The most common types of mood disorders are major depression, dysthymia (dysthymic disorder), bipolar disorder, mood disorder due to a general medical condition, and substance-induced mood disorder. There is no clear cause of mood disorders.
Will talk about the severe psychological disorders-- The familiar name for all might be -"Schizophrenia" - it is not just one category but has multiple categories combined under -"Schizophrenia spectrum"
My forensic psychiatric research done in Indian jails shows most convicts under murder cases belong to schizophrenia spectrum (98% schizophrenia and 2% paranoid & schizoid personality disorders), and most have murdered their spouses, family members, friends or colleagues and surrendered themselves on the spot.
This presentation on the "Schizophrenia spectrum" has been particularly shared with you all to extend my message to help these affected people at the right time and maintaining their condition to prevent them from committing such crimes as there is no proper mental health care--Clinical, Legal or authoritative help available for convicts suffering from mental disorder.
mood disorders presentation is focused on mania, its definition, ICD -10 classification, stages of mania, its clinical features, etiology, medical management and nursing management.
Mania is a facet of type I bipolar disorder in which the mood state is abnormally heightened and accompanied by hyperactivity and a reduced need for sleep.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive disorder, is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings. The symptoms can vary in intensity and duration, and individuals may experience periods of elevated mood (mania or hypomania) and periods of depression. Here are the symptoms associated with bipolar disorder:
Lymphomas is a group of blood disorders that affect the lymph nodesRaphaelChitalima
Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).[7] The name typically refers to just the cancerous versions rather than all such tumours.[7] Signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, drenching sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, and constantly feeling tired.[1][2] The enlarged lymph nodes are usually painless.[1] The sweats are most common at night.
Will talk about the severe psychological disorders-- The familiar name for all might be -"Schizophrenia" - it is not just one category but has multiple categories combined under -"Schizophrenia spectrum"
My forensic psychiatric research done in Indian jails shows most convicts under murder cases belong to schizophrenia spectrum (98% schizophrenia and 2% paranoid & schizoid personality disorders), and most have murdered their spouses, family members, friends or colleagues and surrendered themselves on the spot.
This presentation on the "Schizophrenia spectrum" has been particularly shared with you all to extend my message to help these affected people at the right time and maintaining their condition to prevent them from committing such crimes as there is no proper mental health care--Clinical, Legal or authoritative help available for convicts suffering from mental disorder.
mood disorders presentation is focused on mania, its definition, ICD -10 classification, stages of mania, its clinical features, etiology, medical management and nursing management.
Mania is a facet of type I bipolar disorder in which the mood state is abnormally heightened and accompanied by hyperactivity and a reduced need for sleep.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive disorder, is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings. The symptoms can vary in intensity and duration, and individuals may experience periods of elevated mood (mania or hypomania) and periods of depression. Here are the symptoms associated with bipolar disorder:
Lymphomas is a group of blood disorders that affect the lymph nodesRaphaelChitalima
Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).[7] The name typically refers to just the cancerous versions rather than all such tumours.[7] Signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, drenching sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, and constantly feeling tired.[1][2] The enlarged lymph nodes are usually painless.[1] The sweats are most common at night.
A tracheostomy (also called a tracheotomy) is an opening surgically created through the neck into the trachea (windpipe) to allow air to fill the lungs. After creating the tracheostomy opening in the neck, surgeons insert a tube through it to provide an airway and to remove secretions from the lungs.
Normal labor usually begins within 2 weeks (before or after) the estimated delivery date. In a first pregnancy, labor usually lasts 12 to 18 hours on average; subsequent labors are often shorter, averaging 6 to 8 hours. Management of complications during labor requires additional measures (eg, induction of labor.
During pregnancy, the volume of blood in your body increases, and so does the amount of iron you need. Your body uses iron to make more blood to supply oxygen to your baby. If you don't have enough iron stores or get enough iron during pregnancy, you could develop iron deficiency anemia.
Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure (ARF), is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours
CKD is a condition in which the kidneys are damaged and cannot filter blood as well as they should. Because of this, excess fluid and waste from blood remain in the body and may cause other health problems, such as heart disease and stroke.
What are gastrointestinal diseases? Gastrointestinal diseases affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from the mouth to the anus. There are two types: functional and structural. Some examples include nausea/vomiting, food poisoning, lactose intolerance and diarrhea.
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections also can cause meningitis.
