Planning for Emergency Mass-Depopulation of Swine in Response to a Foreign Animal Disease Outbreak - Mark Rice, North Carolina State University, from the 2015 World Pork Expo, June 3 - 5, 2015, Des Moines, IA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-world-pork-expo
This document provides an overview of Rheem's residential gas water heaters. It describes their full product line including tank and tankless models in various sizes. Key features highlighted are energy efficiency, durability, safety components like the FVIR system, and warranties of up to 8 years.
3 Things You Should Know About the Changing Refrigeration ClimateAllison Banko
This webinar provides the latest information regarding the regulatory changes and the potential impacts to food manufacturers and distributors. It also focuses on emerging technologies which meet the new guidelines and are innovative for cooling and freezing applications.
This document provides a history of using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a refrigerant and discusses its characteristics and applications. It notes that CO2 was first suggested as a refrigerant in 1850 and was widely used in the 1920s-1930s before being replaced by chlorofluorocarbons. Interest in CO2 renewed in 1993 due to environmental regulations. CO2 has benefits such as being natural, non-toxic, and having high heat transfer rates, but also has high operating pressures compared to other refrigerants. The document discusses uses of CO2 in industrial refrigeration, supermarkets, and large-scale applications.
An innovative technology to increase the heater capacity without increasing the coil side pressure drop in fired heaters.
Furnace Improvements has implemented this technology in many fired heaters around the world. This technology is useful specially for Reformer heaters as coil pressure drop is limited for those heaters, typically 2-5 psi.
The document summarizes the differences between a typical coil type boiler system and a more efficient shell type boiler system. In a coil type boiler system, there are significant losses throughout the steam and condensate loop, with only 55% of the generated steam being used for process demand. A shell type boiler system recovers more condensate, reduces losses, and lowers the process steam demand, resulting in fuel savings of 25-30% compared to a coil type boiler. The shell type boiler provides dry saturated steam, steady loads, and increased productivity across several industries.
This document discusses the design of an above-ground anaerobic digester to generate biogas from kitchen waste under cold winter conditions. It provides details on the selected horizontal plug flow design concept, including sizing calculations to meet a gas requirement of 32 m3/month. A mechanical design is presented, including dimensions and materials. Finite element analysis was conducted to validate the design meets stress and deformation criteria. Assembly details and a cost estimate of $83,898 are also included. The design adheres to relevant standards and is comparable in cost to imported options.
Cement Industry is under increasing pressure to become more profitable. Globally, there is overcapacity of production. To be competitive, Production Units need to optimize operations to the maximum possible level so as to lower overall operating costs with/without having to make major capital investments.
This document provides guidance on how to write effective specifications for fired heaters to enable vendor engineers to design heaters better suited for process operations. It outlines many key parameters and considerations that should be specified, such as fluid properties, heat duties, fuel properties, contaminants, temperatures, materials, instrumentation, and more. Specifying these details carefully can help avoid inefficient energy use and downtime by ensuring the heater design is optimized for the specific application and operating conditions.
This document provides an overview of Rheem's residential gas water heaters. It describes their full product line including tank and tankless models in various sizes. Key features highlighted are energy efficiency, durability, safety components like the FVIR system, and warranties of up to 8 years.
3 Things You Should Know About the Changing Refrigeration ClimateAllison Banko
This webinar provides the latest information regarding the regulatory changes and the potential impacts to food manufacturers and distributors. It also focuses on emerging technologies which meet the new guidelines and are innovative for cooling and freezing applications.
This document provides a history of using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a refrigerant and discusses its characteristics and applications. It notes that CO2 was first suggested as a refrigerant in 1850 and was widely used in the 1920s-1930s before being replaced by chlorofluorocarbons. Interest in CO2 renewed in 1993 due to environmental regulations. CO2 has benefits such as being natural, non-toxic, and having high heat transfer rates, but also has high operating pressures compared to other refrigerants. The document discusses uses of CO2 in industrial refrigeration, supermarkets, and large-scale applications.
An innovative technology to increase the heater capacity without increasing the coil side pressure drop in fired heaters.
Furnace Improvements has implemented this technology in many fired heaters around the world. This technology is useful specially for Reformer heaters as coil pressure drop is limited for those heaters, typically 2-5 psi.
The document summarizes the differences between a typical coil type boiler system and a more efficient shell type boiler system. In a coil type boiler system, there are significant losses throughout the steam and condensate loop, with only 55% of the generated steam being used for process demand. A shell type boiler system recovers more condensate, reduces losses, and lowers the process steam demand, resulting in fuel savings of 25-30% compared to a coil type boiler. The shell type boiler provides dry saturated steam, steady loads, and increased productivity across several industries.
This document discusses the design of an above-ground anaerobic digester to generate biogas from kitchen waste under cold winter conditions. It provides details on the selected horizontal plug flow design concept, including sizing calculations to meet a gas requirement of 32 m3/month. A mechanical design is presented, including dimensions and materials. Finite element analysis was conducted to validate the design meets stress and deformation criteria. Assembly details and a cost estimate of $83,898 are also included. The design adheres to relevant standards and is comparable in cost to imported options.
