Comparison between conventional and sustained-release drugs
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Conventional drug therapy involves rapid and complete release of the drug immediately after administration, which leads to fluctuating blood levels and risks of overmedication or undermedication. Sustained-release drug therapy slowly releases the drug over an extended period of time, maintaining more constant blood levels and minimizing risks. This therapy reduces dosing frequency, improves patient compliance, and provides more reliable treatment of chronic diseases. However, sustained-release drugs may have higher costs and less flexibility than conventional drugs.
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• Like all other pharmaceuticals, however, these agents are not completely devoid
of risk.
• Adverse side effects from the administration of contrast media vary from minor
physiological disturbances to rare severe life-threatening situations.
• Preparation for prompt treatment of contrast media reactions must include
preparation for the entire spectrum of potential adverse events and include
prearranged response planning with availability of appropriately trained
personnel, equipment, and medications.
• Thorough familiarity with the presentation and emergency treatment of
contrast media reactions must be part of the environment in which all
intravascular contrast media are administered.
Adverse drug effects
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about adverse drug effects. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
Pharmacokinetics & BA - Part-2.pdf
Clinical pharmacokinetics is the application of pharmacokinetic principles to the safe and effective therapeutic management of drugs in an individual patient. Primary goals of clinical pharmacokinetics include enhancing efficacy and decreasing toxicity of a patient's drug therapy.
Pharmacokinetics & BA - Part-2.pdf
The success of drug therapy is highly dependent on the choice of the drug, the drug product, and the design of the dosage regimen. The choice of the drug is generally made by the physician after careful patient diagnosis and physical assessment.
CRDDS introduction.pptx
This document discusses controlled drug delivery systems. It defines sustained-release and controlled-release as dosage forms that release drugs at predetermined rates to maintain therapeutic drug levels over extended periods. The advantages include lower dosing, reduced side effects and noncompliance. The disadvantages are decreased availability in emergencies and not all drugs are suitable candidates. Drugs selected should have short half-lives, undergo hepatic metabolism or have solubility/absorption issues requiring multiple doses daily.
Pharmacovigilance
This document provides information on adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including:
1. It defines ADRs and differentiates them from adverse drug events, and outlines some common causes of events that are excluded from being considered ADRs.
2. It describes various types and classifications of ADRs, including by intensity/severity, outcome, mechanism of production, and pharmacoepidemiological criteria.
3. It discusses methods of pharmacovigilance for detecting ADRs and standards for determining the imputability or likelihood that a reaction was caused by a drug.
Adverse drug reaction and adverse drug event
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), defined as harmful or unpleasant reactions resulting from medication use. It describes different types of ADRs including type A (predictable) dose-dependent reactions and type B (unpredictable) reactions related to immunity or genetics. It also discusses factors that increase ADR risk like polypharmacy, age, and disease status. The document outlines methods for classifying, grading, and preventing ADRs, and the role of pharmacovigilance in monitoring drug safety post-marketing.
Drug interaction - Potential antimicrobial drug interaction in a hospital set...
A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance affects the activity of a drug when both are administered together. This action can be synergistic or antagonistic or a new effect can be produced that neither produces on its own
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Aspects of Pharmacotherapy, Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Developement
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This slide is a work of Dr Ankit Bairwa, 2nd Year at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda
adverse events resulting in withdrawal of geologic therapy in psoriasis
This study analyzed adverse events from biologic therapies used to treat psoriasis using data from 398 patients collected across two hospitals. It found an overall adverse event rate of 1.97 per 100 patient-years resulting in withdrawal from therapy. Infliximab had the highest rate of adverse events leading to withdrawal at 15% compared to 1-4% for other biologics like etanercept, adalimumab, and ustekinumab. The study concludes that while randomized controlled trials show safety risks, biologic therapies in practice have a low rate of withdrawal due to adverse events.
webmm slideshow.ppt
1) This case discusses the challenges of managing acute pain in a hospitalized patient on chronic opioids who underwent foot amputation surgery.
2) The patient was prescribed escalating doses of opioids, including extended-release morphine up to 165mg 3 times daily as well as IV and oral hydromorphone. He developed somnolence and hypoxemia.
