Mass Movement
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Junior Cert Geography Slides on Mass Movement - soil creep, landslide, rockfall, mudflows, avalanches etc...
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Mass Movement
Leaving Certificate Geography slides on Mass Movement (Landslides, rockfalls, avalanches, soil creep etc)
Geomorphology Topic 1 (Part 2) - Basic Concept
The document discusses several key factors that control landform development:
1) Geomorphic agents and processes such as weathering, erosion, and sediment transport affect how rocks and sediment are shaped over time.
2) The types of surficial materials present influences landform evolution.
3) The tectonic setting determines what rock materials are exposed and how they are distributed across the surface.
4) Climate determines the active geologic agents and affects the rates of physical and chemical weathering.
Chapter 9 folding and faulting
This document discusses key concepts around folding and faulting in the Earth's crust. It describes how fold mountains like the Himalayas are formed by compressional forces causing rock layers to bend and crumple. The Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates around 50 million years ago. Faulting is caused by fractures in the crust along which rock masses move, and can result in normal faults, reverse faults, and transform faults. Block mountains and rift valleys can form from the vertical displacement of rock blocks along these fault lines. The Great Rift Valley extending through Africa provides an example of a rift valley formed by tectonic forces tearing apart the Earth's crust.
AS GEOGRAPHY - ROCKS AND WEATHERING: SLOPE PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT
Mass movements are large-scale movements of earth that are not caused by rivers, glaciers, or waves. They include slow movements like soil creep and fast movements like avalanches. Mass movements are caused by a reduction in the internal strength of a slope or an increase in downward forces. Common types of mass movements are falls, slides, slumps, flows, and avalanches.
Junior Cert Geography Notes
This document summarizes information from a textbook about earth science topics including the structure of the earth, plate tectonics, rocks, weathering and erosion, glaciation, climate and weather. It contains questions and answers on these topics. Key points include:
- The three layers of the earth are the crust, mantle and core. Plates move around on the mantle and collide or separate.
- Weathering breaks rocks down through mechanical and chemical processes. Erosion then transports the weathered material.
- Glaciers shape the landscape through erosion and deposition, forming features like cirques, moraines and drumlins.
- Climate is influenced by factors like latitude, prevailing winds, altitude and proximity
Fluvial Geomorphology
This document discusses fluvial landscapes and processes. It begins by defining base level as the lowest level a river can erode down to, which is ultimately sea level. It then describes how above base level, rivers engage in downcutting and have more energy for erosion. Closer to base level, rivers meander laterally and deposit material. Common landforms include meandering streams, floodplains, deltas, and entrenched meanders formed by tectonic uplift. The document also discusses drainage patterns, watersheds, stream flow, fluvial processes of erosion and deposition, and flooding events.
Weathering
The document discusses different types of weathering processes that affect rocks, including mechanical, physical, chemical and biological weathering. It provides examples of specific weathering types like frost shattering, hydrolysis, sheeting and spheroidal weathering. The document also mentions Peltier's weathering graph, which attempts to predict the type and rate of weathering based on a location's mean annual temperature and rainfall.
soil erosion
This document summarizes a seminar on soil science and soil erosion. It discusses various causes and types of soil erosion including water erosion, wind erosion, and erosion caused by animals. Water erosion is discussed in more detail, outlining different types from rain splash erosion to gully erosion. The document also addresses how human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, and bad farming practices can increase soil erosion. Finally, it provides some solutions for reducing soil erosion such as contour farming, no-till farming, reseeding plants and trees, and retaining walls.
Recommended
Mass Movement
Leaving Certificate Geography slides on Mass Movement (Landslides, rockfalls, avalanches, soil creep etc)
Geomorphology Topic 1 (Part 2) - Basic Concept
The document discusses several key factors that control landform development:
1) Geomorphic agents and processes such as weathering, erosion, and sediment transport affect how rocks and sediment are shaped over time.
2) The types of surficial materials present influences landform evolution.
3) The tectonic setting determines what rock materials are exposed and how they are distributed across the surface.