Cement Industry is under increasing pressure to become more profitable. Globally, there is overcapacity of production. To be competitive, Production Units need to optimize operations to the maximum possible level so as to lower overall operating costs with/without having to make major capital investments.
This document provides guidance on how to write effective specifications for fired heaters to enable vendor engineers to design heaters better suited for process operations. It outlines many key parameters and considerations that should be specified, such as fluid properties, heat duties, fuel properties, contaminants, temperatures, materials, instrumentation, and more. Specifying these details carefully can help avoid inefficient energy use and downtime by ensuring the heater design is optimized for the specific application and operating conditions.
Furnace Improvements provides low-cost solutions for improving fired heaters and boilers. They have over 15 years of experience and 40 professionals with over 300 years combined experience. Their services include revamping, capacity increase, efficiency improvement, NOx reduction, and heater design. They have successfully completed over 200 projects for clients in refineries and petrochemical plants. Their patented technologies include split flow technology and inclined firing systems to improve heater performance.
Cleaver Brooks - To Condense or Not to Condense - How to Choose the Correct B...FMA Summits
We will cover non-condensing boilers, condensing boilers, and various technologies within each boiler type. With different boiler types understood, we will focus on when to apply condensing or non-condensing boilers in different system for the best application of each type.
The revolutionary Water-Mist technology. Low Pressure & High Pressure Water-Mist. Design calculations, Standards, Applications, Limitations. Alternative to Gas suppression - sprinkler systems.
Contact: 95949-66462
Thermax Limited provides consulting services for efficient steam systems, including piping design, equipment selection, and design of condensate recovery and waste heat recovery systems. They offer utilities audits to analyze steam, compressed air, cooling, and power systems with the goal of optimizing costs. Their expertise includes selection and sizing of equipment such as pressure reducing stations, traps, and insulation. High-pressure condensate recovery systems can provide fuel savings of 15-20% by recovering heat from flash steam and condensate.
Improving Efficiency for Boiler and Steam SystemKamlesh Hariyani
In Steam Generation system, Cost of steam depends on Boiler efficiency. These slides are focusing on various aspects which plays important role in steam generation system.
Bag filter optimization in Cement IndustryNITIN ASNANI
This document provides guidance on designing and optimizing bag filter systems used for dedusting applications. It discusses key components of a dedusting system and factors to consider in the design such as equipment to be dedusted, air flow calculations, auxiliary equipment selection, and physical site parameters. The document outlines design guidelines for aspects like venting air volume, velocity norms, and insulation requirements. It also provides information on bag filter material selection, air to cloth ratios, and troubleshooting common issues.
Determining the Best Heat Recovery System to Maximize Boiler EfficiencyCleaver-Brooks
This document discusses various methods for recovering waste heat from boiler systems to improve efficiency. It describes economizer systems, which recover heat from flue gases to preheat boiler feedwater using parallel, counter, or cross flow designs. Condensing economizers can recover both sensible and latent heat. Blowdown heat recovery units capture heat from boiler blowdown water before discharge. Integrating multiple waste heat recovery technologies along with control systems can reduce operating costs through increased efficiency and lowered resource use.
This document provides 20 methods for improving boiler efficiency. Some key methods include reducing excess air, decreasing flue gas temperature, optimizing boiler operation, stopping steam leaks, reducing deposits in burners and on boiler surfaces, recovering heat from blowdown, and insulating boiler components to reduce heat loss. Implementing multiple efficiency improvements can potentially save up to 30% in fuel costs by lowering heat losses and improving combustion. Proper maintenance and optimization of boiler operations and components are important to maximize efficiency.
The document describes a case study of a heater revamp project completed by Furnace Improvements Services (FIS) to increase the capacity of platformer and hydrotreater (NHT) heaters. FIS used their patented "Split Flow Technology" to redesign the heaters and increase capacity to 18,000 BPD at a lower cost than conventional methods. The revamp improved the thermal efficiency from 80% to 89% and increased the total heat duty from 119.7 MMBtu/hr to 150.4 MMBtu/hr.
Summary of changes in burner specificationsKapil Batra
The document compares changes made between editions of API 560 standards regarding specifications for fired heaters and burners. Some key changes include: the 4th and 5th editions specify that burner design ensure complete combustion and limit flame length; minimum burner clearances have been updated and specifications added for ultra low NOx burners; and material requirements have been specified for components operating in high H2S environments. Furnace Improvements Services is an engineering company that provides design and consulting services for fired heaters and boilers, including CFD modeling, revamps, and new installations.
The document provides information about steam generators and coal-fired power plants. It discusses the basics of how coal is converted to electricity through a thermal cycle. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce superheated steam, which spins a turbine connected to a generator to produce electrical energy. The steam is then condensed in a condenser, and the condensate is returned to the boiler via feedwater pumps, completing the cycle. The document also contains details about India's major coal-fired power plants and their locations.
Farm-Scale Char Production: Affordable 4C Kilns for Biocharbitmaxim
The presentation discusses the Anderson 4C kiln technology, which helps fill a gap in size and cost options for medium and small biochar operations. The 4C kiln uses a covered cavity design and supported spaces for pyrolysis to allow for automated fuel delivery, complete charring, and better temperature control. This addresses limitations of traditional cavity kilns. Various sizes of 4C kilns are presented, from barrels to shipping containers, with estimates of their biomass inputs, biochar and thermal energy outputs.
