Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy, Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University. There are four pairs of air sinuses making the boundaries of the nasal cavity. Maxillary sinus is the largest air cell. Anatomy and physiology of the maxillary sinus are given. Maxillary sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinus. Odontogenic causes represent nearly 30% of the etiology. Clinical and radiographic examinations are discussed together with treatment plan.
Oro-antral fistula is a rare complication of surgery at the posterior maxillary region. Several techniques for closure are presented. Additionally, information about sinus lift procedure is given.
Detailed description of diagnosis and management of maxillofacial and neck space infections. Discussion of anatomy of the spaces is also done in details. Drainage of such spaces are also discussed. Medical management is also discussed. Complications are also discussed.
orthognathic surgery is very intresting and well knowing branch in oral surgery ....this presentation is dealing with jaw correction surgery in upper jaw.
Zygoma: Strong buttress of lateral midface lying between zygomatic process of frontal bone and maxilla.
The high incidence of zygomatic complex fracture relates to its prominent position within the facial skeleton.
One of the most painful but easy-to-treat dental emergencies is a dry socket.
• Dry socket symptoms are experienced after a tooth extraction.
• This condition requires follow-up care by the doctor who performed the surgery, an oral surgeon or a dentist who is familiar with how to treat it.
For more information, contact :-
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
#drysocket #management #thirdmolarextraction #extractioncomplications
Detailed description of diagnosis and management of maxillofacial and neck space infections. Discussion of anatomy of the spaces is also done in details. Drainage of such spaces are also discussed. Medical management is also discussed. Complications are also discussed.
orthognathic surgery is very intresting and well knowing branch in oral surgery ....this presentation is dealing with jaw correction surgery in upper jaw.
Zygoma: Strong buttress of lateral midface lying between zygomatic process of frontal bone and maxilla.
The high incidence of zygomatic complex fracture relates to its prominent position within the facial skeleton.
One of the most painful but easy-to-treat dental emergencies is a dry socket.
• Dry socket symptoms are experienced after a tooth extraction.
• This condition requires follow-up care by the doctor who performed the surgery, an oral surgeon or a dentist who is familiar with how to treat it.
For more information, contact :-
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
#drysocket #management #thirdmolarextraction #extractioncomplications
What is Oroantral communication?
This is a common complication, which may occur during an attempt to extract the maxillary posterior teeth or roots. It is identified easily by the dentist, because the periapical curette enters to a greater depth than normal during debridement of the alveolus, which is explained by its entering the sinus.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Maxillary sinus /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Diseases of maxillary sinus /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Minor Oral Surgical Procedures -Stoma 2014, lecture by dr arun georgeArun1g
Lectures on Various minor Oral Surgical procedures , delivered by Dr Arun George MDS during minor oral Surgical workshop conducted at Mar Baselios Dental College, Kerala, India for more information regarding the procedures mail to -
drarun1g@gmail.com
Paranasal Sinuses (PNS) are air containing bony spaces around the nasal cavity. There are 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses(bilaterally) but maxillary sinus is considered most important to dentists due to proximity of maxillary sinus to orbit, alveolar ridge, diseases involving these structures may produce confusing symptoms. Hence precise information about surgical anatomy is essential to dental practitioners. the close anatomical relationship of the maxillary sinus and the roots of maxillary molars, premolars, and in some instances canines, can also lead to several endodontic complications. Clinicians must be particularly cautious when performing dental procedures involving the maxillary posterior teeth
Sinusitis is defined as inflammation of the mucosal lining of the sinus passages. Frequent attacks of sinusitis for over three months, also known as chronic sinusitis, result in the thickening of the mucosal membranes and an excess production of nasal and sinus secretions. These secretions are usually thick and sticky and frequently predispose the sinuses to bacterial infection.
https://www.icliniq.com/articles/ent-health/sinusitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment
The primary goal of the present book is to produce a comprehensive text that fully integrates the latest concepts and techniques in management of odontogenic infections. The main aim is to provide the readers with an update information regarding pathophysiology, clinical and radiographic presentation, microbiology, diagnosis, management, and complications of odontogenic infections. Accordingly, the text has been divided into six chapters. Chapter one is concerned with oral microbiology and immunology. Chapter two is dealing with the pathophysiology of odontogenic infections. In chapter three, management of odontogenic infections is presented. In chapter four, antibiotic therapy of odontogenic infections is given. Chapter five deals with life-threatening complications. In chapter six osteomyelitis of the jaws is discussed.
