-in syndrome.
This document discusses memory processes and disorders of memory. It describes the stages of memory as sensory memory, short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory. It then discusses types of long-term memory and different forms of amnesia, including organic amnesia which can cause anterograde or retrograde memory loss. The document also covers psychogenic amnesias like dissociative amnesia and distortions of memory such as confabulation and retrospective falsification.
Amnesia is a loss of memory caused by various brain injuries, diseases, and other factors. It involves an inability to recall information or form new memories. Common causes include traumatic brain injury, strokes, Alzheimer's disease, alcoholism, and certain infections or toxins. Symptoms range from difficulty recalling past events to problems learning new information. Treatment focuses on medication in some cases as well as lifestyle changes and memory aids to support those with amnesia.
Memory is the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. There are several theories of memory, including that it involves three processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Memory can be categorized as either explicit (declarative) or implicit (non-declarative). Explicit memory involves consciously recalling facts and events, and can be further divided into episodic memory of personal experiences and semantic memory of general knowledge. Implicit memory involves unconscious recall of skills and procedures. Disorders of memory include amnesia, which is the inability to recall information, and paramnesia, which involves distortions of memory such as false memories.
The document discusses memory and its stages including encoding, storage, and retrieval. It describes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory based on the Atkinson-Shiffrin model. It then discusses different types of memory impairment including amnesia, paramnesia, and hyperamnesia. Amnesia can be psychogenic or organic, with organic amnesia further divided into acute, subacute, and chronic forms based on the underlying brain disease. The document also discusses strategies to improve memory such as increasing oxygen to the brain and using cognitive strategies like elaboration, organization, and minimizing interference.
Amnesia means loss of memory sometimes including the memory of personal identity due to brain injury, shock, fatigue, repression or illness. The main cause of Amnesia is brain damage. There are six different types of amnesia includes anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, Transient Global Amnesia, Dissociative amnesia, Infantile amnesia, Wernike-Korsakoff's psychosis. physical examination, Cognitive tests and Imaging tests are used to diagnosis of amnesia. Treatment includes Cognitive therapy, Psychotherapy and occupational therapy.
This document provides a review of amnesia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The main points are:
- Amnesia is a loss of memory caused by brain damage or trauma that can affect recent memories (anterograde) and past memories (retrograde).
- The six main types of amnesia are retrograde, anterograde, transient global, dissociative, infantile, and Wernicke-Korsakoff's.
- Amnesia can be caused by head injuries, stroke, alcoholism, viruses, and neurological disorders. Diagnosis involves cognitive tests, imaging, and ruling out other potential medical
This document summarizes different aspects of memory, including the process of remembering, types of memory (sensory, short-term, and long-term), and memory impairments such as amnesia and distortions of memory called paramnesias. It describes various types of amnesia including psychogenic, organic, and those caused by acute or chronic brain diseases. It also discusses different types of paramnesias including false memories, confabulation, and distortions of recognition like déjà vu.
This document summarizes relational learning and amnesia. It defines relational learning as a complex form of learning involving relations among stimuli, including spatial, episodic, and observational learning. It describes two types of long-term memory - declarative and non-declarative. Declarative memory, impaired in amnesia, involves facts and life events. Amnesia causes difficulty learning new information and remembering the past. There are two types of amnesia - anterograde involving new learning, and retrograde involving past memories. Damage to the hippocampus and related structures causes anterograde amnesia by impairing relational learning, or learning relationships among stimuli.
disorders of memory .pptx disorder of memoryASHISH KUMAR
Disorders of MEMORY was presented by Dr. Anisha Joshi at BRD Medical College Gorakhpur under the chairmanship of Dr. Tapas Kumar Aich. The presentation discussed the mechanisms of memory including sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. It described models of working memory and different types of long term memory. The presentation also discussed various memory impairments including amnesia, paramnesias, and hyperamnesia as well as organic causes and psychogenic causes of amnesia.
Psychogenic amnesia, also known as dissociative amnesia or functional amnesia, is a mental disorder where a person suddenly forgets personal information, such as events or identities, that are not due to brain damage or disease. It is often caused by traumatic experiences and is a dissociative disorder where the person disconnects from full awareness to block unpleasant memories. Individuals who have experienced trauma like soldiers, abuse victims, or natural disaster survivors have a higher risk. Treatment involves psychotherapy to help understand the cause and develop coping strategies, while medication may help relieve stress and anxiety symptoms.
