MCQs on DNA Fingerprinting.pdf
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DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify and analyze the variations in various individuals at the level of DNA. DNA fingerprinting involves identifying differences in some specific regions in DNA sequence called as repetitive DNA because, in these sequences, a small stretch of DNA is repeated many times.
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Dna the thread of life watson crick model characteristics 2
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Biotechnology.docx
Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products. Brewing and baking bread are examples of processes that fall within the concept of biotechnology (use of yeast (= living organism) to produce the desired product).
DNA Sequencing.pdf
DNA consists of a linear string of nucleotides, or bases, for simplicity, referred to by the first letters of their chemical names--A, T, C and G. The process of deducing the order of nucleotides in DNA is called DNA sequencing. Since the DNA sequence confers information that the cell uses to make RNA molecules and proteins, establishing the sequence of DNA is key for understanding how genomes work. The technology for DNA sequencing was made faster and less expensive as a part of the Human Genome Project. And recent developments have profoundly increased the efficiency of DNA sequencing even further.
-DNA Sequencing Notes.pdf
DNA sequencing refers to the general laboratory technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule. The sequence of the bases (often referred to by the first letters of their chemical names: A, T, C, and G) encodes the biological information that cells use to develop and operate. Establishing the sequence of DNA is key to understanding the function of genes and other parts of the genome. There are now several different methods available for DNA sequencing, each with its own characteristics, and the development of additional methods represents an active area of genomics research.
DNA Microarray notes.pdf
The DNA microarray is a tool used to determine whether the DNA from a particular individual contains a mutation in genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2. The chip consists of a small glass plate encased in plastic. Some companies manufacture microarrays using methods similar to those used to make computer microchips.
What is Biotechnology.pdf
The three important techniques of biotechnology are: (1) Recombinant DNA Technology (Genetic Engineering) (2) Plant Tissue Culture and (3) Transgenic (Genetically Modified Organisms).
Western Blotting.pdf
Western blotting is a technique used to detect specific proteins in a tissue sample. It involves three main steps - separating proteins by size through gel electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, and detecting the target protein using primary and secondary antibodies. The target protein band can then be visualized, allowing identification and quantification of proteins in a complex mixture. Western blotting is commonly used to identify proteins, estimate their size and amount, and diagnose conditions by detecting antibodies against specific antigens.
Southern, Western & Northern Bloting.pdf
Southern, northern, and western blot protocols are similar, and begin with electrophoretic separation of protein and nucleic acid fragments on a gel, which are then transferred to a membrane (nitrocellulose membrane, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane, etc.) where they are immobilized.
Southern Blotting.pdf
Southern blotting is a hybridization technique for identification of particular size of DNA from the mixture of other similar molecules. This technique is based on the principle of separation of DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis and identified by labelled probe hybridization.
animal Tissue culture.pdf
Animal Tissue Culture
The foundation of animal cell and tissue culture was laid by Jolly (1903) when he showed that animal cells could not only survive but could divide in culture medium. The actual beginning of animal cell culture and tissue culture was made by Harrison (1907) and later by Carrel (1912) who used frog’s tissue in tissue culture. They successfully showed that animal cells can be grown indefinitely in culture medium just like microorganisms. Later tissues from warm blooded animals like chick and mammals were used as material for tissue culture purpose.
Animal Cell Culture.pdf
The document provides a history of the development of animal cell culture from the late 19th century to the late 20th century. It describes key developments like the use of antibiotics to prevent contamination, techniques for subculture of adherent cells using trypsin, and the development of standardized culture media. The requirements for an animal cell culture laboratory are outlined, including sterile work areas, incubation facilities, microscopes, tissue culture supplies, and various equipment. The types of culture media, including natural and synthetic options, are also summarized.
Biotecnology.pdf
Plasmids were the first vectors used in gene cloning. They are natural, self-replicating DNA molecules found in bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea with high copy numbers and antibiotic resistance genes. Examples include pBR322 and pUC18. Bacteriophages like lambda and M13 are more efficient for cloning large DNA inserts, as they can package up to 53kb of DNA. Phagemids are artificial vectors that combine features of plasmids and M13 phage, allowing blue-white screening. Bacterial artificial chromosomes are similar to E.coli plasmid vectors but derived from F' plasmids, allowing accommodation of large DNA sequences without risk.
Notes on ART.pdf
Assisted reproductive technology treats infertility and the treatment involves both a man's sperm and a woman's egg. The procedure begins by extracting eggs from a woman's body and then fusing it with the sperm to generate embryos. This embryo is then transferred back into the woman's body.
MCQs on Biotechnology.pdf
Biotechnology is defined as the broad area of biology which uses both the technology and the application of living organisms and their components to develop, modify and produce useful products for human welfare. The term ‘Biotechnology’ was coined in the year 1919 by an agricultural engineer Karoly Ereky, hence he is called as the father of Biotechnology.
Principles of Biotechnology
According to modern Biotechnology, the main principles of Biotechnology are:
Genetic engineering, which is used to modify the DNA of the target organism, thereby changing the phenotype of the organism.
Bioprocess engineering, which is the maintenance of sterile conditions to support the growth of large quantities of desired microbes and other eukaryotic cells which are used for the production of new or modified biotechnological products such as antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, etc.
