This document defines hallucinations as false sensory perceptions occurring without external stimuli. It classifies hallucinations into auditory, visual, gustatory, tactile, and olfactory types based on the affected sensory system. Auditory hallucinations are the most common and may be caused by executive function failure in the brain. Visual hallucinations involve neurotransmitters in the visual cortex and thalamus. Tactile hallucinations create imaginary physical sensations. Diseases that can involve hallucinations include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and organic mental disorders like delirium. Homoeopathic treatment focuses on potential miasmatic influences and ruling out underlying medical illness.

2. Objective
• Classification
• Types
• Affected conditions
• Homoeopathic management

3. LETS DEFINE HALLUCINATION
• FALSE SENSORY PERCEPTION
• OCCURING IN THE ABSENCE OF ANY RELEVANT
EXTERNAL STIMULUS
• HALLUCINATION MAY DEPEND ON TYPE OF
SENSORY SYSTEM AFFECTED.
• THIS IS A POSITIVE SYMPTOM, WHICH IS AN
ADDITION TO NORMALITY.

4. ACCORDING TO....
• ESQUIROL(1817)- A PERCEPTION WITHOUT AN
OBJECT
• SMYTHIES(1956)- A HALLUCINATION IS AN
EXTEROCEPTIVE OR ANTEROCEPTIVE
PERCEPTION WHICH DOESNT CORRESPOND TO
AN ACTUAL OBJECT

5. SLADE- 3 CRITERIA ARE ESSENTIAL
FOR AN OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
PERCEPT LIKE EXPERIENCE IN THE ABSENCE OF AN EXTERNAL
STIMULUS.
EXPERIENCE WHICH HAS THE FULL FORCE AND IMPACT OF A
REAL PERCEPTION.
EXPERIENCE WHICH IS UNWILLED OCCURS SPONTANEOUSLY AND
CANNOT BE READILY CONTROLLED BY THE PERCIPIENT.

6. CLASSIFICATION

7. AUDITORY
HALLUCINATIONS
• IS A FORM OF HALLUCINATION THAT
INVOLVES PERCEIVING SOUNDS
WITHOUT AUDITORY STIMULUS
• CAUSE- ATTRIBUTED TO BE EXECUTIVE
FUNCTION FAILURE OF THE FRONTO-
PARIETAL SULCUS

8. VISUAL
HALLUCINATIONS
• CAUSE- 2 NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE
PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT SEROTONIN AND
ACETLYCHOLINE WHICH ARE CONCENTRATED
IN THE VISUAL THALAMIC NUCLEI AND VISUAL
CORTEX

9. GUSTATORY HALLUCINATIONS
• CAUSE- KNOWN TO BE
COMMON DUE TO
IMPAIRMENT IN THE
TEMPORAL LOBE.

10. TACTILE
HALLUCINATION
• TACTILE HALLUCINATION IS
THE FALSE PERCEPTION OF
TACTILE SENSORY INPUT THAT
CREATES A HALLUCINATORY
SENSATION OF PHYSICAL
CONTACT WITH AN
IMAGINARY OBJECT.

11. OLFACTORY HALLUCINATION
• PHANTOSMIA (PHANTOM SMELL), ALSO CALLED AN
OLFACTORY HALLUCINATION IS SMELLING AN
ODOR THAT IS NOT ACTUALLY THERE.

12. SPECIAL TYPES
• HYPNAGOGIC AND HYPNAPOMPIC
HALLUCINATIONS.
• FUNCTIONAL HALLUCINATIONS
• REFLEX HALLUCINATIONS
• EXTRA CAMPINE HALLUCINATIONS
• PANORAMIC HALLUCINATIONS/ SCENIC
HALLUCINATIONS.

13. PSEUDO HALLUCINATIONS
• FALSE PERCEPTIONS WHICH THE PATIENT
RECOGNISES AS UNREAL IN CONTRAST TO TRUE
HALLUCINATIONS WHERE THE PATIENT
RECOGNISES AS REAL.
• NOT PATHOGNOMONIC OF ANY MENTAL ILLNESS.

14. AFFECTED DISEASES
• SCHIZOPHRENIA
• BPAD- WITH SYCOTIC FEATURES.
• ORGANIC MENTAL DISORDER : Delirium etc

15. Homoeopathic approach
• Mostly sycotic- Miasmatically,
• Rule out underlying medical illness

16. Conclusion
• FALSE SENSORY PERCEPTION
• OCCURING IN THE ABSENCE OF ANY RELEVANT
EXTERNAL STIMULUS
• AUDITORY HALLUCINATION IS THE MOST COMMON
OF ALL

17. REFRENCES
• KAPLAN AND SADOCK’S SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRIC
• FISH’S CLINICAL PSYCHOPATHOLGY
• CONCISE TEXT BOOK OF PSYCHIATRY VMD
NAMBOODIRI
• DAVIDSON’S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF
MEDICNE (21ST EDITION)
• SIMS SYMPTOMS IN MIND

18. THANK YOU