This document discusses various tillage systems and implements used in agriculture. It describes seasonal, off-seasonal and special purpose tillage operations. For seasonal tillage, it explains preparatory tillage including primary and secondary tillage. Primary tillage implements discussed are the mouldboard plough, disc plough, chisel plough and subsoiler. Secondary tillage implements mentioned are harrows, cultivators and rollers. The document also provides details on traditional desi and mesion ploughs as well as modern tractor-drawn implements used for different tillage purposes.

1. 4/25/20141

2. Speaker:
Engr. Muhammad Nazim
Assistant Agriculture Officer(Internship)
Department Of Agriculture Extension, Rahim Yar Khan
Agriculture Farm Implements
THE UNIVERSITY OF POONCH RAWALAKOT
4/25/20142
Dr.Muqarrab Ali(PhD, Agronomy)
Australia
Deputy District Officer Rahim Yar
Khan

3. TILLAGE SYSTEMS AND IMPLEMENTS
Tillage: refer to the field
operation needed to
improve the Physical
conditions of the soil for
satisfactory plant growth.
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4. TILLAGE SYSTEMS
The various tillage operations mey be
categorized:
1.Seasonal
2.Off-Seasonal
3.Special
purpose 4/25/20144

5. 1.Seasonal Tillage:
Tillage operations performed for raising the
seasonal(Rabi/Kharif) crops are called
seasonal tillages.
They may be
I. Preparatory Tillage
II. Inter-tillage
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6. Preparatory Tillage:
It refer to tillage operation required
for the preparation of good seed-
bed for a normal crop stand.
Two types of preparatory tillage
operations
are:
I. Primary Tillage
II. Secondary
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7. Primary Tillage:
It is usully the intial major soil working(Ploughs)
operational break and pulverize the soil after the harvest of
the previous crop. The purpose is loosening of the soil and
burial of weeds. Stubble and remains of the previous crops.
The Depth of ploughing mey range from 10-30cm.
The traditional bullocks ploughs (Desi and Mesion ploughs)
have been used for Primary tillage since long. the new
tractor-drwn primery tillage implements have been designed
for specific operations.These are :Mould board Plough,Disc
Plough, Chisel plough, Sub Soiler and Rotavator.
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8. Secondary Tillage:
It refers to field operations after Ploughing (Primary
Tillage) to prepare the seed-bed for planting. In this
operation soil is not inverted but instead stirred and
conditioned by breaking clouds and crusts, uprooting and
removing weeds, stubbles and rootstocks.
The conventional local secondary tillage implement is
called “SOHAGA” used for land leveling after the final
ploughing. Its new improved version is knownas land
planner. Some other common secondary tillage
implements are ;Disc Harrow, Cultivator(Also called
tiller) and Roller or Surface Bcker.
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9. 2.Inter-Tillage:
It refers to tillage operations after Seeding and
before harvesting of the crop. This is also known
as inter-cultivation.
Hoeing: is the removal of Weeds by hands tools
Harrowing: is the use of harrows
Earthing Up: refers to the practice of covering the
plants with soil in order to facilitate their firm
establishment in the field.
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10. OFF-SEASNAL TILLAGE:
Tillage operations required for soil conditioning, but
not for immediate seeding of crop are said to be Off-S
easnal tillages. These are done in the off season period
for leveling the soil,for leaching to remove salts, and
for reducing the population of harmful flora and fauna
in the soil. Off-Seasonal tillages mey be Post Harvest,
Summer,Winter and fallow tillage.
a) Post-harvest Tillage
b) Summer Tillage
c) Winter Tillage
d) Fallow Tillage
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11. Special Tillage Purpose:
Tillage operations done for specific Purposes are said to be
special purpose tillages.
They mey be:
 Sub-soiling
 Leveling
 Blind tillage
Clean Tillage
Mulch Tillage,
Contour Tillage,
Wet Tillage
Minimum Tillage Systems. 4/25/201411

12. TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS / MACHINERY
A Wide variety of tillage implements and machinery are used
for various tillage operation. These include both the traditional
bullocks ploughs (Desi and Mesion ploughs) and the tractor-
drawn modern machinery.
I. DESI HAL / WOODEN PLOUGH:
It is made of wood with an iron share to cut the soil surface. It
can not penetrate deep in the dry, hard soil, particularly in
summer. So it is used when the soil is in workable(water)
condition. A drill tube (Pora) can be attached to its wooden
handle for drilling and seeding.
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14. 2.MESION PLOUGH:
It is consist of a long wooden beam and an iron
body with a shear having moldboard on its leftside.
It can be used for both primary and secondary
tillage operation, particularly on light soil found in
many parts of country.
Mesion plough is better than ordinary “Desi hal”
because it cuts a rectangular furrow and leaves no
uncut land between contiguous furrows.
 Both “Desi” and “Mesion” are used by small
farmers for cultivation drilling and covering the
seed.
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15. 3.MOULDBOARD PLOUGH:
It is the most popular and frequently.
Used primary tillage implement in modern farming.
It is designed to cut a narrow strip of soil( furrow slice)
The soil upto a depth of 20 to 30 cm.
It usually consists of a Main frame, Plough, Bottoms,
coulters, Axiles and wheels.
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16. 4.DIDC PLOUGH:
It is a heavy duty plough used for hard soil,
particularly in tropical counties.
Heavy steel concave disc of about 60-70cm
diameter
Rotate and cut the soil to make the furrow slice
The number of disc may varies from 3to 6.
Disc plough is different than Moldboard plough.
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17. Disc plough

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19. 5.CHISEL PLOUGH:
Popular primary tillage implement in row crop farming
areas.
Multi-tines heavy duty field cultivators
Operate at soil depth ranging from 15 to 46 cm.
Tines are upto 60cm length bolted to strong steel frame.
Implements with only 9 tines, working width of about 3m
Break plough pan or hard pan.
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21. Chisel plough

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23. 6.SUB-SOILER:
Used to break the compact deep layer of the soil.
One and more tines, depth of 50cm or more.
Like chisel plough
Sub-soiler shaters the soil
Does not invert, pulverize and bring it to the surface
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25. 7.ROTAVATOR / ROTARY PLOUGH:
Primary and secondary tillage operation
A set of L-shaped tines
Rotate round a horizontal shaft, set at right angles to
the direction of travel
Shaft is driven from the PTO(power take off) the
tractor
Directly mounted to the tree-point linkage of the
tractor.
It is useful for hard,sticky,clay soil
Preparation of fine seed-bed
Rice, Wheat and Vegetables growing areas
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26. Proper land preparation
Rotavator

27. 8.HARROWS:
Harrow are secondary tillage implement
 level the soil, break up clods and destroy weeds
Different types of harrows used in different Agro-Climatic
Zone
a. Disc Harrows
b. Spike-Tooth Harrow
c. Spring-Tined Harrow
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28. a. Disc Harrows:
 Concave disc blades
 Share dgess
 Disc blades with a diameter of 40 to 60cm
b. Spike-Tooth Harrow:
 25-35 teeth(Spikes) arranged in 5 rows.
 Depth 5 cm
 Leveling the soil
c. Spring-Tined Harrow:
 Field cultivator is just like spring-tined harrow
 Used for Inter-culturing &Fertilizer mixing
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29. Disc ratooner

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31. Ridger

32. Ridger with fertilize bow

33. Inter-row cultivator

34. Disc plough

35. Disc ratooner

36. Disc harrow

37. Disc plough

38. Chisel plough

39. Sub soiler

40. Ridger with fertilize bow

41. Ridger

42. Inter-row cultivator

43. Disc ratooner

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