This document provides an overview of the neuropsychological basis of learning and memory. It discusses how case studies of patients with brain damage or amnesia helped reveal the neural correlates of memory. The case of patient H.M., who had bilateral removal of his medial temporal lobes, showed that this region is critical for forming new long-term memories. Damage limited to the hippocampus, as in patient R.B., also produced severe anterograde amnesia. The hippocampus is involved in consolidating new memories, even though long-term memory storage occurs elsewhere, like the neocortex. Damage to other regions like the diencephalon or anterior temporal lobes can also cause memory impairments by disrupting retrieval or
The document discusses various types and causes of memory disorders. It describes theories of forgetting such as decay and interference. It outlines the multi-store model of memory including sensory, short-term and long-term memory. Various memory disorders are explained like amnesia from brain damage or thiamine deficiency. Dissociative disorders involving repressed memories are also covered. Assessment methods for different memory systems and types of memory loss are presented.
The document discusses various ways of understanding memory, including the length of storage, type of information remembered, and stages involved. It describes different memory models and then discusses various memory disturbances and disorders. Transient amnesias include transient global amnesia, transient epileptic amnesia, and alcoholic blackouts. Persistent memory disorders discussed include Korsakoff syndrome, herpes encephalitis, hypoxia, vascular disorders, and head injuries. Organic amnesic syndromes and their characteristics are also described.
This document discusses various topics related to memory, including the biology of memory, types of memory, and disorders of memory. It covers long-term potentiation as the candidate mechanism for mammalian long-term memory. It also describes different types of amnesia like organic amnesia, which can be acute, sub-acute or chronic, and psychogenic amnesia, which includes anxiety, katathymic and hysterical amnesia. Distortions of memory are also discussed, including confabulations, Munchausen's syndrome, and disorders of recognition like déjà vu and jamais vu.
The document discusses learning and memory. It explains that learning involves how experience changes the brain, while memory involves how these changes are stored and retrieved. It describes the different types of memory (sensory, short-term, long-term) and where memories are stored in the brain. The case of patient H.M., who had medial temporal lobe removal, demonstrated the role of these areas in forming new memories and provided evidence for separate short-term and long-term memory systems. Concussions can cause retrograde and anterograde amnesia, providing evidence that memories are consolidated over time.
Amnesia refers to the loss of memories and can take several forms. The primary symptom is memory loss or inability to form new memories, though people with amnesia usually know who they are. Retrograde amnesia involves losing existing memories, starting with recent ones. Anterograde amnesia prevents forming new memories. Amnesia can result from damage to brain structures like the hippocampus that are involved in emotion and memory formation.
The document discusses disorders of memory from a biological and clinical perspective. It describes the biology of memory including neural plasticity and long-term potentiation. It examines different types of memory and various memory disorders like amnesia. Case studies of patients with memory disorders are presented to illustrate the role of medial temporal structures in memory. Assessment techniques for memory in clinical settings are also outlined.
There are two types of long-term memory: declarative and non-declarative. Declarative memory involves consciously recalling facts and experiences, including episodic and semantic memory. Non-declarative memory deals with skills and procedures rather than facts. Three systems in the brain are involved in long-term memory storage: the cerebellum and striatum for implicit memories, the amygdala for emotional memories, and the hippocampus for consciously recalled episodic and semantic memories. After initial processing, memories are stored in the cortical association areas.
Discuss The Reasons We Forget, And Give At Least Three...Susan Kennedy
Here is a 3 paragraph essay about the human memory model:
The human memory model involves three main processes - encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the initial processing of external or internal information taken in by our senses. It involves transforming sensory input into usable memories that can be stored by the brain. The encoding process allows us to take in information from our environment and give it meaning. Once information is encoded, it moves to the storage process.
Storage refers to the holding of information over time in the brain. There are two main types of storage - short term memory and long term memory. Short term memory can only hold a limited amount of information for a short period of time, usually 30 seconds or less. Long term memory has
This 35-page document discusses memory and thinking. It defines memory as the faculty of encoding, storing, and retrieving information. There are three types of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Short-term memory lasts 15-30 seconds and holds 7 items, while long-term memory has unlimited capacity and slower retrieval. Thinking is described as an implicit problem-solving behavior and the document outlines different types of thinking like concrete, abstract, reflective, and creative thinking. Memory involves three processes - encoding, storage, and retrieval - and failures can occur due to transience, absentmindedness, or aging.
Topic: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.
Etiology of the PCOS, Risk factors,clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and complications of the PCOS. The diagnosis is discussed according to clinical criteria. The investigations are discussed in details as well.
Lymphoma is a collection of lymphoid malignancies in which malignant lymphocytes accumulate at lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues, leading to lymphadenopathy, extranodal disease, and constitutional symptoms. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and causes inflammation and fibrosis. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma encompasses a variety of subtypes of B-cell and T-cell lymphomas that present with widespread disease. Staging guides treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma while it is less important for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Topic : MENINGITIS
Discussion on meningitis; it's etiology, clinical features, diagnosis,treatment and prevention.
Etiology on the basis of causative agents is described. Clinical manifestations are listed along with methods of diagnosis in detail. The treatment is discussed according to the causative agent. How meningitis can be prevented will also be discussed . Hope this presentation will help you.