4) Climate determines the active geologic agents and affects the rates of physical and chemical weathering.
Chapter 9 folding and faulting
This document discusses key concepts around folding and faulting in the Earth's crust. It describes how fold mountains like the Himalayas are formed by compressional forces causing rock layers to bend and crumple. The Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates around 50 million years ago. Faulting is caused by fractures in the crust along which rock masses move, and can result in normal faults, reverse faults, and transform faults. Block mountains and rift valleys can form from the vertical displacement of rock blocks along these fault lines. The Great Rift Valley extending through Africa provides an example of a rift valley formed by tectonic forces tearing apart the Earth's crust.
AS GEOGRAPHY - ROCKS AND WEATHERING: SLOPE PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT
Mass movements are large-scale movements of earth that are not caused by rivers, glaciers, or waves. They include slow movements like soil creep and fast movements like avalanches. Mass movements are caused by a reduction in the internal strength of a slope or an increase in downward forces. Common types of mass movements are falls, slides, slumps, flows, and avalanches.
Junior Cert Geography Notes
This document summarizes information from a textbook about earth science topics including the structure of the earth, plate tectonics, rocks, weathering and erosion, glaciation, climate and weather. It contains questions and answers on these topics. Key points include:
- The three layers of the earth are the crust, mantle and core. Plates move around on the mantle and collide or separate.
- Weathering breaks rocks down through mechanical and chemical processes. Erosion then transports the weathered material.
- Glaciers shape the landscape through erosion and deposition, forming features like cirques, moraines and drumlins.
- Climate is influenced by factors like latitude, prevailing winds, altitude and proximity
Fluvial Geomorphology
This document discusses fluvial landscapes and processes. It begins by defining base level as the lowest level a river can erode down to, which is ultimately sea level. It then describes how above base level, rivers engage in downcutting and have more energy for erosion. Closer to base level, rivers meander laterally and deposit material. Common landforms include meandering streams, floodplains, deltas, and entrenched meanders formed by tectonic uplift. The document also discusses drainage patterns, watersheds, stream flow, fluvial processes of erosion and deposition, and flooding events.
Weathering
The document discusses different types of weathering processes that affect rocks, including mechanical, physical, chemical and biological weathering. It provides examples of specific weathering types like frost shattering, hydrolysis, sheeting and spheroidal weathering. The document also mentions Peltier's weathering graph, which attempts to predict the type and rate of weathering based on a location's mean annual temperature and rainfall.
soil erosion
This document summarizes a seminar on soil science and soil erosion. It discusses various causes and types of soil erosion including water erosion, wind erosion, and erosion caused by animals. Water erosion is discussed in more detail, outlining different types from rain splash erosion to gully erosion. The document also addresses how human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, and bad farming practices can increase soil erosion. Finally, it provides some solutions for reducing soil erosion such as contour farming, no-till farming, reseeding plants and trees, and retaining walls.
Rock cycle notes
The document discusses the rock cycle, which describes how rocks constantly change form through various natural processes. Rocks can be broken down by weathering into sediments and then transported by erosion. These sediments may be deposited, compacted, and cemented to form sedimentary rocks. Increased heat and pressure can metamorphose sedimentary and igneous rocks. Melting of rocks forms magma that cools and solidifies into new igneous rocks. This cyclic process results in rocks continuously changing their shape and composition over geological time.
River Landform
Rivers have distinct features along their upper, middle, and lower courses. In the upper course, the river flows through a V-shaped valley with steep sides, eroding vertically. Meanders begin to form in the middle course as the river erodes more horizontally and widens the valley floor. In the lower course, the river flows through a wide, flat floodplain with features like oxbow lakes formed from abandoned meander loops.
