Memory
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The document discusses computer memory. It defines memory as the part of a computer where programs and data are stored. There are different types of memory like RAM, cache memory, magnetic disks, optical disks, and flash memory. Memory has characteristics like capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance in terms of access time and transfer rate, and physical attributes like volatility. Memory exists in a hierarchy with different levels like processor registers, cache, main memory and external storage. The purpose of the memory hierarchy is to optimize speed and cost of data access.
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Cache memory ppt
Cache memory is a small, fast memory located close to the processor that stores frequently accessed data from main memory. When the processor requests data, the cache is checked first. If the data is present, there is a cache hit and the data is accessed quickly from the cache. If not present, there is a cache hit and the data must be fetched from main memory, which takes longer. Cache memory relies on principles of temporal and spatial locality, where frequently and nearby accessed data is likely to be needed again soon. Mapping functions like direct, associative, and set-associative mapping determine how data is stored in the cache. Replacement policies like FIFO, LRU, etc. determine which cached data gets replaced when new
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This document discusses cache memory and provides details on its characteristics and operation. It begins by describing the memory hierarchy and how cache fits within it. It then covers the key characteristics of cache memory, including that it is small, fast memory located close to the processor. The document explains how cache works by checking if requested data is present before accessing slower main memory if there is a miss. Overall, the document provides an overview of cache memory fundamentals.
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Cache memory is a type of memory that stores frequently accessed data closer to the processor for low latency access. There are different types of caches including local, replicated, distributed, remote, and near caches.
Direct mapping is a technique that maps each block of main memory to only one cache line. For a 64KB cache with 4 byte blocks and 16MB of main memory addressed with 24 bits, the address is split into a 2-bit word identifier, 8-bit tag, and 14-bit slot.
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Cache memory is a small, fast memory located between the CPU and main memory that temporarily stores frequently accessed data. It improves performance by providing faster access for the CPU compared to accessing main memory. There are different types of cache memory organization including direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping. Direct mapping maps each block of main memory to only one location in cache while set associative mapping divides the cache into sets with multiple lines per set allowing a block to map to any line within a set.
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Cache memory is a small, fast memory located between the CPU and main memory that temporarily stores frequently accessed data. It improves performance by providing faster access for the CPU compared to accessing main memory. There are different types of cache memory organization including direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping. Direct mapping maps each block of main memory to only one location in cache while set associative mapping divides the cache into sets with multiple lines per set allowing a block to map to any line within a set.
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3) Collecting measures and developing metrics at each stage of development allows indicators to be obtained and improvements to be made to both the product and process. A variety of productivity, quality, and testing metrics can provide meaningful insights.
Debugging (Part 2)
The document discusses various debugging techniques. It describes the brute force method, which involves taking memory dumps and adding print statements to locate bugs. This generates a large amount of data but requires little thought. The cause elimination method deduces or induces potential causes and tests hypotheses to eliminate them one by one. Other methods include trial and error, backtracking code to find failures, and forward tracking to see when results first became wrong. Principles for locating errors include thinking carefully and getting a fresh perspective. Principles for repairing errors are to fix the underlying cause, check for new errors, and re-evaluate the design when making changes.
Debugging
The document discusses debugging processes and techniques. It defines debugging as the process of finding, correcting and removing bugs from programs. There are three main types of errors: syntactic, semantic, and logic errors. The debugging process involves reproducing the problem reliably, finding the source of the error, fixing just that one error, testing the fix, and optionally looking for more errors. Key debugging techniques include inserting print statements, using a debugger, explaining the code to someone else, and fixing only one error at a time. The overall goal of debugging is to methodically match symptoms to causes to locate and correct errors in code.
Software Testing Strategy (Part 2)
This document discusses various types of software testing strategies including integration testing, continuous integration testing, and system testing. It provides details on techniques like top-down integration, bottom-up integration, smoke testing, regression testing, interface testing, and acceptance and installation testing. The objectives are to learn about integration testing, continuous integration testing, and system testing. Key aspects of different strategies like top-down vs bottom-up integration and categories of system test cases are compared. Determining when to stop testing is noted as one of the most difficult questions.
Software Testing Strategy
The document provides an overview of software testing strategies. It discusses that the main objective of software testing is to systematically find errors without taking much time. It emphasizes the importance of choosing the best testing strategy. It then covers various software testing strategies including unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing. Unit testing involves testing individual software components in isolation while integration testing focuses on testing the interaction between integrated components. The document contrasts the incremental and "big bang" approaches to integration testing and argues that the incremental approach is more effective.
Object Oriented Testing
The document discusses object-oriented testing strategies. It explains that in object-oriented testing, the component being tested is a class-object rather than a function. Unit testing focuses on testing each class's operations and attributes. Integration testing focuses on testing groups of collaborating classes. Validation testing is based on use case scenarios from the object-oriented analysis model. The document provides details on techniques for unit testing, integration testing, and validation testing of object-oriented systems.
