Hydrology means science of water.
It is the science that deals with the occurance, circulation and distribution of water on the earth.
Hydrology is a broad subject of an inter-disciplinary nature drawing support from allied sciences.
Hydrology means science of water.
It is the science that deals with the occurance, circulation and distribution of water on the earth.
Hydrology is a broad subject of an inter-disciplinary nature drawing support from allied sciences.
Hydrological cycle- Meteorological measurements – Requirements, types and forms of Precipitation-Rain Gauges-Spatial analysis of rainfall data using Thiessen and Isohyetal methods Infiltration-Infiltration Index-Interception-Evaporation, Watershed, catchment and basin - Catchment characteristics - factors affecting runoff – Runoff estimation using empirical
1. Ground Water Occurrence
2. Types of Aquifers
3. Aquifer Parameters
4. Darcy’s Law
5. Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil
6. Types of Wells
7. Well Construction
8. Well Development
1. Distribution of Runoff
2. Hydrograph Analysis
a) Hydrograph & Unit Hydrograph
b) S - Hydrograph & Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
3. Computation of Design Discharge
a) Rational Formulae
b) SCS Curve Number Method
4. Flood Frequency Analysis
5. Flood Routing
Hydrological cycle- Meteorological measurements – Requirements, types and forms of Precipitation-Rain Gauges-Spatial analysis of rainfall data using Thiessen and Isohyetal methods Infiltration-Infiltration Index-Interception-Evaporation, Watershed, catchment and basin - Catchment characteristics - factors affecting runoff – Runoff estimation using empirical
1. Ground Water Occurrence
2. Types of Aquifers
3. Aquifer Parameters
4. Darcy’s Law
5. Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil
6. Types of Wells
7. Well Construction
8. Well Development
1. Distribution of Runoff
2. Hydrograph Analysis
a) Hydrograph & Unit Hydrograph
b) S - Hydrograph & Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
3. Computation of Design Discharge
a) Rational Formulae
b) SCS Curve Number Method
4. Flood Frequency Analysis
5. Flood Routing
My presentation on the importance of practical work and how to get started. This was done for a career awareness program at B M S College of Engineering.
Presentation on Aerosols, cloud properties Esayas Meresa
This slide was prepared for the course Applications of GIS and RS for water resources in Mekelle University, Institute of Geo-information and earth observation Science(I-GEOS) by Mr. Esayas Meresa.
The following file contains contents regarding Evaporation. Different methods to measure evaporations.
Primarily three methods are mentioned to measure Evaporation, that is Empirical Methods, Analytical Methods, and By using Evaporimeter or Pan.
Evaporation is a process by which water changed from the liquid or solid state into the gaseous state through the absorption of heat
It is always related to the loss of water from a free surface over a fixed time interval. Either direct observation or calculation based on the factors involved in the transfer of thermal energy.
One of the fundamental component of hydrological cycle
Essential requirements in the process are
The source of energy to vaporize the liquid water (solar or wind)
The presence of gradient of concentration between the evaporating surface and the surrounding air.
Introduction to Hydrology, Stream GaugingAmol Inamdar
Introduction to Hydrology, Types of Rain gauges, Factors affecting evaporation and infiltration, Stream gauging, Mass curve, Hyetograph, DAD Curve, Horton's Method, Infiltrometers, fi-index, W-index, Methods of measurement of Discharge of Stream, Area-Velocity Method, Moving Boat Method, Salt concentration method, ADCP, Current meter, River staging
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. WATER RESOURES ENGINEERING -I
Presented By
Srikanth Samudrala
Department of CIVIL ENGINEERING
KAMALA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCINCE, SINGAPUR
2. Precipitation – Surface runoff= Total loss
Run off
Total loss= Interception + Transpiration
+Infiltration +Depression storage
+Watershed leakage + Evaporation
3. Run off measured by
Centimeters of water over a catchment
Total water in cubic meter
Run off classified into three types
i. Surface runoff
ii. Sub-surface runoff
iii. Base flow
4.
5. 1. Precipitation characteristics
2. Shape and size of the catchment
3. Topography
4. Geological characteristics
5. Meteorological characteristics
6. Character of the catchment surface
7. Storage characteristics
6. 1) By linear or exponential regression
2) By empirical equation and tables
3) By infiltration method
4) By unit hydrograph
5) By rational method
7. a. Straight line regression between P and R
R=aP+b
a & b are the constants representing abstractions.
