Introduction Salient features Characteristics Classification Somatic structures Basidium Asexual reproduction in basidiomycetes Basidiocarp

1. Kingdom
Fungi
Phylum
Basidiomycota

2. •Presented by:
Sohail Riaz
•Presented to:
Ma’am Hira Fatima

3. Table of contents
• Introduction
• Salient features
• Characteristics
• Classification
• Somatic structures
• Basidium
• Asexual reproduction in basidiomycetes
• Basidiocarp

4. Introduction:
• Basidiomycota is the second largest phylum of kingdom fungi.
• Approximately 30,000 species
• The diagnostic character of this phylum is the presence of a
basidium bearing basidiospores
• The basidiospores are produced on club shaped cells called
basidia

5. Cont....
• Basiodiopores in basidiomycota are produced by exogenously.
• The basidia bearing bodies of the basidiomycota vary from
different in different species
• The minute pustules of the species of puccinia(uredinales).
• The flat geletinous films of many species of exidiopsis , the
large perennial, flattened, horse hoof shaped basidiocarps in
species of Ganoderma

6. Salient features:
• The presence of clamp connections
• Dolipore septa
• A double layered wall
• Lamellate
• electron opaque in electro microscopy

7. Characteristics
• The most conspicuous and familiar
Basidiomycota are those that produce
mushrooms, which are sexual reproductive
structures.
• The dikaryotic phase interspered between
plasmogamy and karyogamy .
• Major division of the kingdom fungi whose
members are characterized by the presence of the
basidium.

8. Cont...
• Basidia means '' little pedestral''
• Basidiomycota commonly called club fungi
• Fruiting bodies are popularly know as mushrooms and
toadtools
• The absence of flagellated cells
• These species have no differentiated sex organs except in the
rusts
• The sexual function is performed by the less specialized
structures usally somatic hyphae

9. Classification:
• According to Kirk etal in 2001 there are
i. 3 classes
ii. 23 orders
iii. 130 families
iv. 153 genera
v. 29914 species in this phylum.

10. Examples:
• The important fungi are
rusts, smuts, agarics,
polypoes various fungi,
false truffles, puffballs,
stinkhorns, boletes,
earthstars, bunts etc

13. Somatic structures
• The basidiomycota are typically mycelial but some are yeasts.
• There are three kinds of mycelia
i. Primary mycelium
ii. Secondary mycelium
iii. Tertiary mycelium

14. Primary mycelium
• On germination a-basidiospore give rise to primary mycelium
which is usually of short duration and limited extent
• The primary mycelium is branched septate and haploid in
nature with uni nucleate
• Primary mycelium is usually monokaryotic
• By the method of dikaryotization the production of secondary
mycelium occur

15. Secondary mycelium:
• The secondary mycelium is occur commonly ,often perennial
growing centrifugally year after an year and produce
basidiomata
• According to butler and jones in 1949 the mycelium of
marasmiums oreades may live up to the age of 400 years and
form basidiocarps each year
• In secondary mycelium morphogenetic changes occur and
tertiary mycelium form

16. Tertiary mycelium
• Secondary mycelium form complex tissue
• such as basidiocarps
• it is rare in basidiomycetes

17. Cont….
• The majority of basidiomycota are heterothallic
• About 10 percent of the basidiomycota are homothallic
• There are two types of homothallism
i. Primary homothallism
ii. Secondary homothallism

18. Primary homothallism
• The basidiomata are produced by the
germination of a single basidiospore
and there is no genetic distinction
between the two nuclei of a dikaryon
and mycelium is capable of
producing fruiting bodies
• Example
• Coprinus sterquilinus

19. Secondary homothallism
• Basidiospore are consists of two nuclei and
each spore on germination produce dikaryotic
mycelium producing basidiomata.
• Example
• Coprinus ephemerus

20. Cont…
• The remaining 90% of the
basidiomycota are reported to be
heterothallic
• About 25% show simple type of
heterothallism characterized by 2
mycelial types
• 4 different type of mycelial are also
formed called tetrapolar species such
as schizophyllum commune