Facial trauma is without doubt a most challenging area within the specialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Trauma with all its aspects has great importance, being the main cause of morbidity and mortality with rising frequency worldwide, especially in recent decades. Traumatic facial injuries are often associated with high mortality and varying degrees of physical, functional, psychological damage, cosmetic disfigurement, and concomitant injuries to other organs that may be added complicating factors. Road traffic accidents represent the main cause of facial trauma. According to WHO, Egypt leads the Middle East when it comes to road accidents, with an average of 12,000 people killed annually. Interpersonal violence is the second most prevalent etiologic factor. Our society is progressively becoming more and more violent and impatient, perhaps due to overcrowding, so the frequency of patients reporting in emergency with facial bones fracture is increasing.
During the last three decades, significant advances have occurred in the methods of fixation used for facial bone fractures, resulting in improved functional and aesthetic outcomes. Surgical techniques have been moving away from delayed closed reduction with internal wires suspension to early open reduction and internal plate fixation. The transition from wire osteosynthesis to rigid internal fixation in facial bone fractures using different micro or mini-plates and screw systems is regarded as one of the greatest advances in the field of maxillofacial surgery. I hope this book reflects the latest trends, concepts and innovations in the care of patients with facial trauma.
For convenience, the text is divided into 3 sections. Section 1 deals with primary care of the patients. Section 2 is concerned with midface fractures. In section 3 management of trauma to the lower face is discussed. Upper face injuries are not included and the reader could find the subject elsewhere under the topic of craniofacial traumatology. From the basic to the most complex, readers will find that each chapter is sequentially organized to provide a concise, and practical description of the operative details. The goal was to provide the reader with a fully comprehensive, yet highly illustrated text on the subject of facial trauma.
Nasal and nasoethmoidal fractures.
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy
Professor Emeritus, Dept. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University
Nasal bone fractures comprise up to 50% of all facial fractures. Nasal fractures can be classified in two broad categories based on impact force: lateral-type versus frontal-type injuries. Lateral-type injuries tend to be more common, have fewer residual anatomic and functional defects compared with frontal injuries, and are more amenable to closed reduction. Frontal injuries classically produce a posteriorly displaced fracture where the nasal septum is always involved. They have a higher risk of residual post-surgical deformity, and as the impact force increases, nasal, orbital, and ethmoidal fractures occur in combination. The extent of the septal injury determines the appropriate technique for septal correction. Closed reduction of fractured nasal bone can be performed by elevation of depressed bones or depression of elevated bones to restore the symmetry of the nasal aperture. Septal injuries that cannot be realigned with a closed reduction should be addressed with open techniques. Symmetrical fixation of the bones, restoration of orbital volume, globe position, frontonasal angle, and nasal projection are essential for a satisfactory cosmetic outcome.
Management of soft tissue injuries in facial traumaAhmed Adawy
Management of soft tissue injuries in facial trauma
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy.
Professor Emeritus, Dept. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University.
Soft-tissue injuries are the most common presentation following maxillofacial trauma. In general, injuries can initially be classified as open or closed wounds. A closed wound is one that damages underlying tissue and/or structures without breaking the skin. Examples of closed wounds include hematomas, contusions, and crush injuries. In contrast, open wounds involve a break in the skin, which exposes the underlying structures to the external environment. Open wounds include simple and complex lacerations, avulsions, punctures, abrasions, accidental tattooing, and retained foreign body. Detailed description of management is presented. The principles of repair is discussed.
Emergency management of patients with facial traumaAhmed Adawy
Emergency management of patients with facial trauma
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy Professor Emeritus, Dept. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg. Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University.
Maxillofacial trauma is without doubt a most challenging area within the specialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery. As with all traumas, basic Advanced Trauma Life Support principles (ATLS) should be applied to the initial assessment of the casualty. The primary survey is given by the letters ABCDE.
• Airway maintenance with cervical spine protection.
• Breathing and ventilation.
• Circulation with hemorrhage control.
• Disability: neurological status.
• Exposure/environmental control - undress the patient but prevent hypothermia.
Each was explored and discussed.