Glacier and corrie formation ap
Glaciers form through the accumulation of snow in mountainous areas. When snow falls during winter and does not melt during cold spring and summer months, it compacts into dense ice over many years under its own weight. Additional layers of snow become compressed into ice, which causes the air to be squeezed out, turning the glacier a blue color. The large mass of ice then flows down the mountain under its own weight, eroding the landscape through two main processes - plucking and abrasion. Plucking involves rocks becoming frozen to the base of the glacier and breaking away as it moves. Abrasion occurs as rocks and debris carried on the glacier's bottom scrape along the valley floor, slowly excavating and shaping the land over
River Erosion and its Associated fetures
This document discusses river landforms and processes. It begins with a longitudinal profile diagram showing how a river's gradient is steepest at the headwaters and gentlest near the base level. It also includes diagrams of drainage patterns and stream order. Common river features are described such as meanders, floodplains, levees, and the formation of ox-bow lakes. The four main methods of river erosion and three methods of sediment transportation are defined. River landforms like waterfalls and pot holes are also examined. The document concludes with descriptions of the different stages in river development from youth to maturity.
3.4.2 Human Causes And Consequences Of Mass Movement V2
1. Human causes of mass movement include deforestation, building on steep slopes, road construction, and other activities that cause slope instability.
2. A specific case study from Indonesia in 2007 illustrates the consequences of human-induced mass movement, including deaths and damage from landslides caused by deforestation.
3. Responses to the Indonesian landslides included search and rescue efforts and calls to address the human causes of instability through reforestation and restricting building on steep slopes.
Glaciers
Glaciers are large, thick masses of ice formed from compacted snow that accumulates over many years. Glaciers form in areas where snow accumulation exceeds melting. Due to their great mass, glaciers slowly flow downhill like rivers. Glaciers erode the underlying landscape and form characteristic landforms as they advance and retreat. Melting glaciers provide fresh water for many communities but are now threatened by global warming.
Volcanoes
The document summarizes different types of volcanic eruptions and igneous activity. It discusses factors that influence the violence of eruptions like magma composition, temperature, and dissolved gases. It also describes different types of volcanoes like shield volcanoes, cinder cones, and composite cones. Plate tectonics provide mechanisms for magma generation at convergent and divergent plate boundaries as well as intraplate hotspots.
AS Level Physical Geography - Rocks and Weathering
The earth's surface is an ever-changing entity. With the forces of weather and climate and tectonic variability, the rocks and minerals that make up the earth are always changing in size, shape and forms - a fascinating, ancient, never-ending process.
River processes
The document discusses the four main processes of erosion by rivers: abrasion (corrasion), hydraulic action, solution (corrosion), and attrition. It explains each process in detail. Corrasion involves rocks in the river's load scraping against the bed and banks, while corrosion dissolves certain rock types due to the river's slight acidity. Hydraulic action removes rocks from the bed and banks through the force of moving water, strongest in rapids. Attrition erodes the river's load as pieces knock together. The document also notes that erosion is more vertical near the source and more lateral further downstream.
Glacier
Glaciers form from the recrystallization and compaction of snow. They exhibit variations in size, form, and origin. Glaciers erode the underlying landscape through abrasion, plucking, gouging, and sapping. They can form characteristic landforms during erosion like cirques, troughs, hanging valleys, and truncated spurs. Glaciers also deposit material in the form of moraines, tills, drumlins, and outwash plains.
Submergent and emergent coastlines
Global sea levels are rising due to two main factors: eustatic change caused by melting ice sheets and glaciers which adds water to the oceans, and isostatic change where land masses rise or sink in response to being weighed down by ice. As sea levels rise, coastal landforms emerge like raised beaches and relict cliffs, while others submerge to form drowned river valleys called rias and flooded glacial valleys called fjords. Rising seas are predicted to flood low-lying coastal areas and increase erosion, threatening habitats, settlements, infrastructure and fresh water sources over the coming decades.
Weathering
This document discusses different types of weathering and mass movement. It describes weathering as the breaking down and decay of exposed rock at or near the Earth's surface. Weathering occurs through mechanical, chemical and biological processes. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition, through processes like thermal expansion and frost cracking. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks through processes like oxidation and hydrolysis involving water and climate factors. Mass movement involves the downward and outward movement of rock and soil under the force of gravity, such as through rock falls, landslides, and talus slopes.