21. Basidium
• A basidium is a cell or organ that bears exogenous
basidiospores that are formed by following karyogamy and
meiosis
• Basidium is the structure homologous to the ascus
• Like ascospores the basidiospores are formed in the
basidiomycota
• A typical basidium is a unicellular, club shaped structure which
originates as terminal cell of a binucleate hypha

22. Cont…

23. • Holobasidia
• A type of basidium that is not divided by primary septa are
single celled is called holobasidia
• For example
• Agaricus
• Phargmobasidia
A type of basidium which is divided by primary septa usually
transversely manner
• For example
• Tremella

24. Cont…..
• Teliospore formation
• In this type of basidium development begins when thick walled
resting spore termed teliospore which germinates to form a
germ tube on which basiodiospore formed
• Example
• Rust and smut in puccinia

25. Clamp formation
• Clamp is formed on the secondary mycelium
• It is a hypal outgrowth which makes a connection between the
resulting two cells by fusion with cell division
• Clamp connection ensure the maintain the dikaryotic condition.
• It serve as a bypass mechanism

28. Cont....
• Cell division is restricted to the tip cells of the hyphae
• The cell sends a short lateral arcuate outgrowth that projects
towards the base of the cell
• One of the two nuclei in each cell migrates into this outgrowth
while remain with in the cell

29. Asexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction occurs commonly in the basidiomycetes.
• It occur by budding ,fragmentation of mycelium,formation of
conidia ,arthrospores formation and oidia
• Budding
• First it produces a small protuberance on the parent cell that
grows to a full size and forms a bud
• The nucleus of the parent cell splits into a daughter nucleus
and migrates into the daughter cell

30. Budding in yeast

31. Conidia
• A type of asexual reproductive spore of fungi (kingdom
Fungi) usually produced at the tip or side of hyphae (filaments
that make up the body of a typical fungus) or on special spore-
producing structures called conidiophores
• Example
• Urediniospores produces in rust are form of conidia

33. Arthospores:
• The hyphae of many basidiomycota get fragmented into
uninucleate sections called arthospores
• These may be uninucleate or binucleate depends upon the nature
of mycelium
• If mycelium is primary as in Coprinellus micaceus

34. Cont….
• Primary and secondary mycelium as in flammulina velutipes
• Secondary mycelium as in peniophora giganteal

35. Oidia
• oidia are produced on specialized, erect, hyphal
branches known as oidiophores
• These are cylindrical, uninucleate and smooth
walled
• Oidia are form on primary mycelium

36. Sexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction is rare in basidiomycota
• Sexual organs are generally not found in basidiomycota except
i.e rust
• The essenceof sexuality plasmogamy,karyogamy and meiosis
does not take place in basidiomycetes
• Sexual reproduction is a lengthy process in basidiomycota

37. Cont…..
• The life cycle is divided into two phases
1. Short diploid phase
2. Long haploid
• The monokaryotic phase is typically very short while the
dikaryotic phase which starts with the coming together of two
sexual nuclei during plasmogamy,predominates during the
greater part of life cycle
• It ends with occurrence of karyogamy and meiosis in basidium
and four basidiospores are formed

41.  Basidia produced highly organized fruiting bodies called basidiocarps.
 These are vary in size. they may be microscopic to a meter or more in diameter
 Basidiocarps disintegrate and release spores.
 Such as coral fungi ,shelf fungi,puffballs are basidiocarps.
Basidiocarp

42. Hymenia
Basidia are form in layers called hymenia.
Basidioles
• Basidia contain sterile elements called basidioles.
• These are large in size than basidia .
• These structures are sterile.
• They give support to the fertile basidia.

44. Economical importance
• The rust and smut causes many dieases of cereals
• Mushrooms are enjoyed by mushroom hunters and others for
food and flavour
• Puff balls and mushrooms are high food value
• The fungus clavatia contain the anti cancer substances
• Some of the basidiomycetes are wood rotters and decomposers
of cellulose and lignin
• Some members are deadly poisonous like the amanita
phalloides and amanita verna

45. Ecological importance
• Beneficial to forest ecosystem because they decompose rotten
tissues by forming symbiotic relationship with trees
• Some of them like chanterells are fungi which supplying their
partner tree with nitrogen
• Some basidiomycetes from mutalistic association
• Yeast is important in fermentation process

46. T H A N K S