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy
Professor Emeritus, Dept. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University
The term “blow out” refers to partial herniation of the orbital contents through one of its walls. This usually occurs via blunt force trauma to the eye. Most often, the orbital floor is fractured in conjunction with the inferior orbital rim “impure” blowout fracture, but “pure” orbital floor fractures, with intact orbital rim can be seen. An extensive and careful history, physical examination, together with CT scans is vital for the diagnosis of orbital floor fractures. The timing of treatment, surgical approaches, and reconstruction of the orbital floor are presented.
Zygomatic Complex Fractures
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy
Professor Emeritus, Dept. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University
The term “zygomatic complex” refers to zygomatic bone and parts of maxilla, frontal, temporal and sphenoid bone. Fracture of the zygomatic complex, also known as a quadripod fracture, and formerly referred to as a tripod fracture, varies in severity from a simple crack to major disruption. The etiology, clinical presentations, and radiographic findings are presented. Classification systems are mentioned. The management of zygomatic complex fracture depends on the degree of displacement and the resultant esthetical and functional deficit. As a general rule, non- displaced or minimal displaced fracture can usually be treated conservatively. On the other hand, open reduction and internal fixation is applied in all dislocated, instable, and comminuted fractures of the zygomatic bone. Different surgical approaches and fixation methods are discussed.
Mandibular fractures
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy
Professor Emeritus, Dept. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University
Fractures of the mandible are a common form of facial injury in adults and occur most frequently in males during the third decade of life. The main causes of mandibular fractures are road traffic accidents, interpersonal violence, falls and sport injuries. Mandibular fractures are classified according to various criteria. The three main factors to consider are the cause of the fracture, the type of fracture and the site of the fracture. Clinical diagnosis as well as radiographic examinations are presented. Treatment modalities are discussed. Moreover, treatment-related complications are given.
Facial bone fractures: an overview
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy
Professor Emeritus, Dept. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University
The bone and soft tissues of the face are able to absorb the energy from impact forces. Force to the bone in the elastic range causing the deformation and after force removal, bone returns to its previous state, but if the force be greater than the elasticity of bone, a permanent displacement occurs and be irreversible. Furthermore, when these forces exceed the strength of these tissues, a variety of fractures can occur. The buttress theory proposes that the midfacial region is like a framework that is stabilized by horizontal and vertical buttresses. The most common causes of maxillofacial trauma are traffic accidents, injuries from fights, sport accidents or falls. The Le Fort’s classification is based on low-velocity trauma, and does not completely reflect the breadth of high-velocity fractures encountered in modern practice. Currently, facial fractures are classified into central midface fractures, lateral midface fractures and mandibular fractures. Nasal, nasoethmoidal, Zygomatic bone, and orbital fractures are presented. Today, surgical techniques have been moving away from delayed closed reduction with internal wires suspension to early open reduction and internal plate fixation. Different treatment approaches exist to restore the facial skeleton using the different facial buttresses as landmarks.
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy
Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University
Salivary glands are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a series of ducts. The glands may be affected by a wide range of disorders. They can be involved with acute and chronic inflammatory processes, give rise to benign and malignant tumors, manifest congenital abnormalities or represent involvement of a systemic disorder. Further, partial or complete obstruction of the ductal element can occurs. Physical examination and diagnostic aids are presented. Current surgical managements of these disorders are discussed.
Oral surgery during pregnancy
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy
Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University
Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which a fetus develops inside a woman's uterus. Pregnancy is typically divided into three trimesters. The common belief has been that, if an oral surgery procedure is recommended, but it’s not an emergency, the second trimester is the ideal time. Pregnancy however, is not a disease and pregnant woman should not be treated differently than the general population. In short, it could be concluded that:
• Dental care is safe and essential during pregnancy
• Pregnancy is not a reason to defer routine dental care or treatment
• Diagnostic measures, including needed dental x-rays, can be undertaken safely
• Emergency care should be provided at any time during pregnancy
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose level caused by either absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Classifications,sings and symptoms,complications,and prevalence of the disease particularly in Egypt are presented. Management of diabetic patients undergoing oral surgical procedures is discussed.
Differential diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial lesionsAhmed Adawy
A wide variety of lesions from the soft and hard tissues may arise in the orofacial region. Clinical diagnosis is a cognitive process of applying logic and knowledge in a series of step-by-step decisions, to create a list of possible diagnosis.