Topic of presentation: Amenorrhea. Content includes: Introduction, Etiology, signs and symptoms, classification, diagnosis and management with treatment. How it can be prevented. Both the types: Primary and secondary are discussed.
This presentation discusses COVID-19. It covers etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, clinical management and treatment of COVID-19. It also discusses the effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy,how it manifests and how it is diagnosed and how it is managed. Hope this will help you.
Presentation Topic: Endometriosis. Discuss in detail the endometriosis . What is it? What is the etiology, clinical features, how can you diagnose and what is it's treatment as well as management. You'll find everything in this presentation along with pictures and illustrations.
The document discusses different types of skull fractures:
1) Linear fractures involve a single fracture line through the skull with no displacement of bone fragments. They usually heal without problems but can sometimes cause blood clots on the brain surface.
2) Compound fractures have multiple fracture lines radiating from the impact site, resulting in two or more bone fragments. They suggest a more severe blow and sometimes involve bone depression.
3) Depressed fractures push bone fragments downward, which can press on and damage underlying brain tissue. Surgery may be needed to repair these types of fractures.
Acute Abdomen. What is it and what are various causes of acute abdomen. We'll learn to evaluate acute abdomen by history taking and giving emphasize on location of pain, intensity, duration, aggravating and relieving factors of the pain. The important signs are discussed in the physical examination. Investigations are discussed as well as or the urgent indications for the action.
This presentation on the topic of Mumps. What is the etilogy,how does it spread and what is the classification of mumps. We'll discuss the clinical manifestations along with treatment and prevention of this infectious disease of the children and adults.
What is scabies? What is the cause of scabies? What is the pathogenesis of scabies? What are the types of scabies? What is the treatment of scabies? Let's discuss scabies in detail. The disease is spread by an itch mite. We'll discuss about it's transmission from human to human. How does it affects the skin and causes itching of the skin. The treatment and management is discussed as well. Hope this presentation will help you out.
This presentation is about Hyperemesis Gravidarum. What is it and what are the causes. How you'll diagnose and differentiate it from other disorders. We'll learn about it's management as well as termination of pregnancy.
Chromosomal Disorders. The types of chromosomal disorders: structural, deletion or addition. Down's syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, Patau syndrome. Hope this presentation will help you.
This presentation includes the important clinical signs of the diseases. This includes physical signs and diagnostic signs which are observed on x-ray and ultrasound.
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a progressive lung disease characterized by airway obstruction due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The major risk factor is tobacco smoke. Symptoms include cough, sputum production and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves lung function tests showing irreversible airway obstruction. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, antibiotics for exacerbations, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation.
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Skull fractures are discussed with their types briefly. The treatments of the fractures are discussed as well depending on the age of the patient if patient is adult or a child. The CT Scans are also given in order to better explain and help you in understanding.
We'll discuss the treatment of Schizophrenia which includes both pharmacological and psychological intervention. The side effects of antipsychotics are also mentioned related to Central nervous system, cardiovascular system, anticholinergic and metabolism. The psychological intervention is discussed including CBT. The duration of the CBT. The social aspect is also discussed that how patient should be helped by the community.
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
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• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
2. Three types of memory
Sensory memory, is registered for each of the senses
and its purpose is to facilitate the rapid processing of
incoming stimuli. This is a first selective attention sieve
that allows to sift out the relevant material from
sensory memory for further processing and storage in
short-term memory.
Most sensory memory fades within a few seconds.
3. Three types of memory
Short-term memory, also called working memory,
allows to store of memories for much longer than the
sensory memory. Approximately for 20’. Short-term
memory aids the constant updating of one’s
surroundings.
4. Long-term memory is responsible for encoding of
information. Encoding is the process of placing
information into what is believed to be a limitless
memory reservoir.
Placing (encoding) can be:
A) intentional or specific. Here people memorize items
voluntary, and
B) general memory then items are memorized
“between this and then”, unintentionally.
5.
6. There are three main types of encoding:
visual (most biased and inaccurate),
acoustic (more accurate),
semantic (most effective and accurate).
7.
8. Long-term vs short-term memory
Long-term memory is resilient to attack, unlike, which
is sensitive to disorders of brain tissue such as
Alzheimer’s disease
(The holonomic brain theory, by t Karl and David Bohm)
9. Memory impairments
1. Amnesia /æmˈniː.zi.ə/ (loss of memory)
a. Normal memory decay
b. Organic
c. Psychogenic
2. Paramnesias (distortions of memory)
a. Distortions of recall and
b. Distortions of recognition.
10. Amnesias
Amnesia is defined as partial or total inability to recall
past experiences and events and its origin may be
1. Normal memory decay. Can occur if an item is not
rehearsed the memory fades and thereafter cannot
be retrieved or because of interference from related
material (French - Spanish).
