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Fritz Zwicky discovered evidence of dark matter using the virial theorem. The virial theorem relates kinetic and potential energy, and Zwicky observed galaxy clusters had 400 times more mass than expected. Other evidence includes galaxy rotation curves, galaxy velocity dispersions, galaxy clusters and gravitational lensing, and structure formation. There are two main kinds of dark matter - baryonic dark matter made up of baryons like protons, and nonbaryonic dark matter including hot dark matter made of ultrarelativistic particles like neutrinos, warm dark matter made of relativistic particles, and cold dark matter made of non-relativistic particles. Dark energy makes up most of the universe and causes its accelerated expansion through negative pressure,
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Hominids first appeared around 3 million years ago in Africa. Early humans like Lucy were small hominids that walked upright unlike apes. Later groups like Homo habilis could make stone tools. Homo erectus controlled fire which allowed them to cook food and expand their range out of Africa. Neanderthals and Cro-Magnon man were skilled hunters and tool makers that populated Europe and beyond. Cro-Magnon man are notable for their cave paintings found in places like Lascaux, France, though the purpose of these paintings remains a mystery.
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The document provides an overview of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It discusses that hominids diverged from apes around 8 million years ago. Early hominids such as Australopithecines, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus developed increasingly advanced tools and technology. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago, with Neanderthals present until around 30,000 years ago when they were replaced by Cro-Magnon humans. It also summarizes the transition to more settled agricultural lifestyles during the Neolithic period around 10,000 BCE. Key adaptations that differentiated humans from apes included bipedalism, increased brain size, changes in
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Dark matter
Dark matter is invisible matter that makes up about 21% of the universe. It cannot be seen directly but its existence and properties are known through its gravitational effects on visible matter. There are two main types of dark matter: ordinary matter made up of normal particles and extraordinary dark matter like black holes. Dark matter was first proposed in 1933 by Fritz Zwicky to explain discrepancies in galaxy motions but its exact nature remains mysterious. Current experiments aim to detect dark matter particles but have had conflicting results so far.
Black hole
A black hole is a region of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They form when massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycles. There are several types of black holes including stellar black holes formed by collapsed stars and supermassive black holes millions to billions times the mass of our sun. As objects fall into a black hole's event horizon, they become "spaghettified" as the black hole's immense gravity stretches and pulls them apart.
dark matter and dark energy.pdf very good morning
- Dark matter is an invisible form of matter that accounts for approximately 27% of the matter in the universe. Its existence and properties are inferred through its gravitational effects such as the motions of visible matter and gravitational lensing. However, the exact nature and composition of dark matter remains unknown.
- Dark energy is thought to be responsible for the accelerating expansion of the universe, accounting for approximately 68% of the total mass-energy content. Its existence helps explain observations that the expansion rate of the universe is accelerating rather than slowing down. However, the exact nature and properties of dark energy are not well understood.
- Future experiments aim to directly detect dark matter particles and gather more precise cosmological data to help distinguish between theories
The Matter Of Dark Matter
Dark matter is a mysterious form of matter that cannot be seen but accounts for most of the mass in the universe. It was first hypothesized to explain discrepancies between the observed motions of galaxies and clusters and what was predicted based on the amount of visible matter. Dark matter is thought to make up around 23% of the universe, binding galaxies together through gravity. While dark matter cannot be directly observed, its effects on visible matter provide evidence of its existence. Scientists continue searching for dark matter particles and investigating its nature to better understand how it shapes the universe.
Dark energy.pptx
This document discusses dark matter and dark energy. Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that does not emit or absorb light but has gravitational effects. Its existence can be inferred through gravitational lensing and the rotation curves of galaxies. Dark energy is theorized to be causing the accelerating expansion of the universe. Current research includes experiments trying to directly detect dark matter particles and gravitational wave observatories seeking to better understand dark energy. Future experiments such as LSST and Euclid aim to provide more data to study these mysterious components of the universe.
Black holes
Black holes are regions of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They form when large stars collapse at the end of their life cycles, compressing their mass into a tiny space. There are several types of black holes including stellar black holes formed by collapsed stars and supermassive black holes found at the center of galaxies containing billions of solar masses. If matter enters a black hole's event horizon, it becomes "spaghettified" as tidal forces stretch and compress it due to the extreme warping of spacetime.
Black holes definitivo
Black holes form from dying massive stars and are regions of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They have an event horizon boundary and extreme density at the singularity at the center. Small stellar black holes form from supernovae, while supermassive black holes with masses of billions of suns are found at the centers of galaxies. Matter falling into a black hole's intense gravity is stretched or "spaghettified" as it crosses the event horizon.
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This chapter discusses atomic physics and spectra. It explains that stars with different surface temperatures emit different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, allowing astronomers to determine the chemical compositions of stars and interstellar clouds. Spectroscopy provides information about distant astronomical objects by analyzing their characteristic spectral lines. The temperature of a star can be estimated by examining the intensity of light across wavelengths, as hotter stars emit more radiation and peak at shorter wavelengths according to blackbody radiation laws.