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy
Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University
The condition of being prognathic indicates abnormal forward projection of one or of both jaws beyond the established normal relationship with the cranial base. The skeletal manifestation can be due to mandibular anterior positioning (prognathism) or growth excess (macrognathia), maxillary posterior positioning (retrognathism) or growth deficiency (micrognathia), or a combination of both. The prevalence of mandibular prognathism, the etiologic factors, evaluation of patients, and treatment modalities are presented.
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy
Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar UniversityOrthognathic surgery is the art and science of combining orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery to correct dento-facial deformities.The etiology, prevalence,diagnosis and preoperative planning,and Surgical procedures are presented.
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy
Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University. Numerous etiologies lie behind mandibular defects including pathologic lesions, trauma related, infectious diseases and congenital defects. At present, the methods to restore mandibular defects can be classified into four basic categories:
1.Autogenous bone grafts in the form of nonvascularized free bone transfer, or vascularized tissue transfer, either pedicled or based on microvascular anastomosis
2. Distraction osteogenesis
3. Alloplastic materials (with or without bone)
4. Tissue engineered grafts
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy
Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University. By definition, a cyst is a “pouch” or sac without an opening, provided with a distinct membrane, and containing fluid or semifluid material, abnormally developed in one of the natural cavities or in the substance of an organ. Cysts of the oral region may be epithelial or non-epithelial, odontogenic or non-odontogenic, developmental, or inflammatory in origin. The distribution of jaw cysts according to diagnosis in a general population is given. The treatment of choice is dependent on the size and localization of the lesion, the bone integrity of the cystic wall, its proximity to vital structures and patient age.Treatment modalities are discussed.
Arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular jointAhmed Adawy
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy, Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University. Arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint refers to lavage of the upper joint space, hydraulic pressure and manipulation to release adhesions of the “anchored disc phenomenon” and improve motion. The technique of arthrocentesis is discussed together with the indications and contraindications of the procedure. Further, the presentation includes modifications of the standard technique.
Teeth in The Line of Mandibular FracturesAhmed Adawy
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy, Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University. Approximately 60% of fractures of the mandible occur in the teeth bearing area. Incisors and third molars are the most commonly involved teeth on the fracture lines. The damaged to the tooth involved at the fracture site may include exposure of the root surface subluxation, avulsion or root fracture. This may lead to the vitalization, consequent infection and complicated healing of the fraction. Wether to remove or preserve the tooth in line of fraction is discussed. Certain guidelines have been suggested.
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy, Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University. Mandibular angle fractures account for 23% to 42% of all facial fractures. Fracture of mandibular angle can be classified as (A) Vertical favorable or unfavorable, (B) Horizontally favorable of unfavorable. Traditionally, mandibular angle fractures have been treated with either closed reduction and inter-maxillary fixation or open reduction and internal fixation with or without inter-maxillary fixation. Patients treated with inter-maxillary fixation have a restricted airway and loose excess weight. Rigid internal fixation and early return to function have eliminated the use of wire osteosenthysis and prolonged use of inter-maxillary fixation. The principal of rigid fixation, however, have inherent set of disadvantages including damage to the inferior alveolar nerve and the marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve. Postoperative malocclusion rates are also high. With the introduction of semi-rigid technique fracture of the mandibular angle could be treated according to Champy’s Ideal lines of osteosenthysis. The technique involves placement of a single monocortial miniplate on the superior border of the mandible. However, some studies suggested using a second miniplate along the inferior border. Wether one or two miniplates should be used is still debatable. The application of 3D plates may provide additional stability in 3 dimension and good resistance against torque forces.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy
Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg.
Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University
3. There are a total of four paired sinuses, namely; frontal,
ethmoidal, maxillary and sphenoid sinuses. They form
the various boundaries of the nasal cavity. These sinuses
are essentially mucosa-lined airspaces within the bones
of the skull
4. Maxillary sinus, also known as antrum of Highmore. is a
hallow cavity lies chiefly within the body of the maxilla.
The maxillary sinus is pyramidal in shape with its base at
the naso-antral wall and its apex in the root of the zygoma.