Testing Technique (Part 2)
The document discusses various software testing techniques, including blackbox and whitebox testing. Blackbox testing focuses on functional requirements without seeing the internal structure and includes equivalence class testing, limit testing, robustness testing, and requirements testing. Whitebox testing uses internal program structure to derive test cases and focuses on all logical paths and decisions. It includes basis path testing and control structure testing such as conditional and loop testing. The document provides examples of applying these techniques.
Testing Technique
This document discusses various software testing techniques classified into static, dynamic, and exhaustive categories. Static techniques like verification and static analysis do not require executing the program. Dynamic techniques execute the program and are divided into structure-oriented techniques like control flow testing and function-oriented techniques like function coverage and use case testing. Exhaustive techniques aim to cover all possible test cases. The document provides examples and explanations of different testing methods.
Testing Plan
The document discusses software testing concepts including:
1. It defines key terms related to software defects such as errors, defects, failures, and faults.
2. It outlines the different phases of software testing from component/unit testing to acceptance testing and discusses principles of good testability.
3. It provides guidance on writing test plans and cases, including reviewing requirements, identifying test suites, and transforming use cases into test cases.
Methodology Selection Strategy
This document discusses methodology selection strategy for systems analysis and design. It explains that there is no single framework appropriate for every software project, and the methodology needs to be adapted to the specific team and product. It outlines important factors to consider like clarity of requirements, technology familiarity, system complexity, schedule constraints. The methodology should guide the team's process but allow flexibility. The success of the methodology is measured by timely delivery of quality product increments that satisfy stakeholders.
Software Testing - Software Quality (Part 2)
The document discusses software quality and testing. It defines software reliability as the probability of failure-free operation of a computer program in a given environment and time. Testing aims to find errors in programs to improve reliability, rather than show a program works correctly. The document outlines ISO quality standards for software development including ISO 9001, which provides a framework for quality processes and procedures. Organizations must comply with ISO 9001 requirements to achieve quality certification.
Software Testing - Software Quality
The document discusses software quality assurance and testing. It defines software quality as having two aspects - quality of design which includes requirements and specifications, and quality of conformance which focuses on implementation. Software Quality Assurance (SQA) includes quality management, effective engineering processes, formal techniques, testing strategies, documentation control, and measurement/reporting. SQA aims to ensure requirements quality, design quality, code quality, and effective quality control. Non-functional attributes like reliability, usability, and performance largely determine a software's subjective quality from a user's perspective.
Computer Evolution and Performance
ajeng.savitri@teknokrat.ac.id
https://teknokrat.ac.id/en/
https://spada.teknokrat.ac.id/
Software Testing - Introduction
The document describes an introduction to software testing presentation. It discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) which includes planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance phases. It then explains different software development methodologies like structured design, rapid application development, and agile development. Finally, it provides definitions and goals of software testing, and presents a model of the software testing process.
Sequence Diagram
Dokumen ini membahas tentang analisis dan desain sistem untuk sistem ATM. Terdapat penjelasan mengenai diagram urutan dan diagram kelas yang menggambarkan interaksi antar objek dalam sistem ATM untuk beberapa kasus penggunaan seperti mengecek saldo, mentransfer uang, dan mengambil uang. Dokumen ini juga menampilkan contoh desain antarmuka pengguna untuk sistem ATM menggunakan perangkat lunak Netbeans.
Activity Diagram
Dokumen ini membahas tentang pemodelan proses bisnis dengan diagram aktivitas dan menggunakan sistem ATM sebagai contoh studi kasus. Diagram aktivitas digunakan untuk memvisualisasikan aliran kerja dalam suatu proses bisnis yang melibatkan beberapa departemen. Contoh aktivitas yang dimodelkan meliputi memasukkan PIN, mengecek saldo, mentransfer uang, mengambil uang, dan logout.
Use Case Diagram
The document discusses use case diagrams for systems analysis and design. It provides examples of use case diagrams for an appointment system and an ATM system. Key elements of use case diagrams are described, including actors, use cases, relationships like generalization, include and extend, and the system boundary. The ATM system example demonstrates how a use case diagram can model the interactions between an actor (user) and the various functions of an ATM machine like checking balance, transferring money, withdrawing money and logging out.
Requirement Gathering
Systems analysis and design techniques are discussed, including requirement gathering and business process analysis. Requirement gathering involves document analysis, interviews, questionnaires, and observation to understand user needs. Functional requirements define system functions while non-functional requirements address system qualities. Business process analysis assesses current processes and can involve automation, improvement, or reengineering. Barriers to effective requirement gathering include users finding additional needs after seeing a system ("yes but" syndrome), incomplete discovery of all needs ("undiscovered ruins" syndrome), and communication gaps between users and developers.
Business Value
The document discusses a feasibility analysis for a proposed CD Selections Internet Order System project.