The techniques of genetic engineering mainly include:
DNA fragment is isolated from the donor organism.
It is inserted into the vector DNA.
It is transferred into an appropriate host.
Cloning of the recombinant DNA in the host organism.
-DNA Sequencing Notes.pdf
DNA sequencing is a laboratory technique used to determine the exact sequence of bases (A, C, G, and T) in a DNA molecule. The DNA base sequence carries the information a cell needs to assemble protein and RNA molecules. DNA sequence information is important to scientists investigating the functions of genes.
In medicine, DNA sequencing is used for a range of purposes, including diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In general, sequencing allows health care practitioners to determine if a gene or the region that regulates a gene contains changes, called variants or mutations, that are linked to a disorder.
DNA Microarray notes.pdf
The DNA microarray is a tool used to determine whether the DNA from a particular individual contains a mutation in genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2. The chip consists of a small glass plate encased in plastic. Some companies manufacture microarrays using methods similar to those used to make computer microchips.
A DNA microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome. Each DNA spot contains picomoles of a specific DNA sequence, known as probes.
This chapter provides an overview of DNA microarrays. Microarrays are a technology in which 1000’s of nucleic acids are bound to a surface and are used to measure the relative concentration of nucleic acid sequences in a mixture via hybridization and subsequent detection of the hybridization events. We first cover the history of microarrays and the antecedent technologies that led to their development. We then discuss the methods of manufacture of microarrays and the most common biological applications. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of the limitations of microarrays and discusses how microarrays are being rapidly replaced by DNA sequencing technologies.
linkage.pptx
Boyd 2014 [16] Record linkage is the process of bringing together data relating to the same individual from within and between different datasets. When a unique person-based identifier exists, linkage can be achieved by simply merging datasets on the identifier.
Linkage is the close association of genes or other DNA sequences on the same chromosome. The closer two genes are to each other on the chromosome, the greater the probability that they will be inherited together.
The two different types of linkage are:
Complete linkage.
Incomplete linkage.
“Linkage and recombination are the phenomena that describe the inheritance of genes.”
EPISTASIS.pptx
Epistasis is a phenomenon in genetics in which the effect of a gene mutation is dependent on the presence or absence of mutations in one or more other genes, respectively termed modifier genes. In other words, the effect of the mutation is dependent on the genetic background in which it appears.
An example of epistasis is the interaction between hair colour and baldness. A gene for total baldness would be epistatic to one for blond hair or red hair. The hair-colour genes are hypostatic to the baldness gene. The baldness phenotype supersedes genes for hair colour, and so the effects are non-additive.
Various types of epistatic gene interaction are 1) Recessive epitasis (9:3:4) 2) Dominant epistasis (12:3:1) 3) Dominant and recessive (inhibitory) epistasis (13:3) 4) Duplicate recessive epistasis (9:7) 5) Duplicate dominant epistasis (15:1) and 6) Polymeric gene interaction (9:6:1).
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- 3. 2. False DNA fingerprinting can be done on body secretions. 1. True 2. False 1. DNA fingerprinting recognizes the differences in (a) satellite DNA (b) bulk DNA (c) Repetitive DNA (d) both (a) and (c) Answer: (d) 2. This force can stabilize a DNA double-helix (a) Hydrophilic sugar-phosphate groups are found on the exterior of the helix where interaction with water occurs (b) Hydrophobic bases are present in the interior of the helix, each base-pair is stabilized by the same number of hydrogen bonds (c) covalent base stacking interactions may take place between neighbouring bases within the same strand in the helix (d) non-covalent N-glycosidic bonds may form between nitrogenous bases in opposite strands in the helix Answer: (a) 3. In this type of DNA replication, of the two newly formed molecules, one is purely a new one and the other is an old one (a) dispersive (b) conservative (c) semiconservative (d) both (b) and (c) Answer: (c) 4. The process of DNA replication is affected by an enzyme known as (a) Mutase (b) Ligase (c) Polymerase I (d) Ribonuclease Answer: (c) 5. A DNA molecule in which both strands have radioactive thymidine is permitted to replicate in an environment that contains non-radioactive thymidine. What is the right number of DNA molecules which possess some radioactive thymidine post three duplications? (a) one such molecule (b) two such molecules (c) four such molecules (d) eight such molecules Answer: (b) 6. If the DNA strand has nitrogenous base sequence ATTGCC, the mRNA will have? (a) ATTGCA (b) UGGACC (c) UAACGG (d) ATCGCC Answer: (c) 7. The type of coiling in DNA is (a) Zig-zag (b) Left-handed (c) Opposite (d) Right-handed
- 4. Answer: (d) 8. In DNA, the enzyme which breaks the H2 bonds is (a) Ligase (b) Helicase (c) Topoisomerase (d) Polymerase Answer: (b) 9. The total DNA comprises what amount of cytoplasmic DNA in cells? (a) 95-99% (b) 65-75% (c) 45-50% (d) 1-5% Answer: (d) 10. The bases are held together in a DNA double helix by hydrogen bonds. These bonds are (a) Ionic bonds (b) Covalent bonds (c) Non-covalent bonds (d) Van der Waals forces Answer: (c)