In the adult, the upper wall or roof is thin and situated
under the orbit. The floor of the sinus is the alveolar
process of the maxilla. Medially, the nasal wall separates
the sinus from the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity contains
the outlet from the sinus through the ostium which is
situated beneath the roof of the antrum. This situation
precludes the possibility of good drainage
(1)
5. The nerve supply is from the maxillary branch of the 5th
cranial nerve. The posterior superior alveolar branch
supplies the lining mucosa of the sinus. Its blood supply is
derived from the infraorbital artery, a branch of the maxillary
artery. The adult maxillary sinus averages 34 mm in antero-
posterior direction, 33 mm in height, and 23 mm in width.
Its volume is approximately 15 cc. The sinuses are lined by
respiratory epithelium, a mucous secreting, pseudo-stratified,
ciliated columnar epithelium and periosteum. The cilia and
mucus are necessary for drainage of the sinus. Proper ciliary
function is especially important because the direction of
drainage is against the pull of gravity
6. Pneumatization of maxillary sinus, though generally
complete in adolescence, may still increases during
adulthood with further development into the alveolar
process especially when posterior maxillary teeth are lost
prematurely. In such instance, the antral cavity may be
near to the crest of the ridge. The roots of the maxillary
second bicuspid, first molar, and second molar are the
most frequently involved
7. The function of paranasal sinuses is:
Give resonance to the voice
Act as reserve chambers to warm the inspired air.
Reduce the weight of the skull.
Several anatomic and physiologic features obstruct the flow of
drainage from the sinuses thus precipitating infection. These are:
Inadequate anatomic openings
Obstructive polyps
Septal deviation
Hyperplasia of the turbinate
8. The intimate anatomical relation of the upper teeth to the
maxillary sinus promotes the development of odontogenic
infection into the maxillary sinus. Recently, up to 30-40% of
chronic maxillary sinusitis cases have been attributed to
odontogenic cause . Sinusitis can be broadly defined as
inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses.
Maxillary sinusitis occurs when the Schneiderian sinus
membrane is violated by conditions such as infections of the
maxillary posterior teeth, pathologic lesions of the jaws and
teeth, maxillary trauma, or by iatrogenic causes such as
dental and implant surgery complications and maxillofacial
surgery procedures in the posterior maxillary region
(2)
9. Classic symptoms suggestive of an odontogenic source can
include sinonasal symptoms such as unilateral nasal
obstruction, rhinorrhea, and/or foul odor and taste .
Headaches, unilateral anterior maxillary tenderness and
postnasal drip, may be additional symptoms . Tooth ache
is present in only 29% of the patients
Generally, sinusitis is classified as:
Acute when symptoms last less than 4 weeks
Subacute when symptoms last 4 to 8 weeks
Chronic when symptoms last longer than 8 weeks
Recurrent when three or more acute episodes a year
(3)
(4)
(5)
10. Clinical Examination
Palpation for tenderness over the lateral wall of the
sinus. Transillumination of the sinuses is an additional
diagnostic test. The light source is placed over the
infraorbital rim, in a darkened room and light
transmission is observed through the hard palate.
Compared with the sinus of the opposite side, the
involved sinus shows decreased transmission of light
due to accumulation of fluids, debris, pus and thickening
of the sinus mucosa.
11. Radiographic Examinations
Radiographic examination is an essential aid for the study
of pathologic conditions of the maxillary sinus.
Interpretation of radiographs is not difficult. The findings
in the normal antrum are those to be expected of a rather
large air filled cavity surrounded by bone and dental
structures. The body of the sinus should appear
radiolucent and should be outlined in all peripheral areas
by a well demarcated layer of cortical bone.
12. It is helpful to compare one side to the other when
examining the radiograph. There should be no evidence of
thickened mucosa on the bony walls (usually indicative of
chronic sinus disease), nor air filled levels caused by
accumulation of mucus, pus or blood, or foreign bodies.
Complete opacification of the maxillary sinus may be
caused by the mucosal hypertrophy and fluid
accumulation of sinusitis, filling with blood secondary to
trauma, or by neoplasia.
