Meat is the edible portion of mammals that contains muscle, fat, bone and connective tissue. It is usually the most expensive food item, accounting for 30-70% of food costs. The main types of meat are beef, veal, lamb, pork and variety meats. Beef comes from cattle over 1 year old, veal from young cattle 3-14 weeks old. Lamb is from sheep under 14 months while mutton is from older sheep. Pork is from hogs under 1 year old. Variety meats include organs and offal. Meat is inspected to ensure it is wholesome and safe to eat and may also be graded for quality. Common cooking methods for meat include high-heat browning

1. MEAT
Principle Of Cookery
Prepared by : Ma. Teresa A. Lopez BSIE-HE3C

2. Animal Foods
Meat - the edible portion of mammals which contains muscle, fat, bone, connective
tissue, and water (includes meat from cattle, swine, and sheep) etc.
USUALLY THE MOST EXPENSIVE OF ALL FOOD ITEMS
 30-70% of food cost
 20-40% of operating cost

3. TYPES OF MEAT
A. Cattle - meat of steers or heifers, Cow that are kept on farm for milk and
meat.
I. Beef – muscles, meat from cow, cattle over 1 year when slaughtered
II. Veal – meat of young cow, cattle 3 to 14 weeks when slaughtered
III. Calf - cattle 14 weeks to 1 year when slaughtered
IV. Bright cherry red color with external layer of fat.

4. Veal
Special Fed (formula milk -
fed):
 Removed from the cow
within 3 days
 Fed a nutritionally
balanced soy or milk based
diet until 16-18 weeks
 White (pork-like)
 Sent to market upwards of
450 lbs.
Two general types:
“Special Fed” (85% of market)
“Bob Veal” (15% of market)
Bob Veal
 Very young calves
 No more than three
weeks old
 Usually no more
than 150 lbs.

5. Lamb versus Mutton
 Tenderness, cooking methods, doneness, flavor.
Lamb and
Mutton• Lamb - the smallest animal used for meat
 Animals not more than 14 months of age when slaughtered
 Pinkish/red color with fine texture
• Mutton - meat from older sheep
 Slaughtered over the age of two years
 Dark red color with layer of cream-colored exterior fat
B.

6. C. Pork- the meat of swine
 Hogs or pigs not more than 1 year of age when slaughtered
 Grayish pink/rose color with well-marbled exterior

7. D. Variety Meats
Offal– it is the word used to describe those parts of
cattle, pigs and sheep which are cut away (off-falls)
from the carcase when it is being prepared for sale.
Offal types
• inside the carcase – these include liver, kidney,
heart, tongue, sweetbreads and tripe. Blood is also a
type of offal, and is used in the making of black
pudding.
• external part of the carcase – these include pig
trotters, ox cheeks and oxtail.

8. • Juiciness
• Marbling
• “Juiciness” when eating
• Tenderness
• Muscle fibers separated by fat
• Surface Fat
• Protects during cooking
• Flavor
• The “Beefy” flavor is fat soluble
Fat is not all bad!

9. Meats: Inspections and
Grading
 Authorized by Agricultural Marketing Act
 The Wholesome Meat Act
 All meat must be inspected
 Grading is voluntary
 Quality
 Yield
The Seal of Approval?
 The Circular Inspection Stamp
 Wholesome and Fit for Human
Consumption
 The Shield shaped Grading stamp
 A Quality Designation
 Clearly specified
 Meat is from healthy animals and slaughtered
under sanitary conditions
 Free from contamination and safe to eat at the
time of inspection

10. Meat today
Today the consumer is looking for meat that:
• can be used in different ways;
• is convenient to prepare;
• simple to store;
• easy to cook;
• is low in fat.

11. •Cubes of meat – sold cut into cubes, ready for
making stews, kebabs and casseroles.
• Lean minced meat – meat is trimmed of fat
and minced.
• Thin strips – meat is pre-cut into strips, suitable for
for quick cooking methods, e.g. stir-frying.
TYPES AND CUTS OF MEAT

12. •Boneless cuts (beef, pork and lamb) – economical
and suitable for quick and easy methods of cooking, e.g.
grilling.
• Boned and rolled joints of meat –
smaller joints to reduce cooking time and making it easier
to carve.
• Lean and extra lean cuts – trimmed cuts
of meat which are lower in fat.

13. Beef meat cuts

14. Lamb meat cuts

15. Pork meat cuts

16. Principles of Meat Cookery
1. Use High Heat to Develop Flavor
Browning creates a tremendous amount of
flavor and is a key step when cooking meat.

17. 3. Match the Cut to the Cooking Method
Tough cuts, which generally come from the heavily exercised parts of the animal, such as the shoulder or
rump, respond best to slow-cooking methods, such as pot roasting, stewing, or barbecuing. The primary
goal of slow cooking is to melt collagen in the connective tissue, thereby transforming a tough piece of
meat into a tender one.
2. Use Low Heat to Preserve Moisture
For large cuts of meat or poultry, we often advocate a low-and-slow cooking method. We find that
this approach allows the center to come up to the desired internal temperature with less risk of
overcooking the outer layers.

18. 4. Don't Forget about Carryover Cooking
Since the temperature of meat will continue to rise as it rests, an effect called carryover
cooking, meat should be removed from the oven, grill, or pan when it's 5 to 10 degrees below
the desired serving temperature.
5. Rest Your Meat
The purpose of resting meat is to allow the juices, which are driven to the center during
cooking, to redistribute themselves throughout the meat. As a result, meat that has rested
will shed much less juice than meat sliced straight after cooking.

19. Cooking techniques
Barbequing
Cooking food (normally in an outdoor environment) on a pre-heated trivet or grill, over wood or charcoal
embers or gas flame.

20. Frying
Shallow: cooking food, in a small amount of fat, in a shallow pan.
Stir: quickly cooking food, with or without fat, over a high heat.
Deep: cooking food in a large amount of pre-heated fat

21. Grilling
Quickly cooking or browning food under the radiant heat of an electric element or a gas flame. This is only
appropriate for tender cuts of meat, no more than 5cm thick.

22. Roasting
Cooking food using dry, high temperatures in an oven. The dry heat caramelises the surface of the meat.

23. Casseroling/Braising/ Stewing
Slowly cooking tougher cuts of meat, in plenty of liquid with a tight fitting lid. Braised meat sits on a thick
bed of vegetables with strong stock. The cut of meat used is normally cubed, diced or steaks.

24. Thank you
& God bless