1. Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Dark Force???
Expansion of the universe today is currently concluded from something called the redshift (the
moving away of cosmological objects such as galaxies in the lengthening of light waves); the
formation of galaxies themselves; as well as the stars and planets. It is thought to be the result
of gravitational forces. This model has caused problems for theorists who had to invent dark
matter, dark energy and dark forces for the model to work.
What we can actually see in outer-space as well as in labs, we are confronted with something
much different and much stronger than gravity. This is plasma. Plasma is the fourth state of
matter, different from gas in that one or more electrons have been stripped off one or all of the
atoms. Plasmas are involved with very strong electromagnetic fields. Plasmas quickly produce
all the forms of matter we see in space, without the need for dark anything.