Urbanisation - Junior Cert Geography
A Presentation made for Junior Cert Geography on the topic of urbanisation in the developed and developing world. Contains some past Junior Cert exam questions.
V shaped valleys and interlocking spurs
The formation of V shaped valleys and interlocking spurs. What they look like and an explanation of how they are formed.
Glacial landforms AS Level Geography
This document describes various glacial and periglacial landforms formed by glacial erosion and deposition. Cirques are round hollows formed by glacial erosion in mountain regions. Arêtes are knife-edged ridges formed between two cirques, and pyramidal peaks form where three or more cirques meet. Glacial erosion can also form U-shaped valleys called troughs. Deposition by glaciers forms landforms like till, moraines, drumlins and erratics. Periglacial processes in cold regions without glaciers form patterned ground, ice wedges, pingos and other landforms through freeze-thaw action.
The coasts igcse
The coast is a narrow contact zone between land and sea that is constantly changing due to various land, air, and marine processes. Waves are a major force shaping the coastline, with characteristics like height, period, length, and steepness influencing their constructive or destructive power. Coastal landforms like beaches, sand dunes, spits, bars, cliffs, and caves form through the interacting processes of erosion, sediment transport, and deposition that waves and currents bring about.
Rocks & weathering lesson 4
This type of physical weathering is pressure release. Pressure release occurs when rocks that formed under deep burial are uplifted and erosion removes the overlying layers, allowing the rock to expand and form sheet joints parallel to the surface. Intrusive rocks like granite batholiths are commonly subjected to pressure release weathering when uplifted.
AS GEOGRAPHY - ROCKS AND WEATHERING: ELEMENTARY PLATE TECTONICS
1. Plate tectonics theory states that the Earth's crust is made up of plates that move over the mantle due to convection currents. As plates move away from mid-ocean ridges, they cool and become denser.
2. At convergent plate boundaries, one plate subducts under the other into the mantle at deep ocean trenches. This causes volcanism and creates island arcs at the surface.
3. Mountain building occurs at plate boundaries, such as the Himalayas formed by the collision of the Eurasian and Indian plates, and the Andes formed at the boundary between the oceanic Nazca Plate and continental South American Plate. Folding and faulting create the mountains.
River landforms in the upper course
The upper course of a river has low water volume and flows through a narrow, steep-sided V-shaped valley. It erodes vertically, forming interlocking spurs as the river is forced to swing around resistant rock outcrops. A V-shaped valley forms through vertical erosion in the river channel and weathering of valley sides, causing material to move downslope and be transported away by the river over time.
Hazardous environments
The document discusses the global distribution of tectonic hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis. It explains that most earthquakes occur along well-defined plate boundaries, including subduction zones where one plate slides under another, and collision boundaries. Narrow earthquake belts are associated with constructive margins where new crust is forming and plates are moving apart. Broadly, the document provides an overview of the types and causes of tectonic hazards around the world.
M
This document discusses different types of mass movement, which are distinguished by their speed depending on slope characteristics. Soil creep is the slow to rapid movement of loose surface materials down gentle slopes, seen in signs like bent tree trunks and terraces. Landslides can occur rapidly on saturated slopes after heavy rain and flow quickly downhill.
Urban land use
Urban Land use from the Human Elective for the Irish Leaving Cert. Contains some past exam questions. Deals with the Harp Project and urban issues in Dublin and Paris
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Rock cycle notes
The document discusses the rock cycle, which describes how rocks constantly change form through various natural processes. Rocks can be broken down by weathering into sediments and then transported by erosion. These sediments may be deposited, compacted, and cemented to form sedimentary rocks. Increased heat and pressure can metamorphose sedimentary and igneous rocks. Melting of rocks forms magma that cools and solidifies into new igneous rocks. This cyclic process results in rocks continuously changing their shape and composition over geological time.
River Landform
Rivers have distinct features along their upper, middle, and lower courses. In the upper course, the river flows through a V-shaped valley with steep sides, eroding vertically. Meanders begin to form in the middle course as the river erodes more horizontally and widens the valley floor. In the lower course, the river flows through a wide, flat floodplain with features like oxbow lakes formed from abandoned meander loops.
