Measurement and estimation of different environmental variables
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Various instruments were used to measure environmental variables including a thermometer in a Stevenson screen, thermocouples connected to a data logger, a rain gauge, a rotating cup anemometer, a Kestrel 2500 hand-held weather meter, a sonic anemometer, a hygrometer, lux and light meters, and a Penman-Monteith equation requiring daily temperature, wind speed, humidity and solar radiation inputs to predict evapotranspiration. Additional instruments included a pyranometer, Campbell-Stoke Sunshine recorder, and Accupar to measure factors like solar radiation, sunshine, and photosynthetically active radiation.
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water resources engineering
This document discusses various concepts related to water resource engineering. It covers topics like precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation and evapotranspiration. It describes different methods to measure these parameters, like using infiltration tests, pan evaporation, empirical equations and water or energy budget methods. Factors affecting each process are also listed. Various formulas to calculate runoff, evaporation and infiltration rate are presented.
PAPER: DETERMINATION OF THE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN “HYD...
PAPER;
DETERMINATION OF THE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN “HYDROGRAPHIC UNIT 02229" THROUGH THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS;
Ingeniería Civil;
Civil engineering;
Ingeniería Ambiental;
Ambiental Engineering;
Ingeniería De Puentes;
Bridge Engineering;
S.I.G.;
Jaime Navía Téllez;
JNT;
J.N.T.;
ABSTRACT
Evapotranspiration is defined as the loss of moisture from a surface by direct evaporation together with the loss of water by transpiration from vegetation. It is expressed in millimeters per unit of time.
Evapotranspiration monitoring has important implications for global and regional climate and hydrological cycle modelling, as well as for advising on environmental stress affecting agricultural and forest ecosystems. Remote sensing and GIS are currently the only technologies capable of providing the necessary measurements for the global and economically feasible calculation of evapotranspiration.
The information of energy or radiance emitted and reflected by the earth's surface provided by satellites such as Landsat, with a pixel of 30 meters of spatial resolution, has been one of the most used (Chuvieco 2002). The Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) 5 and Landsat 7 ETM + satellites have images that cover all the regions in different seasons of the year, with a frequency or temporal resolution of 16 days.
This paper presents a methodology based on the method proposed by Seguin and Itier (1989) and Vidal and Perrier (1992) for the determination of real evapotranspiration (ETR) at a regional scale, of the basin "hydrographic unit 02229" located in the city of Oruro, through the use of a time series of four images from the Landsat-8 ETM LC08_L1TP_RT satellite and an ALOS PALSAR image and the Geographic Information Systems. The result of this analysis consists of a set of ETd GIS layers that have 30 meters of spatial resolution (total area of 1788 km2) with almost monthly temporal resolution. The methodology proposed by Seguin and Itier (1989) and Vidal and Perrier (1992) has been used, which requires three main variables to calculate the ETd: the temperature of the earth's surface, the air temperature and the net radiation. The temperature of the earth's surface has been obtained by correcting the emissivity of the Landsat-8 ETM thermal band. Air temperature has been calculated by multiple regression analysis and spatial interpolation of meteorological ground stations in the satellite path (Ninyerola et al., 2000). The net radiation has been calculated by means of the radius balance. These preliminary results are very interesting due to the difficulty in obtaining ETd data from forests and crops and the high spatial and temporal resolution used.
Keywords: Evapotranspiration, Net Radiation, Remote Sensing, Landsat.
meteorological instruments
This document lists and describes various meteorological instruments used to measure different weather phenomena. It discusses instruments that measure temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, precipitation, humidity, solar radiation, cloud height and more. The instruments are used by meteorologists to collect weather data and make observations about current and changing weather conditions.
History of meteorology
Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and weather forecasting. Early weather observation relied on observing the sky, but instruments like the barometer, hygrometer, and thermometer allowed accurate measurement of atmospheric variables. In 1765 daily measurements began in France, allowing reasonable short-term forecasts. Modern meteorology began after a 1854 storm disaster prompted establishment of a storm warning service in France. A variety of instruments are now used to observe and measure various atmospheric phenomena and conditions.
Evapotranspiración material básico
This document provides information about evapotranspiration including definitions and processes. It defines evaporation as water moving from liquid to vapor from surfaces like soil, vegetation, and bodies of water. Transpiration is described as the process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through metabolism. Evapotranspiration is defined as the combined process of evaporation and transpiration. The document also summarizes several common methods for calculating reference evapotranspiration such as the Thornthwaite, Turc, and Hargreaves models which utilize temperature and other climatic data.
engineering-hydrology-ppt.pdf
The document discusses key concepts in engineering hydrology including:
1. The hydrologic cycle and its components like precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, and runoff.
2. Techniques for measuring and analyzing rainfall data like different types of rain gauges and methods to estimate average rainfall and missing data.
3. Methods to calculate runoff including classifying runoff by its source and defining concepts like surface runoff and overland flow.
irrigated land
This document lists and describes various meteorological instruments used to measure different weather phenomena. It discusses instruments that measure temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, humidity, rainfall, sunlight, and other meteorological variables. The instruments are used to collect weather data that can be analyzed to study weather patterns and climate conditions.