3) After holding the extended-release morphine, the patient's pain worsened and muscle spasms developed. He was prescribed diazepam which led to respiratory depression and an opioid/benzodiazepine overdose requiring naloxone and ICU admission.
posology2.pdf
This document discusses factors that affect drug dosage, including age, body weight, body surface area, sex, pathological state, route of administration, time of administration, frequency of administration, additive/synergistic/antagonistic effects, tolerance, drug elimination, idiosyncrasy, hypersensitivity, and tachyphylaxis. It provides several formulas for calculating pediatric drug dosages based on age (Young's rule, Cowling's rule, Fried's rule, Dilling's rule) and weight (Clark's rule). Drug dosages may need adjustment based on these various patient-specific factors to ensure optimal therapeutic effects and avoid toxicity.
Resistant urticaria tutorial ppt.
This document summarizes information on chronic urticaria, including its prevalence, causes, impact on quality of life, and treatment options. It notes that chronic urticaria affects approximately 1% of people with acute urticaria and has a significant negative impact on quality of life. First-line treatment includes non-sedating antihistamines, sometimes at higher off-label doses. If patients do not respond sufficiently to antihistamines alone, second-line options include doxepin, leukotriene antagonists, short-term corticosteroids, dapsone, sulfasalazine, and narrowband UVB phototherapy. The document reviews evidence on the efficacy and safety of these second-
ADR.pptx
This document defines and discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It notes that ADRs affect 6-30% of patients and are a leading cause of death. ADRs are classified as non-immunological or immunological. Risk factors include age, number of drugs used, and immune status. Evaluation of ADRs involves a drug history, ruling out other causes, and assessing the temporal relationship to drug intake. Management involves discontinuing the offending drug if possible. Common ADRs to anti-TB drugs are discussed as well as their management.
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General principles in the treatment of TB BY NAHID SHERBINI
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
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Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
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Olfactory Membrane:
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Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
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Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
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Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
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Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
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Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
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3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Comparison between conventional and sustained-release drugs
- 1. Comparison between conventional and sustained-release drugs Conventional Drug Therapy 1. Rapid and complete release of drug immediately after administration. 2. Absorption is the rate-limiting step (kr >>> ka). 3. Blood level fluctuates (Peak and Valley). 4. There is risk of overmedication or under medication at periods of time. 5. Frequent dosing. 6. Patient non compliance. Therapeutic inefficiency / failure. 7. Inconvenience of patient. Sustained-Release Drug Therapy 1. Slow/controlled release of drug over an extended period of time. 2. Drug release from the dosage form is the rate-limiting step (ka >>> kr ). 3. Constant blood level is maintained over a prolonged period (Reduced fluctuation). 4. Reliable therapy as the risk is minimized. 5. Reduced frequency of dosing. 6. Improved patient compliance. 7. Enhanced patient convenience with day- time and night-time medication.
- 2. 8. No therapeutic action during overnight no dose period. 9. Risk of symptom breakthrough. 10. Incidence and severity of untoward effects related to high - peak plasma concentration . 11. More total dose over the entire course of therapy. 12. More side effects. 13. Health care cost . 14. Permits prompt testing of therapy. 15. Incidence of severity of GI side effects due to dose dumping of irritant drugs . 16. More flexibility for physician in adjusting dosage required. 8. Maintains therapeutic action during overnight no dose period. 9. Improved treatment of many chronic diseases (minimizing symptom breakthrough). 10. Incidence and severity of untoward effects related to high – peak plasma concentration . 11. Less total dose over the entire course of therapy. 12. Minimize/eliminate incidence of local/systemic side effects. 13. Health care cost . 14. Does not prompt. 15. Incidence of severity of GI side effects due to dose dumping of irritant drugs . 16. Less flexibility.
- 3. 17. Can accommodate abnormal cases of disease safety offering drug disposition etc. 18. Chance of at any site of GIT (local irritation ). 19. No problems for drugs with too short half lives. 20. Per unit cost is less. 21. 17. Can not accommodate. 18. Chance of at any site of GIT (local irritation). 19. Not suitable for drugs with too short half lives, drugs needing specific requirements for absorption from GIT. 20. Per unit cost is more. 21. Time Time