Glacier and corrie formation ap
Glaciers form through the accumulation of snow in mountainous areas. When snow falls during winter and does not melt during cold spring and summer months, it compacts into dense ice over many years under its own weight. Additional layers of snow become compressed into ice, which causes the air to be squeezed out, turning the glacier a blue color. The large mass of ice then flows down the mountain under its own weight, eroding the landscape through two main processes - plucking and abrasion. Plucking involves rocks becoming frozen to the base of the glacier and breaking away as it moves. Abrasion occurs as rocks and debris carried on the glacier's bottom scrape along the valley floor, slowly excavating and shaping the land over
River Erosion and its Associated fetures
This document discusses river landforms and processes. It begins with a longitudinal profile diagram showing how a river's gradient is steepest at the headwaters and gentlest near the base level. It also includes diagrams of drainage patterns and stream order. Common river features are described such as meanders, floodplains, levees, and the formation of ox-bow lakes. The four main methods of river erosion and three methods of sediment transportation are defined. River landforms like waterfalls and pot holes are also examined. The document concludes with descriptions of the different stages in river development from youth to maturity.
3.4.2 Human Causes And Consequences Of Mass Movement V2
1. Human causes of mass movement include deforestation, building on steep slopes, road construction, and other activities that cause slope instability.
2. A specific case study from Indonesia in 2007 illustrates the consequences of human-induced mass movement, including deaths and damage from landslides caused by deforestation.
3. Responses to the Indonesian landslides included search and rescue efforts and calls to address the human causes of instability through reforestation and restricting building on steep slopes.
Glaciers
Glaciers are large, thick masses of ice formed from compacted snow that accumulates over many years. Glaciers form in areas where snow accumulation exceeds melting. Due to their great mass, glaciers slowly flow downhill like rivers. Glaciers erode the underlying landscape and form characteristic landforms as they advance and retreat. Melting glaciers provide fresh water for many communities but are now threatened by global warming.
Volcanoes
The document summarizes different types of volcanic eruptions and igneous activity. It discusses factors that influence the violence of eruptions like magma composition, temperature, and dissolved gases. It also describes different types of volcanoes like shield volcanoes, cinder cones, and composite cones. Plate tectonics provide mechanisms for magma generation at convergent and divergent plate boundaries as well as intraplate hotspots.
AS Level Physical Geography - Rocks and Weathering
The earth's surface is an ever-changing entity. With the forces of weather and climate and tectonic variability, the rocks and minerals that make up the earth are always changing in size, shape and forms - a fascinating, ancient, never-ending process.
River processes
The document discusses the four main processes of erosion by rivers: abrasion (corrasion), hydraulic action, solution (corrosion), and attrition. It explains each process in detail. Corrasion involves rocks in the river's load scraping against the bed and banks, while corrosion dissolves certain rock types due to the river's slight acidity. Hydraulic action removes rocks from the bed and banks through the force of moving water, strongest in rapids. Attrition erodes the river's load as pieces knock together. The document also notes that erosion is more vertical near the source and more lateral further downstream.
Glacier
Glaciers form from the recrystallization and compaction of snow. They exhibit variations in size, form, and origin. Glaciers erode the underlying landscape through abrasion, plucking, gouging, and sapping. They can form characteristic landforms during erosion like cirques, troughs, hanging valleys, and truncated spurs. Glaciers also deposit material in the form of moraines, tills, drumlins, and outwash plains.
Submergent and emergent coastlines
Global sea levels are rising due to two main factors: eustatic change caused by melting ice sheets and glaciers which adds water to the oceans, and isostatic change where land masses rise or sink in response to being weighed down by ice. As sea levels rise, coastal landforms emerge like raised beaches and relict cliffs, while others submerge to form drowned river valleys called rias and flooded glacial valleys called fjords. Rising seas are predicted to flood low-lying coastal areas and increase erosion, threatening habitats, settlements, infrastructure and fresh water sources over the coming decades.