Comparison of Flame Cap (FC or Open Cavity) Kiln and Rotatable Covered Cavity...bitmaxim
The document compares flame cap kiln and rotatable covered cavity kiln technologies for biochar production. It outlines key advantages of the rotatable covered cavity kiln design, including improved control over air flows, emissions, and heat availability. This new design addresses limitations of traditional open-top and covered cavity kilns by allowing biomass tumbling for more complete charring and easier fuel loading and unloading. The rotatable design also enables scaling kiln sizes up or down to suit different operations. Initial prototypes demonstrated feasibility of the innovative kiln concept for clean, efficient small-to-medium scale biochar production.
This is a presentation on the design of plant for producing 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
- Pioneer Energy has developed a portable system that can generate high-purity CO2 and electricity from raw field gas or biomass on-site at oil fields.
- The fully portable system fits on a semi-trailer and can produce 200-1,000 mcf/day of CO2. A prototype has been built and tested.
- The system addresses the lack of available and affordable CO2 for fracking and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects. It provides an on-site source of CO2 without the need for pipelines or trucking.
- By using flare gas, a wasted resource, the system also addresses environmental issues. It has the potential to enable more small-
This project aims to design a waste management system to produce bioenergy for rural Alaskan communities through anaerobic digestion of human waste. The system will include a collective waste collection system, a bioreactor for digestion and biogas production, and storage and utilization of the methane biogas. AutoCAD and COMSOL Multiphysics will be used to model and simulate the design. Methane production will be modeled using STELLA software. Equipment like grinder pumps, mixing pumps, solar panels, and batteries will be incorporated into the system.
This document discusses standards and methods for controlling pollution from power plants. It describes World Bank and OSHA standards for emissions and worker safety. It then outlines various pollution control methods used in thermal power plants, including electrostatic precipitators to remove particulates from flue gases, low NOx burners to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, and wet scrubbers and ash ponds to control water pollution. Thermal pollution is controlled using cooling towers, and noise pollution controls include limiting noise levels and providing protective equipment for workers.
This document discusses equipment and accessories used in controlled atmosphere storage, including their functions and models. It covers CO2 scrubbers, O2 scrubbers, control systems, gas analysis equipment, Palliflex storage units, ethylene decomposers, humidification systems, and accessories like gas-tight doors. Different models of CO2 and O2 scrubbers are described based on their capacities and technologies like VPSA and PSA. Control systems regulate storage conditions and other processes. Gas analysis equipment measures O2 and CO2 levels using different sensor types. Palliflex units provide flexible storage of up to 400 pallets under controlled conditions. Ethylene decomposers remove ethylene to inhibit fruit ripening. Humidification
CA equipment and accessories and its biochemical changes Shyamala C
1) Various equipment is used in controlled atmosphere storage including CO2 scrubbers, O2 scrubbers, control systems, gas analysis equipment, Palliflex units, ethylene decomposers, cold store accessories, and humidification systems.
2) Biochemical changes occur in fruits and vegetables during controlled atmosphere storage including changes in flavor, development of off-flavors, volatile compounds, acidity, nutrition, ascorbic acid, lycopene, and phenolics.
3) Controlled atmosphere storage has been shown to generally maintain better flavor compared to air storage, though the fruit maturity at harvest also impacts flavor. Off-flavors can develop from increased ethanol and acetal
This document provides information about the delayed coking process used in oil refineries. It begins with a 3 sentence summary of the process: The delayed coking process uses high temperatures to crack heavy hydrocarbons into lighter products like LPG, gasoline, and distillates. It is used by refiners to convert the bottom of the crude barrel. The key benefit is the full conversion of heavy residual oils into lighter products to increase profit margins by processing lower-cost, heavier crudes.
Furnace Improvements provides low-cost solutions for improving fired heaters and boilers. They have over 15 years of experience and 40 professionals with over 300 years combined experience. Their services include revamping, capacity increase, efficiency improvement, NOx reduction, and heater design. They have successfully completed over 200 projects for clients in refineries and petrochemical plants. Their patented technologies include split flow technology and inclined firing systems to improve heater performance.
Cleaver Brooks - To Condense or Not to Condense - How to Choose the Correct B...FMA Summits
We will cover non-condensing boilers, condensing boilers, and various technologies within each boiler type. With different boiler types understood, we will focus on when to apply condensing or non-condensing boilers in different system for the best application of each type.
The revolutionary Water-Mist technology. Low Pressure & High Pressure Water-Mist. Design calculations, Standards, Applications, Limitations. Alternative to Gas suppression - sprinkler systems.
Contact: 95949-66462
Thermax Limited provides consulting services for efficient steam systems, including piping design, equipment selection, and design of condensate recovery and waste heat recovery systems. They offer utilities audits to analyze steam, compressed air, cooling, and power systems with the goal of optimizing costs. Their expertise includes selection and sizing of equipment such as pressure reducing stations, traps, and insulation. High-pressure condensate recovery systems can provide fuel savings of 15-20% by recovering heat from flash steam and condensate.