Dental pathologic conditions such as cysts or granulomas
may produce radiolucent lesions that extend into the sinus
cavity
13. Panoramic radiograph is particularly useful for evaluation
of the degree of pneumatization of maxillary sinus and its
relationship to the roots of maxillary teeth
17. CT scan - coronal section, carious maxillary first molars
with periapical lesions are associated with localized
thickening of mucosa in both maxillary sinuses
18. Axial CT scan demonstrates a trimalar fracture involving the
anterior and posterolateral walls of the left maxillary sinus and
the zygomatic arch (arrows) Note partial opacification of the
sinus
19. Although CT remains the gold standard in the diagnosis of
maxillary sinus diseases due to its high resolution and ability to
visualize detailed anatomy, MRI is best used to evaluate soft
tissue structures, and can distinguish between inflammatory
and malignant disease (6)
MRI: T2 axial and coronal sections showing a large
hypointense tumor mass in the left maxillary sinus
20. Although rare, complications of acute sinusitis
can occur through direct, local extension. Clinical
presentation may include facial edema, cellulitis,
orbital, visual, and meningeal involvement
21. 1. Elimination of the source of the infection
2. Amoxicillin is the first line of antibiotic choice. Purulent
material is submitted for culture and sensitivity testing
3.The result of the culture and sensitivity tests should be
evaluated and changes of the prescribed antibiotics should
be made if indicated
4. Local and systemic decongestants are used to decrease
mucosal edema and inflammation and to promote drainage
5. Contrary to acute form, chronic sinusitis do not respond
will to long term antibiotics. Instead, corticosteroids are
more efficacious
6. Surgical management may be indicated in cases refractory
to medical treatment
22. Indications for the Caldwell-Luc operation:
1. Retrieval of a root or tooth from the sinus
2. Enucleation of odontogenic cysts or mucoceles from the
sinus
3. Removal of odontogenic tumor from the sinus
4. Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis resistant to
medical therapy or showing evidence of extending beyond
the sinus
5. Treatment of chronic sinusitis
6. Management of oroantral fistula
7. Repair of fractures of the antrum or zygoma
23. Caldwell-Luc operation comprises osteotomy of the
anterior sinus wall and creation of artificial opening of
the sinus into the inferior nasal meatus. The procedure
is criticized as aggressive surgery with relatively high
incidence of complications. Most important, the
efficacy of inferior meatal antrostomy, is doubtful, as
the mucociliary clearance remains directed toward the
natural sinus ostium in the middle meatus. Further,
opening of the sinus on its anterior wall has to be
performed, which results in permanent defect of
anterior maxilla, sclerosis of the antral walls and
collapse of the sinus cavity(7)
24.
25. Because of less traumatic approach, lower rate of
complications and better preservation of antral lining,
functional endoscope sinus surgery has gained popularity
for last decades against Caldwell-Luc procedure in
treatment of chronic sinusitis of dental origin (8)
26. Oroantral communications are rare complications of oral
surgery. Extraction of maxillary posterior teeth is the
most common cause. Maxillary cysts, benign or
malignant tumors and trauma can be other causes. It
must be emphasized that unlike the oro-antral
communication, oro-antral fistula is characterized by the
presence of epithelium arising from the oral mucosa
and/or from the antral sinus mucosa that, if not removed,
could inhibit spontaneous healing. Closing this
communication is important to avoid food and saliva
contamination that could lead to bacterial infection,
impaired healing and chronic sinusitis.
27. The size of the fistula depends on the depth and range
of the surgical stress. Defects less than 3 mm and
without epithelialization might heal spontaneously in
the absence of infections. In the latter case, infection
must be cured before surgery to avoid impaired
drainage. Communications wider than 5mm require
surgical treatment.
28. Buccal sliding flap , is usually employed for
immediate closure of oro-antral communications. After
cutting the communication edges, two vertical release
incisions are made to provide a flap with dimensions
suitable for closure of the antral communication.
Mobilization of the flap is facilitated by horizontal
releasing incision of the periosteum and by reduction of
the alveolar bone height. The flap is then positioned
over the defect by means of mattress sutures from the
buccal flap to the palatal mucosa
(9)
29.
30. In most instances, patients who present with a chronic
oroantral fistula not only require closure of the fistula but
also require management of the inflammatory sinus
disease that co-exists with the fistula. The most common
cause of failure is insufficient control of maxillary
sinusitis. For this reason, foreign bodies, infected and
degenerated polypoid mucosa and infected bone should be
removed. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery and
Caldwell-Luc procedure are the most important surgical
techniques used. Whatever, the used technique, excision of
the epithelialized fistulas tract should be performed first
31.