Dark Eneary and Dark Mass
This document provides an overview of dark matter and dark energy from both observational evidence in the universe and theoretical work done at particle accelerators in laboratories. It summarizes that observational evidence shows the universe is made up of 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, and only 5% ordinary matter. While much is known about the basic features and inventory of the universe, deep puzzles remain about reconciling gravity and quantum mechanics, the nature of dark matter and dark energy, and resolving why observations of dark energy are so much smaller than theoretical predictions. The document discusses how ideas like extra dimensions, supersymmetry, and multiple compactifications in string theory attempt to address these puzzles, but that challenges remain in fully explaining dark energy and connecting theory to
Dark Stars - James Web Telescope unveiled another secret of this infinite uni...
Our universe is a vast and complex entity, and while our knowledge of it has advanced significantly, scientists are still working to unveil many mysteries. One such incredible secret of "Dark Matter Stars" has been revealed by the James Web Telescope (JWT).
The James Web Telescope has observed such an object in the universe that has never been witnessed before. This object is a dark star. Dark stars are entirely different from normal stars. Normal stars get energy from fusion reactions to illuminate whereas dark stars are made of dark matter. By analyzing this star, we can understand many things in the universe that we never know before.
The universe is divided into three parts i.e. visible matter (atoms), dark matter, and dark energy. Visible matter is only 4.6% of the universe, and dark matter is 24% while dark energy is composed of 71.4% of the universe. All the visible things like humans, mountains, the sun, the moon, etc. make up the visible universe that is made from visible matter. We don't know much about the dark matter that makes up 24% of the universe. We only know that it is made up of dark matter but how? We know very little about it. The third part is the dark energy that expands our universe gradually.
For a complete post, please visit: https://dearteacher4u.blogspot.com/2023/08/dark-stars-james-web-telescope-unveiled.html
Black Holes [Krunal Saija]
Detail about Black holes. It's definition, components and then history of black hole and General theory of relativity.
Life cycle of a star and formation of black hole in space.
Different types of choice after star's life end.
Different types of Black hole on basis on mass of Parent star. and classification of black holes on basis of charge and rotational motion of black holes. Quantum theory of physics.
Study of Black holes using Quantum mechanics by Steaphen Hawking.
Current research on black holes.
Black hole
Hey I'm DIVYA SHREE NANDINI. I'm here with my new presentation on Black Hole. I'm sure you'll find it interesting. well first thing what is black hole- "Black hole, cosmic body of extremely intense gravity from which nothing, not even light, can escape. A black hole can be formed by the death of a massive star. When such a star has exhausted the internal thermonuclear fuels in its core at the end of its life, the core becomes unstable and gravitationally collapses inward upon itself, and the star’s outer layers are blown away. The crushing weight of constituent matter falling in from all sides compresses the dying star to a point of zero volume and infinite density called the singularity." wanna know more about it then come with me. :)
15 Mind-Boggling Facts About Black Holes- The Cosmic Enigmas.pdf
In this presentation, we unravel 15 captivating data approximately black holes, shedding mild on their ordinary nature and the profound impact they have on the material of the universe. In the widespread expanse of our universe, black holes stand as enigmatic cosmic wonders, fascinating both astronomers and space fanatics alike. These mysterious entities, born from the gravitational fall apart of huge stars, have the energy to warp space and time in methods that challenge our knowledge of the cosmos.
1. Invisible Entities: Black holes are areas in area in which gravity is so extreme that nothing, not even light, can escape from them. They are basically invisible, making their detection tough. Scientists regularly rely upon indirect proof, inclusive of looking at the outcomes of a black hollow’s gravity on nearby stars.
2. Formation from Collapsed Stars: Most black holes are fashioned while massive stars exhaust their nuclear gas and disintegrate under their very own gravity. This fall apart can arise after a supernova explosion, leaving in the back of a dense center with gravitational forces so strong that now not even light can break out.
3. Three Types of Black Holes: There are 3 essential forms of black holes: stellar black holes, intermediate black holes, and supermassive black holes. Stellar black holes are shaped from collapsing stars, intermediate black holes have loads among one hundred and 100,000 instances that of the solar, and supermassive black holes, found at the centers of galaxies, may have hundreds equal to millions or even billions of suns.
4. Size Doesn’t Matter, Mass Does: The length of a black hole is defined with the aid of its occasion horizon, the boundary past which not anything can break out its gravitational pull. Contrary to popular perception, the size of the occasion horizon does now not rely on the mass of the item that fashioned the black hollow. A black hole with the mass of our sun would have an occasion horizon of only a few kilometers.
5. Time Dilation: Near a black hole, time behaves differently due to the intense gravitational forces. This phenomenon, called time dilation, method that time passes more slowly for an observer close to a black hole in comparison to a person farther away. This impact has been confirmed through numerous experiments and observations.
6. Hawking Radiation: Theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking proposed that black holes aren’t completely black; they emit a faint radiation now referred to as Hawking radiation. This happens due to quantum outcomes near the occasion horizon, inflicting pairs of debris to be created and one falling into the black hollow whilst the opposite escapes as radiation.