Improving Efficiency for Boiler and Steam SystemKamlesh Hariyani
In Steam Generation system, Cost of steam depends on Boiler efficiency. These slides are focusing on various aspects which plays important role in steam generation system.
Bag filter optimization in Cement IndustryNITIN ASNANI
This document provides guidance on designing and optimizing bag filter systems used for dedusting applications. It discusses key components of a dedusting system and factors to consider in the design such as equipment to be dedusted, air flow calculations, auxiliary equipment selection, and physical site parameters. The document outlines design guidelines for aspects like venting air volume, velocity norms, and insulation requirements. It also provides information on bag filter material selection, air to cloth ratios, and troubleshooting common issues.
Determining the Best Heat Recovery System to Maximize Boiler EfficiencyCleaver-Brooks
This document discusses various methods for recovering waste heat from boiler systems to improve efficiency. It describes economizer systems, which recover heat from flue gases to preheat boiler feedwater using parallel, counter, or cross flow designs. Condensing economizers can recover both sensible and latent heat. Blowdown heat recovery units capture heat from boiler blowdown water before discharge. Integrating multiple waste heat recovery technologies along with control systems can reduce operating costs through increased efficiency and lowered resource use.
This document provides 20 methods for improving boiler efficiency. Some key methods include reducing excess air, decreasing flue gas temperature, optimizing boiler operation, stopping steam leaks, reducing deposits in burners and on boiler surfaces, recovering heat from blowdown, and insulating boiler components to reduce heat loss. Implementing multiple efficiency improvements can potentially save up to 30% in fuel costs by lowering heat losses and improving combustion. Proper maintenance and optimization of boiler operations and components are important to maximize efficiency.
The document describes a case study of a heater revamp project completed by Furnace Improvements Services (FIS) to increase the capacity of platformer and hydrotreater (NHT) heaters. FIS used their patented "Split Flow Technology" to redesign the heaters and increase capacity to 18,000 BPD at a lower cost than conventional methods. The revamp improved the thermal efficiency from 80% to 89% and increased the total heat duty from 119.7 MMBtu/hr to 150.4 MMBtu/hr.
Summary of changes in burner specificationsKapil Batra
The document compares changes made between editions of API 560 standards regarding specifications for fired heaters and burners. Some key changes include: the 4th and 5th editions specify that burner design ensure complete combustion and limit flame length; minimum burner clearances have been updated and specifications added for ultra low NOx burners; and material requirements have been specified for components operating in high H2S environments. Furnace Improvements Services is an engineering company that provides design and consulting services for fired heaters and boilers, including CFD modeling, revamps, and new installations.
The document provides information about steam generators and coal-fired power plants. It discusses the basics of how coal is converted to electricity through a thermal cycle. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce superheated steam, which spins a turbine connected to a generator to produce electrical energy. The steam is then condensed in a condenser, and the condensate is returned to the boiler via feedwater pumps, completing the cycle. The document also contains details about India's major coal-fired power plants and their locations.
Farm-Scale Char Production: Affordable 4C Kilns for Biocharbitmaxim
The presentation discusses the Anderson 4C kiln technology, which helps fill a gap in size and cost options for medium and small biochar operations. The 4C kiln uses a covered cavity design and supported spaces for pyrolysis to allow for automated fuel delivery, complete charring, and better temperature control. This addresses limitations of traditional cavity kilns. Various sizes of 4C kilns are presented, from barrels to shipping containers, with estimates of their biomass inputs, biochar and thermal energy outputs.
Comparison of Flame Cap (FC or Open Cavity) Kiln and Rotatable Covered Cavity...bitmaxim
The document compares flame cap kiln and rotatable covered cavity kiln technologies for biochar production. It outlines key advantages of the rotatable covered cavity kiln design, including improved control over air flows, emissions, and heat availability. This new design addresses limitations of traditional open-top and covered cavity kilns by allowing biomass tumbling for more complete charring and easier fuel loading and unloading. The rotatable design also enables scaling kiln sizes up or down to suit different operations. Initial prototypes demonstrated feasibility of the innovative kiln concept for clean, efficient small-to-medium scale biochar production.
This is a presentation on the design of plant for producing 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
- Pioneer Energy has developed a portable system that can generate high-purity CO2 and electricity from raw field gas or biomass on-site at oil fields.
- The fully portable system fits on a semi-trailer and can produce 200-1,000 mcf/day of CO2. A prototype has been built and tested.
- The system addresses the lack of available and affordable CO2 for fracking and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects. It provides an on-site source of CO2 without the need for pipelines or trucking.
- By using flare gas, a wasted resource, the system also addresses environmental issues. It has the potential to enable more small-
This project aims to design a waste management system to produce bioenergy for rural Alaskan communities through anaerobic digestion of human waste. The system will include a collective waste collection system, a bioreactor for digestion and biogas production, and storage and utilization of the methane biogas. AutoCAD and COMSOL Multiphysics will be used to model and simulate the design. Methane production will be modeled using STELLA software. Equipment like grinder pumps, mixing pumps, solar panels, and batteries will be incorporated into the system.