WRM Lesson 3 - Hydrological Processes.pdf
This document discusses hydrologic processes and the hydrologic cycle. It begins with definitions of hydrology and explains that hydrology studies the occurrence and movement of water on Earth. It then describes the hydrologic cycle, in which water is circulated between the atmosphere, land, and oceans through various processes. The document provides details on precipitation formation mechanisms, precipitation measurement techniques, and concepts like hydrologic abstractions. It aims to explain the basic framework of hydrology and hydrologic cycle.
Ch3 hydrological losses
The document discusses hydrological losses and factors affecting evaporation. It defines different types of hydrological losses including interception, depression storage, evaporation, transpiration, and infiltration. It then discusses various meteorological parameters that influence the evaporation process such as temperature, humidity, wind, radiation, and atmospheric pressure. Temperature affects evaporation rate but not always proportionally. Humidity and vapor pressure influence the vapor pressure deficit which governs evaporation rate. Wind helps carry away moisture and accelerates evaporation up to a critical speed. The nature of the evaporating surface like soil moisture levels also impacts evaporation rate.
Poster for BIOS
This study analyzed 314 unique rain events in Bermuda to better understand the temperature and amount effects on water stable isotope variability. Meteorological data and precipitation samples were collected from three sites on the island. Preliminary results found dips in water vapor isotope values corresponded to rainfall events, and the minimum vapor value positively correlated with the isotope value of the accompanying precipitation sample. Rainfall associated with air mass changes exhibited dips in vapor isotopes that did not rebound after the event, allowing characterization of the new air mass. Further research is needed to examine the role of evaporation and upper atmosphere characteristics on isotope values during rain.
Estimation of Evapotranspiration.pdf
Estimation of evapotranspiration is important for improving water productivity. Evapotranspiration is the combination of evaporation from soil and transpiration from plants. Potential evapotranspiration is the maximum amount of water that can evaporate under optimal conditions, while actual evapotranspiration is lower due to environmental constraints. Lysimeters and models like Penman-Monteith can be used to measure and estimate evapotranspiration. Mulching and antitranspirants can help reduce evapotranspiration and improve water use efficiency of crops.
Approaches for crop et estimation at field scale
This document discusses various approaches for estimating crop evapotranspiration (ET) at the field scale. It describes different methods for measuring and estimating reference ET such as lysimeters, soil water balance, and energy balance methods. It also discusses the FAO Penman-Monteith method as well as analytical models like Hargreaves and radiation methods. Case studies applying these methods in India found that Hargreaves performed best in semi-arid conditions while Penman-Monteith was most accurate in sub-humid regions. The document concludes that direct ET measurement is limited while weather-based estimates using standardized methods like Penman-Monteith are commonly used.
Introduction to Engineering Hydrology
Topics:
1. Hydrology & Hydrology Cycle
2. Rainfall Measurement
3. Analysis of Rainfall Records
4. Runoff Calculations
5. Abstraction from rainfall
6. Evaporation
7. Evapotranspiration
8. Infiltration
Measurement of meteorological variables
Meteorological observations are made for a variety of reasons. They are used for the real-time preparation of weather charts and maps, for weather forecasts and severe weather warnings, for the study of climate, and for local weather-dependent operations. This module highlights all related details.
Babelene@powerpoint
Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and weather forecasting. It has developed significantly since the 18th century with the establishment of observation networks across many countries. Further breakthroughs in weather forecasting occurred in the late 20th century with the development of computers. Meteorology studies observable weather events and phenomena through measurements of atmospheric variables like temperature, pressure, and water vapor at different spatial scales from local to global. It is closely related to other atmospheric sciences and has applications across diverse fields.
Babelene
Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and weather forecasting. It has developed significantly since the 18th century with the establishment of observation networks across many countries. Further breakthroughs in weather forecasting occurred in the late 20th century with the development of computers. Meteorology studies observable weather events and phenomena through measurements of atmospheric variables like temperature, pressure, and water vapor at different spatial scales from local to global. It is closely related to other atmospheric sciences and has applications across diverse fields.
Similar to Measurement and estimation of different environmental variables (20)
EVAPORATION (LIQUID CONVERSION INTO VAPOUR PRESSURE)
EVAPORATION (LIQUID CONVERSION INTO VAPOUR PRESSURE)
EVAPORATION (LIQUID CONVERSION INTO VAPOUR PRESSURE)
EVAPORATION (LIQUID CONVERSION INTO VAPOUR PRESSURE)
Lecture Three on evaporation and evapotranspiration
Lecture Three on evaporation and evapotranspiration
PAPER: DETERMINATION OF THE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN “HYD...
PAPER: DETERMINATION OF THE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN “HYD...
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Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
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How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
How about Huawei mobile phone-www.cfye-commerce.shop
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Measurement and estimation of different environmental variables
- 1. Measurement and estimation of different environmental variables
- 2. Thermometer placed in Stevenson screen
- 3. Thermocouples connected with data logger
- 4. Rain gauge
- 5. Rotating cup anemometer Kestrel 2500 hand-held weather meter
- 6. Sonic anemometer (for horizontal and vertical wind speed)
- 7. Hygrometer
- 9. A measure of the ability of the atmosphere to remove water from the surface through the processes of evaporation and transpiration assuming no control on water supply.
- 11. Penman–Monteith equation (after Howard Penman and John Monteith) Predicts net evapotranspiration (ET), requiring as input daily mean temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and solar radiation
- 12. A number representing net effect of evaporation, transpiration, and precipitation in producing cumulative moisture depletion in deep duff or upper soil layers.
- 13. Pyranometer
- 14. Pyranometer
- 16. Accupar