𝑎 =
𝑁 𝞢𝑃. 𝑅 − (𝞢𝑃)(𝞢𝑅)
𝑁 𝞢𝑃2 − (𝞢𝑃)2
b=
𝞢𝑅−𝑎𝞢𝑃
𝞢𝑁
b. Exponential regression between P and R
R=β𝑃 𝑚
β and m are the constants
log 𝑒 𝑅 = mlog 𝑒 𝑃 + log 𝑒 β
10. Evaporation is defined as the process of a
liquid changing into a gas
11.
12. 1. Nature of evaporating surface
2. Area of water surface
3. Depth of water in water body
4. Humidity
5. Wind velocity
6. Temperature of air
7. Atmospheric pressure
8. Quality of water
13.
14. 1. Measurements using evaporation pans
2. Use of empirical equations
3. Water budget method
4. Energy budget method
15. E = u ( es-ea )
E= Evaporation loss (mm/day)
u: function of wind speed,
u=a+vb
a, b are constants
ea : current vapor pressure of the air above
es : saturation vapor pressure at the water surface
temperature
17. Pan evaporation is a measurement that combines or
integrates the effects of several climate elements:
temperature, humidity, rain fall, drought dispersion, solar
radiation, and wind
18. ISI Standard Pan
◦ Specified by IS:5973 and known as the modified
Class A Pan
◦ A pan of diameter 1220mm and depth 255mm
◦ The pan is made of copper sheet 0.9mm thick,
tinned inside and painted white outside
◦ The pan is placed on a square wooden platform of
width 1225mm and height 100mm above ground
level to allow free air circulation below the pan
◦ A fixed point gauge indicates the level of water
22. A square pan of 900mm sides and 450mm
deep
Supported by drum floats in the middle of a
raft of size 4.25m x 4.87m, it is set afloat in
a lake with a view to simulate the
characteristics of a large body of water
Water level in the pan is maintained at the
same level as that in the lake, leaving a rim of
75mm
23.
24. Lake evaporation =pan coefficient*pan
evaporation
◦ pan coefficient =
Lake evaporation
pan evaporation
Sl. No. Types of Pan Average Value Range
1 Class A Land Pan 0.70 0.60 – 0.80
2 ISI Pan (Modified Class A) 0.80 0.65 – 1.10
3 Colorado Sunken Pan 0.78 0.75 – 0.86
4 USGS Floating Pan 0.80 0.70 – 0.82
25. WMO recommends the following values of
minimum density of evaporimeters
◦ Arid Zones – 1 station for every 30,000 sq.km
◦ Humid Temperate Zones – 1 station for every
50,000 sq.km
◦ Cold regions – 1 station for every 1,00,000 sq.km
30. Hn = Ha + He + Hg + Hs + Hi
Where, Hn = net heat energy received by the water surface
= Hc (1- r) - Hb
Hc (1 – r) = incoming solar radiation into a surface of reflection coefficient
(albedo) r
Hb = back radiation (long wave) from water body
Ha = sensible heat transfer from water surface to air
He = heat energy used up in evaporation = ρ L E
where ρ = density of water
L = latent heat of evaporation and
E = evaporation in mm
Hg = heat flux into the ground
Hs = heat stored in water body
Hi = net heat conducted out of the system by water flow (advected energy)
31. The sensible heat term Ha can be estimated
by using Bowen’s ratio by the following
expression
32.
33. The process by which water vapour escapes
from the living plant , principally through the
leaves and enters the atmosphere
Air enters and water exit through Stomata
34. a) Temperature;
b) Solar Radiation;
c) Wind;
d) Soil Moisture;
e) Plant type
35. Use of empirical equations
WBM
EBM
By field experiments
Potometer
Lysimeter
36. combination of evaporation and transpiration =
consumptive use = Evapotranspiration (ET)
The process by which water is evaporated from
wet surface and transpired from plants, i.e.
sum of evaporation and transpiration.
Potential Evapotranspiration (PET)
The evapotranspiration (ET) that would occur if
there was an adequate soil-moisture supply at
all time.
Evapotranspiration
45. The downward movement of water from soil surface, into
the soil mass through the pores of the soil.
46. 1. Condition of entry surface
2. Permeable characteristics of soil
3. Moisture conditions in soil
4. Temperature
5. Intensity and duration of rainfall
6. Movement of man and animals
7. Human activities
8. Quality of water
9. Presence of ground water table
10. Size and characteristics of soil particles
11. Catchment parameters