This document discusses standards and methods for controlling pollution from power plants. It describes World Bank and OSHA standards for emissions and worker safety. It then outlines various pollution control methods used in thermal power plants, including electrostatic precipitators to remove particulates from flue gases, low NOx burners to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, and wet scrubbers and ash ponds to control water pollution. Thermal pollution is controlled using cooling towers, and noise pollution controls include limiting noise levels and providing protective equipment for workers.
This document discusses equipment and accessories used in controlled atmosphere storage, including their functions and models. It covers CO2 scrubbers, O2 scrubbers, control systems, gas analysis equipment, Palliflex storage units, ethylene decomposers, humidification systems, and accessories like gas-tight doors. Different models of CO2 and O2 scrubbers are described based on their capacities and technologies like VPSA and PSA. Control systems regulate storage conditions and other processes. Gas analysis equipment measures O2 and CO2 levels using different sensor types. Palliflex units provide flexible storage of up to 400 pallets under controlled conditions. Ethylene decomposers remove ethylene to inhibit fruit ripening. Humidification
CA equipment and accessories and its biochemical changes Shyamala C
1) Various equipment is used in controlled atmosphere storage including CO2 scrubbers, O2 scrubbers, control systems, gas analysis equipment, Palliflex units, ethylene decomposers, cold store accessories, and humidification systems.
2) Biochemical changes occur in fruits and vegetables during controlled atmosphere storage including changes in flavor, development of off-flavors, volatile compounds, acidity, nutrition, ascorbic acid, lycopene, and phenolics.
3) Controlled atmosphere storage has been shown to generally maintain better flavor compared to air storage, though the fruit maturity at harvest also impacts flavor. Off-flavors can develop from increased ethanol and acetal
This document provides information about the delayed coking process used in oil refineries. It begins with a 3 sentence summary of the process: The delayed coking process uses high temperatures to crack heavy hydrocarbons into lighter products like LPG, gasoline, and distillates. It is used by refiners to convert the bottom of the crude barrel. The key benefit is the full conversion of heavy residual oils into lighter products to increase profit margins by processing lower-cost, heavier crudes.
This document provides information about the delayed coking process used in oil refineries. It begins with an overview that delayed coking involves cracking heavy hydrocarbons into lighter products like gasoline using high temperatures. It then describes the key steps of delayed coking including preheating the feedstock, heating it to over 900 degrees Fahrenheit in a coker heater, accumulating the effluent in insulated coke drums to crack the materials over 10-24 hours, separating products in a fractionator, and producing petroleum coke as a byproduct. The document concludes with detailing the coke drum cycle of purging, quenching, draining, decoking, reheating, and restarting the coking process
The document discusses sizing ice machines and storage bins for maximum efficiency in various industries. It provides equations for estimating ice usage in restaurants, bars, hotels, convenience stores, healthcare facilities, and more. It emphasizes properly sizing ice production to match storage capacity and recovery times. Larger, gravity-fed storage bins are recommended for high-volume locations to improve energy efficiency and hygiene.
This project aims to design a waste management system for rural Alaskan communities to produce bioenergy through anaerobic digestion of human waste. The system will include a collective waste collection system, a bioreactor for digestion and biogas production, and storage and utilization of methane gas. Modeling will be done using AutoCAD, COMSOL, and STELLA to simulate the design and operating conditions. Components like insulated tanks, heaters, pumps, and solar panels will be incorporated. The goal is to improve living standards through a sustainable waste disposal and renewable energy source.
Engineering of Waste to Energy Generation in the Last Frontier: Bioenergy P...CarlyFitzMorris1
This project aims to design a waste management system for rural Alaskan communities to produce bioenergy through anaerobic digestion of human waste. The system would include a collective waste collection system, a bioreactor for digestion and biogas production maintained at psychrophilic temperatures through insulation and heating, and storage and utilization of methane biogas as a source of heat. Modeling of waste storage and digestion, heating requirements, and biogas and energy generation will be conducted to optimize design and operation of the system. The goal is to improve living conditions for isolated Alaskans through a sustainable renewable energy source.
This document describes an issue with elevated oxygen levels in a brewery's carbon dioxide (CO2) supply system. After extensive troubleshooting, the source was determined to be a failed inlet valve on the brewery's bulk CO2 storage tank. Replacing the valve with a new three-piece ball valve design resolved the oxygen contamination problem. The document also provides background information on CO2 production, purification, vaporization systems, and quality standards.
Storage of commodities at low temperature increases the shelf life. Proper understanding of storage system is necessary for desire cooling effect. Basic information regarding refrigeration is explained here. Design parameters are also give to be considered.
This document discusses steam systems, including challenges, troubleshooting, and basics. It covers topics such as chaos theory, the second law of thermodynamics, steam system components, common myths, chemistry requirements, water treatment testing, water level control, steam flow metering, condensate drainage importance, steam trap testing methods, steam conditioning to improve dryness, and varying system loads. Troubleshooting tips include checking for changes, following left-hand analysis from the boiler out, and addressing issues like trap repairs, water treatment modifications, and insulation repairs. Questions are welcomed.
The document discusses the history and principles of refrigeration and refrigerants. It describes how early refrigeration methods used natural ice and evaporation of liquids before Jacob Perkins developed the first vapor compression refrigeration system using ether as the refrigerant. Modern refrigeration is dominated by vapor compression cycles using halocarbon refrigerants. However, CFC refrigerants were found to deplete the ozone layer, leading to the Montreal Protocol that phased out their production. Selection of new refrigerants must consider thermodynamic properties as well as environmental safety.