11. Amnesias
Psychogenic amnesia
Dissociative or “hysterical” amnesia is the sudden amnesia
that occurs during periods of extreme trauma and can last for
hours or even days. The amnesia will be
1. for particular traumatic point (personal identity such as
name, address and history as well as for personal events),
2. the ability to perform complex behaviors is maintained.
3. There is a discrepancy between the marked memory
impairment and the preservation of personality and social
skills
12. Amnesias
Psychogenic amnesia
• Fugue or wandering state in which the subject travels
to another town or country and is often found
wandering and lost.
• Katathymic amnesia is the inability to recall specific
painful memories, and is believed to occur due to the
defence mechanism of repression
13. Amnesias
Psychogenic amnesia
Anxiety amnesia occurs when there is anxious preoccupation or poor
concentration in disorders such as depressive illness or generalised
anxiety.
Amnesia in depressive disorder. In this case amnesia resemble
dementia and is known as depressive pseudodementia.
N.B. Amnesias in anxiety and depressive disorders are generally caused
by impaired concentration and resolve once the underlying disorder is
treated.
14. Organic amnesias
Acute brain disease can cause:
Retrograde amnesia, that embraces the events just before the injury (is
usually no longer than a few minutes but may be longer);
Anterograde amnesia is amnesia for events occurring after the injury.
These occur most commonly:
1. In Accidents or
2. As a Blackouts witch are the periods of ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
experienced particularly by those who are alcohol dependent
during and following bouts of drinking
15. Organic amnesias.
Subacute brain disease
Korsakoff’s syndrome
The characteristic memory disorder is the amnestic state in
which the patient is unable to record current and recent
events or register new memories.
(anterograde amnesia) + (retrograde amnesia)
memories from the remote past remain intact.
E.g.: amnestic syndrome caused by thiamine deficiency in
alcohol abuse, cerebrovascular disease, multiple sclerosis,,
head injury and electroconvulsive treatment (ECT).
16. Organic amnesias
Chronic brain disease
Progressive amnesia this an amnesia extending over
many years. Thus the memory for recent events is lost
before that for the earlier events (from today to
childhood and to birth).
This was pointed out by Ribot and is known as Ribot’s
law of memory regression.
17. Paramnesia (distortions of memory)
is the falsification of memory by distortion and can be
conveniently divided into
1. Distortions of recall
a) Cryptamnesia
b) False memory
c) Pseudologia fantastica
d) Confabulation
e) Munchausen’s syndrome
2. Distortions of recognition.
a) Hyperamnesia
b) Déjà vu
18. False memory
False memory is the recollection of an event (or
events) that did not occur but which the individual
subsequently strongly believes did take place
•F.g. a person who says they were in hospital
following a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) when in
fact they had no recollection of this and had been
told by their family that it had happened
19. Cryptamnesia
Cryptamnesia is described as the experience of
remembering of information, images, stories as that
they had happened with the person, but in deed
he/her had read, heard or saw this information some
were else (memories with the hidden source)
F.g. A person writes a witty passage and does not
realize that they are quoting from some passage they
have seen elsewhere rather than writing something
original.
20. Confabulation
Confabulation is the falsification of memory occurring in
clear consciousness in association with organic pathology.
It manifests itself as the filling-in of gaps in memory by
imagined or untrue experiences that have no basis in fact.
a) The embarrassed type in which the patient tries to fill in
gaps in memory as a result of an awareness of a deficit
b) The fantastic type in which the lacunae are filled in by
details exceeding the need of the memory impairment
such as descriptions of wild adventures.
21. Pseudologia fantastica
Pseudologia fantastica or fluent plausible lying
(pathological lying) is the term used, by convention, to
describe the confabulation that occurs in those without
organic brain pathology such as personality disorder of
antisocial or hysterical type.
•F.g. The subject describes various major events and
traumas or makes grandiose claims and these often
present at a time of personal crisis, such as facing legal
proceedings.
22. Munchausen’s syndrome
Munchausen’s syndrome is a variant of pathological
lying in which the individual presents to hospitals with
bogus illnesses, complex medical histories and often
multiple surgical scars.
This may lead to repeated presentations to hospital
over a prolonged period of time and both diagnosis
and management can be very challenging in these
cases.
23. Distortions of recognition
Hyperamnesia or exaggerated registration, retention and
recall.
•Flashbulb memories are those memories that are
associated with intense emotion (9/11).
•Flashbacks are sudden intrusive memories that are
associated with the cognitive and emotional experiences
of a traumatic event such as an accident (post-traumatic
stress disorder)
•Hypomanic hypermnesia
24. Distortions of recognition
Déjà vu is not strictly a disturbance of memory, but a
problem with the familiarity of places and events. It
comprises the feeling of having experienced a current
event in the past, although it has no basis in fact.