Appendicitis is when your appendix becomes sore, swollen, and diseased. It is a medical emergency. You must seek care right away. It happens when the inside of your appendix gets filled with something that causes it to swell, such as mucus, stool, or parasites.Appendicitis typically starts with a pain in the middle of your tummy (abdomen) that may come and go.
feeling sick (nausea)
being sick.
loss of appetite.
constipation or diarrhoea.
a high temperature
Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA, is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, causing inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body. RA mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
❑Genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of
RA.
❑It has long been thought that RA may be triggered by an infectious agent in a
genetically susceptible host, but a specific pathogen has not been identified.
❑ Periodontal disease and oral pathogens have been implicated, as have
gastrointestinal organisms, and viruses such as Epstein–Barr and cytomegalovirus.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. • Mood is a pervasive and sustained feeling
tone that is experienced internally which
influences a person's behavior and
perception of the world.
• Affect is the external expression of mood.
• Mood can be normal, elevated, or
depressed.
• Healthy persons experience a wide range
of moods and have capacity to control
their moods and affects.
3. • Mood disorders are a group of clinical
conditions characterized by a loss of the
sense of control and a subjective
experience of great distress.
• Patients with elevated mood
demonstrate expansiveness, flight of
ideas, decreased sleep as well as
grandiose ideas.
• Patients with depressed mood
experience a loss of energy and interest,
feelings of guilt, difficulty in concentrating,
loss of appetite, and thoughts of death or
suicide.
4. Categories affective disorders
• The mood disorders are primary
categorised into three (3) namely
• – Mania
• – Depression
• – Bipolar (manic-depressive) mood
disorders manifested by cycles of mania
and depression.
5. • A bipolar disorder is characterized by
mood swings from profound
depression to extreme euphoria
(mania), with intervening periods of
normalcy.
• Delusions or hallucinations may or
may not be a part of the clinical
picture, and onset of symptoms may
reflect a seasonal pattern.
6. • During a manic episode, the mood is
elevated, expansive, or irritable.
• The disturbance is sufficiently severe to
cause marked impairment in occupational
functioning or in usual social activities or
relationships with others.
• It requires hospitalization to prevent harm
to self or others.
• Motor activity is excessive and Psychotic
features may be present.
7. • A somewhat milder degree of this clinical
picture is called hypomania.
• Hypomania is not severe enough to
cause marked impairment in social or
occupational functioning or to require
hospitalization, and it does not include
psychotic features
• A hypomanic episode lasts at least 4 days
8. • When the symptom presentation includes
rapidly alternating moods (sadness,
irritability, euphoria) accompanied by
symptoms associated with both depression
and mania, the individual is given a
diagnosis of bipolar disorder, mixed.
• This disturbance is severe enough to
cause marked impairment in social or
• occupational functioning or to require
hospitalization.
• Psychotic features may be evident.
9. Bipolar I Disorder (Mania)
• Bipolar I disorder is the diagnosis given to
an individual who is experiencing, or has
experienced, a full syndrome of manic or
mixed symptoms.
• lasting for at least 1 week and patient
must be hospitalized.
10. • Definition - Mania is an alteration in
mood that is expressed by feelings of
elation, inflated self-esteem, grandiosity,
hyperactivity, agitation, and accelerated
thinking and speaking.
• Mania is a mental condition with distinct
period during which mood is abnormally
and persistently elevated, expansive, or
irritable lasting about 1 week or more.
11. • CLINICAL FEATURES
At least three of the following symptoms
accompany the manic episode:
1. Elevated, expansive or irritable mood
• The mood change is essential “diagnostic” feature
of a manic episode. Usually manic people feel
wonderful, see the world as an excellent place,
and have limitless enthusiasm for whatever they
are doing or plan to do. This expansiveness is
usually mixed with irritability. They see others as
very slow, doltish spoilsports and can become
hostile, especially if someone tries to interfere
with their behavior. They have a euphoric mood.
12. 2.Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity;
• They often see themselves as extremely
attractive, important and powerful people,
capable of great achievements in fields for
which they may in fact, have no aptitude
whatsoever.
• They may begin to compose symphonies,
design nuclear weapons or calling state house
on how to run the country. Exegerated self
importance.
13. 3. Decreased need for sleep;
• May sleep only for 2 to 3 hours a night and yet
have twice as much energy as those around
them.