Drain Water Heating Systems - Presented by Gary Proskiw of Proskiw Engineerin...Brea Perrelli
The document discusses drain water heat recovery (DWHR) systems, including what they are, their benefits, and a history of their use. It provides details on how DWHR systems work to recover heat from drain water and use it to preheat incoming cold water, and that the Manitoba building code now requires DWHR systems for most new homes to improve energy efficiency.
Reefer ships are designed to carry perishable goods such as fruits, vegetables, meat and fish at controlled temperatures between -27°C and 13°C. They use a secondary refrigeration system where brine or chilled water is circulated through air coolers in the cargo holds to cool the air. This allows precise temperature control and minimizes the use of refrigerants. The cargo holds are designed for effective air circulation to uniformly cool the palletized goods and remove gases produced during transport.
Similar to Mark Rice - Planning for Emergency Mass-Depopulation of Swine in Response to a Foreign Animal Disease Outbreak (20)
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Mark Rice - Planning for Emergency Mass-Depopulation of Swine in Response to a Foreign Animal Disease Outbreak
1. 1
Planning for an emergency
depopulation of swine in response
to a foreign animal disease outbreak
• WE Morgan Morrow, RE Meyer, JT Whitley, CS Whisnant,
• LF Stikeleather, CL Baird, JM Rice, BV Halbert, HS Byrne, JA
Lavin, D Cornejo, DK Styles
• Mississippi State University
• North Carolina State University
• USDA-APHIS Veterinary Services
• Department of Homeland Security
• Murphy Brown LLC
3. I am not here to convince you that I
have all the answers but rather to get
you to:
•Start thinking now about what you would
do if the situation arises
•Be prepared
•Every situation is different
3
4. What is Mass Depopulation?
As defined by the AVMA:
“methods by which large numbers of animals must
be destroyed quickly and efficiently with as much
consideration given to the welfare of the animals
as practicable, but where the circumstances and
tasks facing those doing the depopulation are
understood to be extenuating”
• Includes: disease outbreaks, contamination with
chemicals (eg, dioxin) or radionuclides (eg, cesium 137),
and situations severely limiting feed deliveries and animal
movement.
5. Why CO2?
• Readily available, low cost, nonflammable
• Anesthesia due to ↓pH
• Produces unconsciousness and kills over wide range of concentrations
• Exposure to 60% to 90% CO2 causes unconsciousness
in 14 to 30 seconds, with unconsciousness occurring
prior to onset of signs of excitation.
• Conc < 30% not aversive to pigs (Raj & Gregory 1995)
• AVMA- , AASV-approved for humane killing of swine
• Reversible should personnel be exposed
6. Our Objectives
Recognized the benefit of getting the pigs out of the
buildings
Easier to manage their disposal once outside
• Figure out how to do mass-depop in the field
• Focused on gassing
• Develop alternatives for:
• Containment….corrals
• low pressure CO2 (head space vs liquid)
• Gas containment….bladders
7. Our Objectives (cont.)
• Understand CO2/O2 dynamics in the
containers.
• Computer simulations/CFD analyses.
• How to deliver CO2, manifolds.
• Temperature, avoid freezing pigs
(evaporators/earth tubes).
• Time to 30% CO2 (non aversive).
8. Our Objectives (cont.)
• Time to loss of righting reflex (LORR)
unconsciousness.
• Time to death….cycle time is very important.
• Simulate cycles to better understand effects of
limiting inputs (labor, gas, containers, pig
movement).
• Generally to better understand the process and
develop alternatives.
The devil’s in the details!
9. Ideally…
•Equipment and supplies readily available
(Home Depot/Lowes) or stockpiled
ahead of time
•Well-documented methods
• Easy to apply by field personnel
•Scale-able to large numbers/throughput
• Efficiency benchmarked by time-motion
studies
•As humane as possible under the
circumstances
11. When using CO2 for euthanizing
animals - size/scale does matter
•CO2 is generally delivered as a pressurized
liquid
•For low flow rates – draw off head space
gas
•For high flow rates – will require releasing
high pressure liquid – when liquid CO2 is
released approximately 54% is released as
a gas, the remaining (46%) forms dry ice
To meet AVMA recommendations – must replace chamber volume
within 5-minutes
12. Small scale - bleed directly from
CO2 pressurized cylinder into
chamber
For: nursery pigs and small chambers such as
hand carts or bins
13. Intermediate scale – bleed from a
high pressure CO2 cylinder to low
pressure tank
• Suitable for small trucks or dump trailers
• Liquid CO2 flow rate is low enough to avoid
line and regulator freeze up
• At low flow rate, CO2 gas in the low pressure
tank will approach ambient temperature
• Orifice is sized to control flow from the low
pressure tank to chamber
14. Low pressure CO2
tank
High pressure CO2 cylinder
Euthanasia Chamber
(Trailer)
CO2 pressure
regulator 1
1 Regulator would maintain preset pressure in the
low pressure tank between application events.
2 Relief pressure setting should be slightly above
required low pressure CO2 tank pressure but well
below the maximum tank pressure rating.