Weathering
This document discusses different types of weathering and mass movement. It describes weathering as the breaking down and decay of exposed rock at or near the Earth's surface. Weathering occurs through mechanical, chemical and biological processes. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition, through processes like thermal expansion and frost cracking. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks through processes like oxidation and hydrolysis involving water and climate factors. Mass movement involves the downward and outward movement of rock and soil under the force of gravity, such as through rock falls, landslides, and talus slopes.
Urbanisation - Junior Cert Geography
A Presentation made for Junior Cert Geography on the topic of urbanisation in the developed and developing world. Contains some past Junior Cert exam questions.
V shaped valleys and interlocking spurs
The formation of V shaped valleys and interlocking spurs. What they look like and an explanation of how they are formed.
Glacial landforms AS Level Geography
This document describes various glacial and periglacial landforms formed by glacial erosion and deposition. Cirques are round hollows formed by glacial erosion in mountain regions. Arêtes are knife-edged ridges formed between two cirques, and pyramidal peaks form where three or more cirques meet. Glacial erosion can also form U-shaped valleys called troughs. Deposition by glaciers forms landforms like till, moraines, drumlins and erratics. Periglacial processes in cold regions without glaciers form patterned ground, ice wedges, pingos and other landforms through freeze-thaw action.
The coasts igcse
The coast is a narrow contact zone between land and sea that is constantly changing due to various land, air, and marine processes. Waves are a major force shaping the coastline, with characteristics like height, period, length, and steepness influencing their constructive or destructive power. Coastal landforms like beaches, sand dunes, spits, bars, cliffs, and caves form through the interacting processes of erosion, sediment transport, and deposition that waves and currents bring about.
Rocks & weathering lesson 4
This type of physical weathering is pressure release. Pressure release occurs when rocks that formed under deep burial are uplifted and erosion removes the overlying layers, allowing the rock to expand and form sheet joints parallel to the surface. Intrusive rocks like granite batholiths are commonly subjected to pressure release weathering when uplifted.
AS GEOGRAPHY - ROCKS AND WEATHERING: ELEMENTARY PLATE TECTONICS
1. Plate tectonics theory states that the Earth's crust is made up of plates that move over the mantle due to convection currents. As plates move away from mid-ocean ridges, they cool and become denser.
2. At convergent plate boundaries, one plate subducts under the other into the mantle at deep ocean trenches. This causes volcanism and creates island arcs at the surface.
3. Mountain building occurs at plate boundaries, such as the Himalayas formed by the collision of the Eurasian and Indian plates, and the Andes formed at the boundary between the oceanic Nazca Plate and continental South American Plate. Folding and faulting create the mountains.
River landforms in the upper course
The upper course of a river has low water volume and flows through a narrow, steep-sided V-shaped valley. It erodes vertically, forming interlocking spurs as the river is forced to swing around resistant rock outcrops. A V-shaped valley forms through vertical erosion in the river channel and weathering of valley sides, causing material to move downslope and be transported away by the river over time.
Hazardous environments
The document discusses the global distribution of tectonic hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis. It explains that most earthquakes occur along well-defined plate boundaries, including subduction zones where one plate slides under another, and collision boundaries. Narrow earthquake belts are associated with constructive margins where new crust is forming and plates are moving apart. Broadly, the document provides an overview of the types and causes of tectonic hazards around the world.
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3.4.2 Human Causes And Consequences Of Mass Movement V2
3.4.2 Human Causes And Consequences Of Mass Movement V2
AS Level Physical Geography - Rocks and Weathering
AS Level Physical Geography - Rocks and Weathering
AS GEOGRAPHY - ROCKS AND WEATHERING: ELEMENTARY PLATE TECTONICS
AS GEOGRAPHY - ROCKS AND WEATHERING: ELEMENTARY PLATE TECTONICS
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This document discusses different types of mass movement, which are distinguished by their speed depending on slope characteristics. Soil creep is the slow to rapid movement of loose surface materials down gentle slopes, seen in signs like bent tree trunks and terraces. Landslides can occur rapidly on saturated slopes after heavy rain and flow quickly downhill.
