Pilot Plant:-
“Defined as a part of pharmaceutical industry where a lab scale formula is transformed into viable product by the development of liable practical procedure for manufacture”.
Scale-up:-
“The art of designing of prototype using the data obtained from the pilot plant model”
The movement of molecules from one phase to another is called partitioning.
If two immiscible phases are placed adjacent to each other, the solute will distribute itself between two immiscible phases until equilibrium is attained; therefore no further transfer of solute occurs.
Pilot Plant:-
“Defined as a part of pharmaceutical industry where a lab scale formula is transformed into viable product by the development of liable practical procedure for manufacture”.
Scale-up:-
“The art of designing of prototype using the data obtained from the pilot plant model”
The movement of molecules from one phase to another is called partitioning.
If two immiscible phases are placed adjacent to each other, the solute will distribute itself between two immiscible phases until equilibrium is attained; therefore no further transfer of solute occurs.
Download and play it my friends it contain VIDEO
The technique of ion exchange chromatography is based upon the interaction between charged solute molecules and oppositely charged moieties covalently linked to chromatographic matrix.
The reasons for its widespread success is its applicability, high resolving power, high capacity and simplicity of the technique.
Separation in ion exchange chromatography depends upon the reversible adsorption of charged solute molecules to immobilized ion exchange groups of opposite charge. Most experiments are performed by following : Video For Understanding Play It
INSTRUMENTAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS | ASSIGNMENT | PDF | SHIVAM DUBEY B PHARMA | ...MrHotmaster1
INTRUMENTAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS
SHIVAM DUBEY
BPYN1PY18041
MCQ’ ON UNIT 1
1. Which of the following steps takes place after injection of feed in
Column chromatography?
a) Detection of components
b) Separation in column
Video Lecture is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXu_CLgB4q0
Introduction, terminology/definitions and rationale, advantages, disadvantages, selection of drug candidates. Approaches to design-controlled release formulations based on diffusion, dissolution and ion exchange principles. Physicochemical and
biological properties of drugs relevant to controlled release formulations.
In this slide contains principle of IR spectroscopy and sampling techniques.
Presented by: R.Banuteja (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantpur.
Usually, analysis is not considered an easy subject and it can't be understood on its own if you don't have some proper notes and clear concepts so I am here to help you in analysis for clearing few concepts on UV-Visible spectrophotometer, soon will come up with a new set of notes on new topic depending upon the response.
Download and play it my friends it contain VIDEO
The technique of ion exchange chromatography is based upon the interaction between charged solute molecules and oppositely charged moieties covalently linked to chromatographic matrix.
The reasons for its widespread success is its applicability, high resolving power, high capacity and simplicity of the technique.
Separation in ion exchange chromatography depends upon the reversible adsorption of charged solute molecules to immobilized ion exchange groups of opposite charge. Most experiments are performed by following : Video For Understanding Play It
INSTRUMENTAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS | ASSIGNMENT | PDF | SHIVAM DUBEY B PHARMA | ...MrHotmaster1
INTRUMENTAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS
SHIVAM DUBEY
BPYN1PY18041
MCQ’ ON UNIT 1
1. Which of the following steps takes place after injection of feed in
Column chromatography?
a) Detection of components
b) Separation in column
Video Lecture is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXu_CLgB4q0
Introduction, terminology/definitions and rationale, advantages, disadvantages, selection of drug candidates. Approaches to design-controlled release formulations based on diffusion, dissolution and ion exchange principles. Physicochemical and
biological properties of drugs relevant to controlled release formulations.
In this slide contains principle of IR spectroscopy and sampling techniques.
Presented by: R.Banuteja (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantpur.
Usually, analysis is not considered an easy subject and it can't be understood on its own if you don't have some proper notes and clear concepts so I am here to help you in analysis for clearing few concepts on UV-Visible spectrophotometer, soon will come up with a new set of notes on new topic depending upon the response.
PHYSICAL PHARMACY
RHEOLOGY MCQs for GPAT, NIPER & ALL OTHER PARAMEDICAL EXAMS
for more update, you will subscribe to our youtube channel:-https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCI6HAq-shADbF15z2NnVSCg
Instagram:- https://www.instagram.com/pharmacyformulae/
Samples of Competitive Examination Questions: Part XXXXXVII Ali I. Al-Mosawi
كتاب (نماذج أسئلة الإمتحان التنافسي/ إعداد علي إبراهيم الموسوي)
الجزء السابع والخمسون:
ماجستير لغة عربية كلية العلوم الإسلامية جامعة كربلاء ... ماجستير هندسة تقنيات المساحة الكلية التقنية الهندسية/ بغداد ... ماجستير علم نفس قسم العلوم التربوية والنفسية كلية التربية جامعة البصرة ... ماجستير لغة عربية/أدب قسم اللغة العربية كلية التربية جامعة البصرة ... دكتوراه الفقه وإصوله قسم علوم القرآن والتربية الإسلامية كلية التربية للعلوم الإنسانية جامعة تكريت ... ماجستير هندسة كيمياوية كلية الهندسة جامعة تكريت.