Safety
pressure
relief valve2
Orifice plate
Ball valve
15.
16.
17. What if you need to go Large Scale? –
dumpsters, trucks, or larger
chambers or pits
18.
19.
20.
21. Turnkey vaporizer for large scale use
of CO2
$$$$ - $120,000 + trailer?
60 Kw generator - $25,000 +
22. Low-cost vaporizer system to capture and
sublimate dry ice produced during the
application of liquid CO2 and also temper gas
temperature
< $2,500 including heaters
3.5 kw generator – approximately $500
28. Vaporizer Chamber – should be a gas tight
vessel capable of withstanding 500-600 degree
Fahrenheit and with a pressure relief valve
installed to prevent pressure buildup. We have
utilized 55-gallon metal drums as well as 250
and 500 gallon, used propane tanks
29. Heat Enclosure – designed to improve heat transfer to
the vaporizer chamber. It should be exhausted to
prevent excess backpressure on the heaters.
Concrete block can
be stacked without
mortar to create an
enclosure around
the vaporizer tank
30. The liquid CO2 connection is critical. Check with
your CO2 supplier to make sure you have the
correct connects available to enable their trucks
to connect to your system. A pressure drop valve
is necessary near the inlet of the tank to prevent
dry ice formation in the feed hose or truck valve.
Liquid CO2
connection
to truck
Needle valve
used to drop
the liquid CO2
pressure
31. Heat Exchanger – to prevent cold CO2 gas from being
introduced into the chamber the CO2 gas temperature sho
be increased to near ambient temperature. This can be
accomplished by adding a metal heat exchanger coil inside
the heat enclosure.
32. CO2 gas to
heat
exchanger
CO2 gas
by-pass
valve
valve
Valves can be adjusted to regulate the flow of CO2 gas
through the heat exchanger to provide the appropriate
CO2 gas temperature to the chamber.
Heat Exchanger Plumbing Diagram
33. CO2 Gas Accumulation (optional) – a gas
collect/temporary storage bladder will help provide a
more consistent flow of gas to the depopulation
chamber. Bladders can be constructed with plastic
sheeting by taping the seams or Ag Bag silage storage
bags by folding/clamping the ends.
34. Flow Regulation – To meet the AVMA requirement the
depopulation chamber volume must be filled over a 5-
minute period. A blower can be used to move the CO2
gas from the accumulation bag to the chamber. To
ensure proper flow rates, a field constructed venturi
and monometer can be assembled.
35. Venturi with common parts
Two 6”x4” PVC reducers with standard
PVC pipe sections….
37. Flowrate of CO2 (0-60°F) as function
of Inches of water differential
pressure
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
100 200 300 400 500 600
InH2O
Cubic feet per min. (CFM) of CO2 when at 0 -60°F
Inches H2O vs. CO2 Flowrate @ 0-60°F with 6x4 PVC venturi
CFM of CO2 at 0F
CFM of CO2 at 60F
38. Depopulation Chamber – Sized to accommodate the
farm needs and the capabilities of the vaporizer unit.
Deliver CO2 to the floor of the chamber. Since CO2 is
heavier than air the lower part of the chamber must gas
tight. Earthen pits or sealed truck bodies could be
utilized as chambers.
39. The heat capacity and number of heaters will be
determined by the desired CO2 flow rate. Each
cubic foot of chamber capacity will require about
600 btu/hr heat capacity. Heat input can be
supplied from several sources but kerosene,
torpedo style heaters are readily available and
provide more consistent output than propane
fueled heaters.
Kerosene heaters
positioned into
openings in block
walls
40. Planning for Mass Depopulation
1) Decide on chamber size, i.e. trucks, corral, pit.
2) Determine volume of chamber (length x width x depth)
3) Determine required flow rate (volume/5 minutes)
4) Size components according to required flow rate. To
prevent dry ice accumulation and raise the temperature of
the CO2 gas to near ambient temperature, for each cubic
foot of chamber capacity will require approximately 600
btu/hour of heat capacity
41. Planning for Mass Depopulation
Example:
1) Decide to use a pit that is 10’ wide, 40’ long, and 3’ deep
2) Determine the volume: 10’ x 40’ x 3’ = 1,200 cu. ft.
3) Determine required CO2 gas flow rate: To fill the chamber
volume in 5 minutes: 1,200 cu.ft./5 min. = 240 cu. ft./min.
4) Heat requirement: 1,200 cubic feet chamber capacity x 600
btu/hr capacity = 720,000 btu/hour (If 125,000 btu/hr
heaters are available, it would require 6 of them.
42. Jobs, Innovation, Growth, Stability www.ies.ncsu.edu
Planning Tools for Mass Depop
Events
David Cornejo
Ph.D. Candidate in Operations Research
43. Goals
•Strategic(Before)
• Develop basic estimates of resource
requirements before disaster.
•Tactical(During)
• Assist in identifying resource savings/need
during event.
•Delivery via Web application
43
44. System Overview
•4 Distinct Stages
• Moving pigs from house to loading chute
• Loading pigs onto available trucks
• Preparing trucks and gas application
• Disposal of carcasses
•METRIC: Time to complete process.