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Mass Movement
The document provides information about different types of mass movement or slope failure. It begins by defining different types of slopes including crests, free faces, talus slopes, and pediments. It then discusses various types of mass movement processes including creep, slump, debris flow, earth flow, and rockslides. The role of water in triggering mass movements is described. The document also addresses human impacts including urbanization and deforestation that can cause landslides. It concludes with ways to prevent landslides such as drainage control, slope grading, and avoiding hazardous areas.
Urbanisation
1) Urbanization is the process by which an increasing proportion of people live in urban areas, such as towns and cities.
2) Two-thirds of the world's population is estimated to live in cities within 50 years, as urbanization increases globally.
3) Urbanization occurs as people migrate from rural to urban areas, usually as countries develop, in search of jobs, opportunities, and improved standards of living.
L2 the causes of urbanisation
Rural-urban migration is increasing urbanization globally. People migrate from rural to urban areas due to push factors in rural areas like lack of jobs, poverty, and poor infrastructure as well as pull factors of the city like more jobs and economic opportunities, improved standards of living, and access to services. Urbanization grew rapidly in now-developed countries during industrialization as people moved to cities for factory and mine jobs. In poorer countries today, high fertility rates and natural increase in cities also contribute to urban growth, as do cities being centers of industry and opportunity.
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The document discusses urbanization, defining it as a process where an increasing proportion of the population lives in towns and cities. There are two main causes of urbanization: rural-urban migration and natural increase. Rural-urban migration occurs as people move from rural areas to cities due to push factors like lack of land and poverty in rural areas, and pull factors like employment opportunities and quality of life improvements in urban areas. Natural increase also contributes to urbanization as a high birth rate combined with improved healthcare in cities leads to urban populations growing independently of migration. The document concludes by showing which parts of the world have the highest and lowest levels of urbanization.
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Volcanoes and volcanic Activity
Volcanic Activity
- Volcanoes form when magma reaches the Earth's surface, causing eruptions of lava and ash. They occur at destructive and constructive plate boundaries.
- The Mid Atlantic Ridge under the Atlantic Ocean was formed when plates separated and lava came to the surface, cooled and hardened.
- Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
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Mass Movement
- 1. Mass Movement Mass Movement Rock Falls, Avalanches, Soil Creep, Landslides, Mudslides….
- 2. Mass Movement • This is the movement of _______________ downslope under the influence of ________________. • This movement can be fast or slow. • The three things that cause Mass Movement are: – S___________ – W __________ – Shortage of V____________
- 3. Types of Mass Movement • Slow – Soil Creep (few millimetres a year) • Slow to fast – Bogbursts and Mudflows • Fast - Landslide
- 4. Chapter 6: Mass Movement • Loose material that has been weathered is called ______________. •Under the influence of ________________ this action is known as _________ _______________. •Different types of mass movement are distinguished by their ___________ which depends on the ___________________ of the slope. Type of Mass movement Speed Soil Creep Slow to Rapid Landslide
- 5. Soil Creep – the slowest type of Mass Movement
- 6. Soil Creep - effects
- 7. Soil Creep - effects Trees and Poles bend, ripples appear on hillsides
- 8. Gentle slope: It is greatest near the surface. 3 signs of soil creep are: _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Soil Creep: Slow
- 9. Bogbursts and Mudflows • A bog burst occurs when heavy _______ falls on hills covered with layers of P____ or T_____. • Mudflows happen when S________ R________ flows rapidly downslope.
- 11. Landslide & Avalanche • Landslides are very rapid, fairly dry movements of regolith • Avalanches are rapid movements of snow downslope
- 12. Rockfall
- 13. Rockfall (on Mars) Talus/Scree Freshly exposed cliff Dust Cloud Shows this is dry mass movement
- 14. 2008 Junior Cert – Short Question
- 15. 2012 Junior Cert – Short Question
- 16. 2010 Junior Cert