BARRIERS TO PATIENT COUSELLING | SHIVAM DUBEY B PHARMA | PDF | PHARMACYMrHotmaster1
PHARMACY PRACTICE
SHIVAM DUBEY
BPYN1PY18041
BARRIERS BARRIERS TO PATIENT COUNSELLING:
• Patient counselling may not take place in community pharmacies due
to various reasons, known as barriers. These barriers are classified as:
• 1. Patient-based barriers.
• 2. Provider-based barriers.
• 3. System-based barriers
ADVERSE DRUG REACTION | PHARMACY PRACTICE | PDF | SHIVAM DUBEY B PHARMA | PHA...MrHotmaster1
PHARMACY PRACTICE
SHIVAM DUBEY
BPYN1PY18041
ADVERSE DRUG REACTION Abstract
We define an adverse drug reaction as "an appreciably harmful or
unpleasant reaction
Assignment on HPLC And TLC | PDF | Pharmacognosy & PhytochemistryMrHotmaster1
What is the thin-layer chromatography?
Thin-layer chromatography is a simple and efficient method used to identify and quantify secondary metabolites in herbal drugs, its extracts and tinctures, as well as to identify the presence of a secondary metabolite of pharmacological interest in a pharmaceutical formulation.
Chromatography procedures
Anti Parkinson Disease | PDF | Pharmacology | Assignment MrHotmaster1
An anti-parkinson is a type of drug which is intended to treat and relieve the symptoms of parkinson’s disease.
Most of these agents act by either increasing dopamine activity or reducing acetylcholine activity in the central nervous system.
In clinical practice, anti-cholinergic drugs, amantadine, and the anti-histamines have their primary use of treatment for medication induced parkinsonism, acute dystonia, and medication induced tremor.
Sedatives & Hypnotics
Sedatives
➢ It is a drug that reduces excitement and calms the person
➢ A drug that reduces excitement, calms the patient (without inducing sleep)
➢ Sedatives in therapeutic doses are anxiolytic agents
➢ Most sedatives in larger doses produce hypnosis (trans like state in which
subject becomes passive and highly suggestible)
Sedatives & Hypnotics
Sedatives
➢ It is a drug that reduces excitement and calms the person
➢ A drug that reduces excitement, calms the patient (without inducing sleep)
➢ Sedatives in therapeutic doses are anxiolytic agents
Shivam Dubey Pharmaceutics Assignment 03: ICH Guidelines On Drug StudiesMrHotmaster1
Sedatives & Hypnotics
Sedatives
➢ It is a drug that reduces excitement and calms the person
➢ A drug that reduces excitement, calms the patient (without inducing sleep)
➢ Sedatives in therapeutic doses are anxiolytic agents
➢ Most sedatives in larger doses produce hypnosis (trans like state in which
subject becomes passive and highly suggestible)
Drug Stabily Assignment - Shivam DubeyMrHotmaster1
ASSIGNMENT 02: DRUG STABILITY
Name: Shivam Dubey
Physical Pharmaceutical – II
Instructor Name: Dr. Shivam Tayal
Date: 20/04/2020
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drug Stability
Drug stability implies the capacity of the pharmaceutical measurements structure to keep up the physical, synthetic, restorative and microbial properties during the time of capacity and utilization by patients.
Assignment 01: Discuss the different ways of particle diameter expression. Also to calculate the equation of particle number for 1 gram of powder sample. A little assignmen on the topic based on micromeritics.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. 2
1. How is molar concentration of solute in stationary phase related to
molar concentration of solute in mobile phase?
a) Directly proportional
b) Inversely proportional
c) Equal
d) Not related
2. If the value of the distribution constant ‘k’ is one, then what could
be inferred about the distribution of solute?
a) Its distribution in stationary phase is greater
b) Its distribution in mobile phase is greater
c) It is equally distributed in stationary and mobile phase
d) It is distributed in a random manner
3. The time taken by the analyte after sample injection to reach the
detector is called _________
a) Dead time
b) Solute migration rate
c) Adjusted retention time
d) Retention time
4. The time required for a molecule of the mobile phase to pass
through the column is called ___________
a) Dead time
b) Solute migration rate
c) Adjusted retention time
3. 3
d) Retention time
5. Adjusted retention time is the remaining retention time after
subtracting __________ from ___________
a) Solute migration rate and retention time
b) Retention time and solute migration rate
c) Dead time and retention time
d) Retention time and dead time
6. Which of the following is the volume of mobile phase required to
make a solute band move from the point of injection through the
column to the detector?
a) Dead volume
b) Retention volume
c) Void volume
d) Adjusted retention volume
7. Adjusted retention volume is the remaining retention volume after
subtracting ___________ from _____________
a) Solute migration rate and retention volume
b) Retention volume and solute migration rate
c) Dead volume and retention volume
d) Retention volume and dead volume
4. 4
8. Which of the following is defined as the ratio of moles of solute in
stationary phase to the moles of solute in mobile phase?
a) Distribution constant
b) Volumetric phase ratio
c) Retention factor
d) Total porosity
9. Which of the following is the ratio of interstitial volume of packing to
the volume of its total mass?