32. The most common surgical technique for the closure
of an oroantral fistula is the buccal sliding flap. The
advantage of the buccal flap procedure is that it
allows the Caldwell-Luc operation and the closure of
the oroantral fistula to be performed simultaneously if
sinus disease is present. The disadvantage is that
nearly 50% of patients experience permanent
reduction of vestibular depth, and therefore needs for
a vestibuloplasty
33. Rotated palatal pedicle full thickness flap based on greater
palatine artery has been frequently used for closure of oro-
antral fistula . In contrast to the buccal flap, palatal flap
is more resilient, less prone to infection and does not lead
to lowering of the vestibule. The blood supply of palatal
flap is better than buccal flap and it is preferred in large
and recurrent oroantral fistulas. The drawbacks of this
technique include mild palatal surface denudation and the
kink that occurs along the arch of rotation which may
jeopardize the vascularity causing flap necrosis.
(10)
35. Various modifications of palatal flaps have been described
for closure of oroantral fistulas. One modification is the
Tunnel technique . The technique is characterized by
leaving a band of tissue between the pedicle flap and the
fistula on the palatal side. The pedicle flap is then tunneled
under the bridge of tissue before closing the fistula. This
reduce tension on the flap and help protect and stabilize it.
In addition, because flotation and upsurge are minimized
in the region of the mucoperiosteal flap, postoperative
discomfort can be relieved.
(11)
37. The palatal island flap is another modification
that is used to correct large palatal defect
involving soft palate. Sub mucosal connective
tissue pedicle flap is an additional modification
by which the epithelial layer is used to cover the
bone surface at the donor site
38. Buccal fat pad is another alternative that can be used to
close medium to large sized defect, particularly when the
fistula is located at the posterior region of the maxilla. The
tongue flap, whether anterior, lateral or posterior based,
can also be used to correct ore-antral fistulae with large
bony defect. Various materials like gold foil, gold plate,
tantalum plate, soft polymethylmethacrylate and bone
graft have been used to repair oro-antral fistula with
varying degrees of success
39. Sinus lift, sometimes called a sinus augmentation is
indicated when there is no enough bone in the upper jaw
(atrophic), or when the sinus is too close to the jaw, and
there is a need for dental implant to be placed. Elevation
of the maxillary sinus floor is an option in solving this
problem. Various surgical techniques have been presented
to enter the sinus cavity elevating the sinus membrane and
placing bone grafts. The use of autogenous bone grafts are
considered the gold standard due to their maintenance of
cellular viability and osteogenic capacity
(12)
40. To date, two main techniques of sinus floor elevation
are in use: a two-stage technique with a lateral window
approach, followed by implant placement after a
healing period, and a one-stage technique using either
a lateral or transalveolar approach. The decision to
apply the one or the two-stage techniques is based on
the amount of residual bone available and the
possibility of achieving primary stability for the
inserted implants
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Clinical Maxillary Sinus Elevation Surgery. Kao DWK (Editor), Wiley-
Blackwell,2014.
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appreciated cause of maxillary sinusitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck
Surg ;20:24, 2012.
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appreciated cause of maxillary sinusitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck
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4. Brook I. Sinusitis of odontogenic origin. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg;
135:349,2006.
5. Longhini AB, Ferguson BJ. Clinical aspects of odontogenic maxillary
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6. Fatterpekar GM, Delman BN, Som PM. Imaging the paranasal sinuses:
where we are and where we are going. Anat Rec,291:1564,2008.
7. Nemec SF, et al. Sinonasal imaging after Caldwell-Luc surgery: MDCT
findings of an abandoned procedure in times of functional endoscopic sinus
surgery. Eur.J Radio. 70,31,2009.
44. 8. Andric, M. Endoscopic surgery of the maxillary sinuses in oral and
maxillofacial surgery practice: a literature review. Hellenic Archives of Oral
& Maxillofac Surg. 2, 57.2010.
9. Rehrmann A. A method of closure of oroantral perforation. Dtsch
Zahnarztl Z.; 39:1136,1936.
10. Ashley R.E. A Method of closing antroalveolar fistula. Ann.OtoI.Rhino.
Laryngo. 48: 632,1939.
11. Sakakibara A, et al. Tunnel Technique for the Closure of an Oroantral
Fistula with a Pedicled Palatal Mucoperiosteal Flap. J. Maxillofac. Oral
Surg. 14:868,2015.
12. Pjetursson BE, et al. A systematic review of the success of sinus floor
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