44
45. Moving Pigs from house to truck
• Influenced by following user inputs
• Pigs: Number, Weight class
• Houses: Number, Size, Loading chute length
• Workers: Number available
• Variables affect Travel Time of run.
45
46. Load Truck
• Pigs Loaded onto truck
• Capacity of trucks from pig weight class
• Details
• One or more loading chutes available
46
Class Name Space Requirement(sq. ft./pig)
Nursing (<50lbs) 1.09
Weaning (50-100lbs) 2.635
Finishing (100+lbs) 3.48
Breeding Boar/Sows 5.55
47. Preparing Trucks for Gas
•Before each application of gas some
preparation (check tarp, attach hose etc.)
•Assumed to take between 5 and 10 mins
• May physically take place at gas location.
47
48. Administer Gas
•Correct Flow rate(20-30% of volume of
container/min) applied for minimum of 5
minutes.
•Applying gas consumes available stock.
• Process halted when no more gas
• Gas can be delivered on intervals.
• Sublimation a way to extend gas stock
48
49. Dispose of Carcasses
•“Dwell Time” of 10 minutes accounted
for in minimum travel time to Disposal
Site.
• Ability to travel immediately after gas
•Trucks take time to return to loading
chute
49
52. Parameters and Control Variables
• Farm Parameters
• Size of House
• Size of Pin
• Number/Length of Load Chutes
• Truck Controls
• Truck Size
• Number of Trucks
• Handler Controls
• Number of Handler
• Handler Efficiency
• Special Process Parameters
• Dry Ice recovery process option
52
54. Web App Solution
• Best resource solution form a large array of
scenarios batch run in simulation model.
• Results stored in database.
• Web application exposes relevant controls to
decision maker and calculates resource
requirements based on stored simulation
results.
• Web app runs fast (seconds) and requires no
specialized software.
54
59. Summary
• CO2 is a viable option
• Able to meet AVMA recommendations for
dump truck size chambers as well as
3’x12’x80’ pit using a storage bag to
accumulate CO2
• Progressively refining the process – working
through the obstacles
• Needed supplies can be purchased locally
• Minimal number of people involved
• Safe method
60. The information and tools will be
available online in the near future.
If you have questions; please contact me.
Mark Rice
Email: mark_rice@ncsu.edu
Phone: 919-515-6794
60
Editor's Notes
Australia probably needs a similar recognition of the need
The term animal health emergency, as used in this context, includes a wide range of potential situations such as disease outbreaks, contamination with chemicals (eg, dioxin) or radionuclides (eg, cesium 137), and adverse animal welfare conditions created by transportation restrictions that severely limit feed deliveries and animal movement.
Depopulation is especially problematic from a welfare standpoint due to several factors, including the sheer number of animals potentially involved, the need for rapid and decisive responses to limit disease spread or economic damage, and the potential for extenuating circumstances limiting availability or deployment of supplies, equipment, and personnel.
I won’t talk about the use of foam on poultry but only to mention one of its greatest advantages is to limit exposure to zoonoses esp hi-path flu as occurred in Deleware in 2007. H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1 HPAI),
Foam depopulation methods were initially developed as an alternative to modified atmosphere depopulation methods for floor-raised poultry [165]. Advantages of foam over other depopulation methods include reduced overall time required to depopulate farms, reduced number of workers required and their potential exposure to zoonotic diseases, less physical activity while wearing personal protective equipment, suppression of airborne particulates, enhancement of carcass disposal using in-house composting, and greater flexibility of use in various style poultry houses, including those structurally damaged [166].
The use of foam is conditionally approved for situations in which animals are 1) infected with a potentially zoonotic disease, 2) experiencing an outbreak of a rapidly spreading infectious disease that cannot be easily contained, or 3) housed in structurally unsound buildings.
http://www.ava.com.au/policy/44-euthanasia When is euthanasia used?
Euthanasia is used:
when pain, distress or suffering are likely to exceed manageable levels
when the health or welfare of animals is irredeemably compromised; this can include animals affected by drought or other natural disasters.
Humane killing is also used:
for research animals, at the end of studies
in research, to provide tissues for scientific purposes
when animals are no longer required for breeding or other specific purposes
for control of vertebrate pests
for slaughter of stock at abattoirs
for strays and unwanted pets that cannot be rehomed.
Raj and Gregory 1995; majority of tested pigs (75%; Duroc and Large Whites) showed no aversion to 30% CO2 in air.
CO2 is denser than air. It has been extensively studied as a pre-slaughter controlled atmosphere stunning (CAS) agent in pigs,1 and is an AVMA and AASV-approved agent for euthanasia of swine2. CO2 causes acute respiratory acidosis and produces a reversible anesthetic state by rapidly decreasing intracellular pH3. Unlike the inert gases N2 and argon, which must be held within a very narrow range of concentration to produce oxygen levels <2 vol% for effective euthanasia, CO2 can render animals unconscious and kill over a wide range of concentrations, even when O2 >2% 4. CO2 is not listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) as an approved method for killing of adult pigs for disease purposes 5; however a CO2 displacement rate between 10 to 30% of the chamber volume per minute is currently recommended for euthanasia of other species as this rate results in unconsciousness prior to carbonic acid activation of ocular and mucous membrane nociceptors6.