The technical feasibility is determined to be medium risk overall, as the application and technology are somewhat unfamiliar but compatible with existing systems. The economic feasibility analysis shows a 229% return on investment over 3 years with a break-even point of 1.7 years. The organizational feasibility is low risk as the project aligns with goals of increasing sales and becoming more Internet-savvy.
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一比一原版(UMN毕业证)明尼苏达大学毕业证如何办理
UMN硕士毕业证成绩单【微信95270640】购买（明尼苏达大学毕业证成绩单硕士学历）Q微信95270640代办UMN学历认证留信网伪造明尼苏达大学学位证书精仿明尼苏达大学本科/硕士文凭证书补办明尼苏达大学 diplomaoffer,Transcript购买明尼苏达大学毕业证成绩单购买UMN假毕业证学位证书购买伪造明尼苏达大学文凭证书学位证书,专业办理雅思、托福成绩单，学生ID卡，在读证明，海外各大学offer录取通知书，毕业证书，成绩单，文凭等材料:1:1完美还原毕业证、offer录取通知书、学生卡等各种在读或毕业材料的防伪工艺（包括 烫金、烫银、钢印、底纹、凹凸版、水印、防伪光标、热敏防伪、文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感光标）学校原版上有的工艺我们一样不会少，不论是老版本还是最新版本，都能保证最高程度还原，力争完美以求让所有同学都能享受到完美的品质服务。
#毕业证成绩单 #毕业証 #成绩单 #學生卡 #OFFER录取通知书 #雅思#托福等……
国外大学明尼苏达大学明尼苏达大学毕业证offer制作方法（一对一专业服务）
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
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此贴长年有效【贴心专线/微-信: 95270640】敬请保留此联系方式以备用！如有不在线请给我们留言！我们将在第一时间给您回复!上散发着一抹抹的光晕而这每处自然形成的细节融合在一起浑然天成的美实在令人心生愉悦小道的周边无秩序的生长着几株艳丽的野花红的粉的紫的虽混乱无章却给这幅美景更增添一份性感夹杂着一份纯洁的妖娆毫无违和感实在给人带来一份悠然幸福的心情如果说现在的审美已经断然拒绝了无声的话那么在树林间飞掠而过的小鸟叽叽咋咋的叫声是否就是这最后的点睛之笔悠然走在林间的小路上宁静与清香一丝丝的盛夏气息吸入身体昔日生活里的繁忙多
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一比一原版(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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6:个人职称评审加20分
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办理(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Memory
- 1. Organisasi dan Arsitektur Komputer Ajeng Savitri Puspaningrum, M.Kom Pertemuan 25
- 2. Memory
- 3. Learning the Definition of Memory Learning Kind of Memory Learning Characteristic of Memory Memory’s Hierarchy
- 4. Memori Memori adalah bagian dari komputer tempat program – program dan data – data disimpan. Istilah store atau storage untuk memori, meskipun kata storage sering digunakan untuk menunjuk ke penyimpanan disket. Tempat informasi, dibaca dan ditulis Aneka ragam jenis, teknologi, organisasi, unjuk kerja dan harganya
- 5. Bit dan Byte Bit satuan pokok memori, digit biner Terdiri dari angka 0 dan 1 Byte 1 byte = 8 bit 1 kilobyte = 1024 bit
- 8. Capacity Word size The natural unit of organisation Number of words or Bytes
- 9. Unit of Transfer Internal Usually governed by data bus width External Usually a block which is much larger than a word Addressable unit Smallest location which can be uniquely addressed Word internally Cluster on M$ disks
- 10. Access Methods (1) Sequential Start at the beginning and read through in order Access time depends on location of data and previous location e.g. tape Direct Individual blocks have unique address Access is by jumping to vicinity plus sequential search Access time depends on location and previous location e.g. disk
- 11. Access Methods (2) Random Individual addresses identify locations exactly Access time is independent of location or previous access e.g. RAM Associative Data is located by a comparison with contents of a portion of the store Access time is independent of location or previous access e.g. cache
- 12. Performance Access time Time between presenting the address and getting the valid data Memory Cycle time Time may be required for the memory to “recover” before next access Cycle time is access + recovery Transfer Rate Rate at which data can be moved
- 13. Physical Types Semiconductor RAM Magnetic Disk & Tape Optical CD & DVD Others Bubble Hologram
- 14. Physical Characteristics Decay Volatility Erasable Power consumption
- 15. Jenis – Jenis Memori Register prosesor RAM Cache memory Disk magnetic Disk optik Flash memori CD DVD
- 16. Hirarki Memori
- 17. Memori Internal dan External Memori internal adalah memori yang dapat diakses langsung oleh prosesor Contoh : register yang terdapat di dalam prosesor, cache memori dan memori utama berada di luar prosesor. Memori eksternal adalah memori yang diakses prosesor melalui piranti I/O Contoh : Disket dan hardisk.
- 18. Refference Stalling, William, Computer Organization and Architecture, 10th Edition, Pearson, 2015 Abdurohman, Maman, Organisasi dan Arsitektur Komputer revisi ke-4, Penerbit Informatika, 2017