7. Spaghettification: As an item gets towards a black hollow, the gravitational forces grow to be an increasing number of stronger on one facet as compared to the opposite. This tidal force stretches the item into an extended, skinny shape, a manner humorously called “spaghettification.”
DM(final)
- 99% of the universe is believed to be dark matter. Scientists are convinced that only 1% of the 5% of baryonic matter present in the universe can be seen.
- Evidence has accumulated that there is more matter in galaxies than what meets the eye through telescopes. As much as 90% of the matter in the universe must be in some "dark" form.
- Observations of galaxy rotation curves showed that stars at the outer edges of galaxies move at the same speed as inner stars, even though there isn't enough visible matter to account for the gravitational force needed to keep them in orbit, suggesting additional unseen "dark matter" is present.
darkmatter and its expalanation ppt.pptx
In astronomy, dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that appears not to interact with light or the electromagnetic field. Dark matter is implied by gravitational effects which cannot be explained by general relativity unless more matter is present than can be seen.
TOE
The document discusses the current understanding of what the universe is made of according to the Standard Model of particle physics. It explains that all matter is made up of fundamental particles like quarks and electrons, which in turn are made up of even smaller particles. The document then introduces string theory as a promising candidate for a unified theory that could provide a quantum description of gravity and a "Theory of Everything". String theory proposes that all fundamental particles are actually different vibrational states of tiny loops of string. While string theory derives the Standard Model, there is currently no direct experimental evidence to confirm it is the correct description of nature.
Dark side ofthe_universe_public_29_september_2017_nazarbayev_shrt
1) The document discusses the history of discoveries about the universe, from ancient cosmologies to modern precision cosmology. Key developments include realizing the sun is at the center of the solar system, discovering other galaxies and the expansion of the universe, and detecting the cosmic microwave background and dark matter.
2) Current open questions about the universe include the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Observations show dark energy is accelerating the expansion of the universe, but its underlying cause remains unknown. Precise measurements aim to distinguish between models of dark energy.
3) The standard cosmological model has been very successful in explaining observations but has fine-tuning problems regarding why the present epoch is dominated by both matter and dark energy.
Dark matter
Dark matter is hypothetical matter that is thought to account for gravitational effects that cannot be explained by the amount of visible matter. While it has not been directly observed, several observations provide evidence for its existence, including the rotation curves of galaxies and gravitational lensing effects. Dark matter is believed to be massive, collisionless, and dark. It does not interact with electromagnetic radiation. There are several postulated forms of dark matter such as WIMPs, axions, and massive compact halo objects. Its existence could help explain phenomena like the stability of galaxies and the structure of the universe. Further research aims to determine what dark matter is composed of.
The black hole theory
This document discusses black holes and their properties. It begins with an introduction to black holes and their structure, including their singularity, event horizon, and accretion disks. It then covers different types of black holes like stellar-mass and supermassive black holes. The document discusses how light behaves near black holes and facts about them. Specific black holes like Sagittarius A* and Cygnus X-1 are mentioned. The formation and growth of black holes over time is summarized. Stephen Hawking's theory about black hole radiation is briefly outlined. The document concludes by discussing how astronomers locate black holes and the ongoing controversy around whether information can escape from black holes.
The black hole theory
This document discusses black holes and provides information on their structure, types, behavior, and formation. It describes how black holes have intense gravity that prevents even light from escaping once it passes the event horizon. The document also discusses famous black holes like Cygnus X-1 and Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Stephen Hawking's theory that black holes emit radiation and glow is also summarized.
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Materia oscura
- 1. DARK MATTER Index: -Definition -Evidences of it´s existence -Kinds of dark matter -Dark energy -Questions
- 3. Evidences of it´s existence The sweedish astrophisic Fritz Zwicky used the 'Virial theorem', which relate the cinetic energy and the potential energy, and he discovered the existence of invisible masses. Zwicky observed with this ecuation that the cluster (A lot fo things without order) was 400 times bigger than expected.
- 4. 0ther proves of it's excistence Other proves of it's excistence are: -Galactic rotation curves. -Velocity dispersions of galaxies. -Galaxy clusters and gravitational lensing. -Structure formation.
- 5. Kind of dark matter Baryonic dark matter: It's the dark matter which is made up of baryons, as for example protons. Nonbaryonic dark matter: There are 3 kinds of this: Hot dark matter: It's compose of particles whose speed is ultrarelativistic (It's close to light speed), like the neutrinos. Mild dark matter: It's compose of particles whose speed is relativistic. Cold dark matter: It's made up by particles whose speed isn't relativistic.
- 6. Dark energy It made up the biggest part of the unisverse. It produce negative presion that spread out to acelerate the universe expansion, it musnt't be confused with the dark matter because the dark energy is only energy and it's in all the space; and dark matter is matter.
- 7. Questions Who was Zwicky? What's the name of the theorem that he used? What are the two kinds of dark matter? What the principal difference between dark energy and dark matter?