a) Distribution constant
b) Volumetric phase ratio
c) Retention factor
d) Total porosity
10. Which of the following is the ratio of length of column packing to
dead time?
a) Average linear rate of solute migration
b) Average linear rate of mobile migration
c) Relative migration rate
d) Selectivity factor
11. Which of the following is the ratio of length of column packing to
retention time?
a) Average linear rate of solute migration
b) Average linear rate of mobile migration
c) Relative migration rate
5. 5
d) Selectivity factor
12. Retention distance is the distance between point of injection and
minimum peak in the recorder or computer generated chart.
a) True
b) False
13. Retention volume can be obtained by finding the product of which
of the following parameters?
a) Dead time and total porosity
b) Retention time and volumetric flow rate
c) Adjusted retention time and volumetric flow rate
d) Retention time and total porosity.
14. Retention factor is also known as capacitance factor.
a) True
b) False
15. What must be the value of selectivity factor?
a) Equal to 1
b) Less than 1
c) Greater than 1
d) Greater than 0
1. Which of the following is the disadvantage of reciprocating pump
used in liquid chromatography?
6. 6
a) Produces pulsed flow
b) Corrosive components
c) Does not have small hold-up value
d) Does not have moderate flow rate
16. Which of the following is not a disadvantage of Pneumatic pumps
used in liquid chromatography?
a) Pulsed output
b) Dependent on solvent viscosity
c) Dependent on back pressure
d) Inconvenient for solvent gradient elution
17. Which of the following is not a desired characteristic of pulse
dampers or flow smootheners used in liquid chromatography?
a) Easy mobile phase change over
b) Constant flow must be maintained
c) Should be effective at low system pressure
d) Maximal dead volume
18. Which of the following will improve the efficiency of separation
process in liquid chromatography?
a) Increase in sample size, increase in column diameter
b) Reduction in sample size, increase in column diameter
c) Increase in sample size, reduction in column diameter
d) Reduction in sample size, reduction in column diameter
7. 7
19. Which of the following are the practical problems that arise due to
the decrease in column diameter?
a) Requirement of large particle size and high pressure drop
b) Requirement of large particle size and low pressure drop
c) Requirement of small particle size and high pressure drop
d) Requirement of small particle size and low pressure drop
20. Which of the following is not true about guard column used in
liquid chromatography?
a) It filters particles that clog the separation column
b) It extends the lifetime of separation column
c) It allows particles that cause precipitation upon contact with
stationary or mobile phase
d) The size of packing varies with the type of protection needed
21. Which of the following columns are not used in liquid or high
performance liquid chromatography?
a) Analytical column
b) Separation column
c) Guard column
d) Capillary column
22. Which of the following is not a Column-type Liquid
chromatography?
a) Gel permeation
b) Ion exchange
c) Liquid-solid
8. 8
d) Paper
23. Which of the following is not true about radial compression column
when compared to standard separation column?
a) Internal diameter decreases
b) Overall operating pressure decreases
c) Analysis time decreases
d) Solvent flow increases
24. Which of the following is not true about narrow bore column when
compared to standard columns?
a) Internal diameter decreases
b) Volumetric flow decreases
c) Solvent cost is saved
d) Detector response time increases
25. Which of the following types of liquid chromatography uses
immobilized biochemical as stationary phase?
a) Ion exchange chromatography
b) Exclusion chromatography
c) Affinity chromatography
d) Gel permeation chromatography
26. What is the drawback that occurs in using ion exchange
chromatography on sulphonated polystyrene resin and colourimetry for
amino-acid analysis?
9. 9
a) Less accuracy
b) Low resolution
c) Inconvenient to handle many individual samples
d) Slow in operation
27. Which one of the following methods is the most suitable for amino-
acid analysis?
a) Gas chromatography
b) Ion exchange chromatography
c) Paper electrophoresis
d) Resin column chromatography
28. Which of the following colour reagents are used in Resin column
chromatography?
a) Marquis reagent
b) Benedict reagent
c) Ninhydrin
d) Nessler’s reagent
29. Which of the following amino-acids is measured at a wavelength of
440nm using photometric systems?
a) Proline
b) Alanine
c) Glutamine
d) Valine
10. 10
30. In Automatic amino-acid analyzer, the sample containing
___________ of each amino compound is introduced at the top of the
ion exchange column.
a) 1 to 10 µmoles
b) 1 to 10 moles
c) 0.05 to 2 moles
d) 0.05 to 2 µmoles
31. Which of the following cannot be analysed using resin column
chromatography?
a) Peptides
b) Amines
c) Amino compounds
d) Components which are ninhydrin negative
REFERENCES
https://instrumentationtools.com/top-1000-analytical-
instrumentation-questions-answers/
https://www.sanfoundry.com/1000-analytical-
instrumentation-questions-answers/
http://mcet.in/wp-
content/uploads/EIE/2020/EIE_QB/Analytical%20Instrume
ntation.pdf
https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/9/2015/03/S14_Chem
425.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mb4oK1N3Gxk