4. Talkativeness
• Manic people tend to be talk loudly, rapidly
and constantly (pressured speech)
(unrelenting, rapid, often loud talking without
pauses);
• Their speech is often full of irrelevant details
and jokes that they alone find funny
14. 5. Flight of ideas (often racing and unconnected
thoughts);
• Manic individuals often have racing thoughts
hence they speak so rapidly to keep up with the
flow of their ideas. Manic speech also tends to
shift abruptly from one topic to the next
6. Distractibility;
• They are easily distracted. While doing or
discussing one thing, they notice something else
in the environment and abruptly turn their
attention to that instead. They also show deficits
on tasks that require sustained attention
15. 7. Hyperactivity
• The expansive mood is usually accompanied by
restlessness and increased goal-directed activity-
physical, social, occupational and often sexual
8. Reckless behaviour
• The euphoria and grandiose self-image of manic
people often lead them into impulsive actions:
buying sprees, reckless driving, and careless
business investments, calling friends in the
middle of the night, or spending the family
savings on new porches. Excessive involvement in
pleasure- seeking activities with a high potential
for painful consequences
16. • Outside the hospital, manic patients often
show:
• Drinking alcohol excessively, perhaps in an
attempt to self-medicate.
• Excessive use of the telephone, making long-
distance calls during the early morning hours
"Disinherited".
• Pathological gambling.
• Wearing clothing and jewellery of bright
colours in unusual or outlandish
combinations. Flamboyant dressing.
17. • Inattention to small details (e.g., forgetting to
hang up the telephone).
• Acting impulsively and with a sense of
conviction and purpose.
• Often preoccupation by religious, political,
financial, sexual, or persecutory ideas that can
evolve into complex delusional systems
18. Diagnostic Criteria for Manic
Episode
• A distinct period of abnormally and
persistently elevated, expansive, or
irritable mood, lasting 1 week (or any
duration if hospitalization is necessary).
• B. During the period of mood disturbance,
three (or more) of the following symptoms
have persisted and have been present to a
significant degree:
19. • 1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
• 2. Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels
rested after only 3 hours of sleep)
• 3. More talkative than usual or pressure to
keep talking
• 4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience
that thoughts are racing
• 5. Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily
drawn to unimportant or irrelevant
external stimuli)
20. • 6. Increase in goal-directed activity (either
socially, at work or school, or sexually) or
psychomotor agitation
• 7. Excessive involvement in pleasurable
activities that have a high potential for
painful consequences (e.g., engaging in
unrestrained buying sprees, sexual
indiscretions, or foolish business
investments)
21. • C. The mood disturbance is sufficiently
severe to cause marked impairment in
occupational functioning or in usual social
activities.
• D. The symptoms are not due to the direct
physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a
drug of abuse, a medication, or other
treatment) or a general medical condition
(e.g., hyperthyroidism).
22. Bipolar II Disorder
(Depression)
• The bipolar II disorder diagnostic category
is characterized by recurrent bouts of
major depression with episodic occurrence
of hypomania.
• The client has never experienced an
episode that meets the full criteria for
mania or mixed symptomatology.
23. • An occasional bout with the “blues,” a
feeling of sadness or downheartedness, is
common among healthy people and
considered to be a normal response to
everyday disappointments in life.
• These episodes are short-lived as the
individual adapts to the loss, change, or
failure (real or perceived) that has been
experienced.
• Pathological depression occurs when
adaptation response to adverse life events
is ineffective
24. • Depression is An alteration in mood that
is expressed by feelings of sadness,
despair and pessimism.
• It is also characterised by loss of interest
in usual activities and somatic symptoms
may be evident. Changes in appetite and
sleep patterns are common.
25. DSM-V Criteria for Major
Depressive Episode
• Five (or more) of the following symptoms
have been present during a 2-week period
and represent a change from previous
functioning; at least one of the symptoms
is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of
interest or pleasure.
Note: Do not include symptoms that are
clearly due to a general medical condition.
26. –1. depressed mood nearly every day, as
indicated by either subjective report
(e.g., feels sad or empty) or observation
made by others (e.g., appears tearful).
–2. markedly diminished interest or
pleasure in almost all activities.
–3. significant weight loss when not
dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of
more than 5% of body weight in a
month), or decrease or increase in
appetite nearly every day.
27. –4. insomnia or hypersomnia nearly
every day
–5. psychomotor retardation
–6. fatigue or loss of energy
–7. feelings of worthlessness or excessive
or inappropriate guilt
–8. diminished ability to think or
concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly
every day (either by subjective account
or as observed by others)
28. • 9. recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent
suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or
a suicide attempt or a specific plan for
committing suicide
• The symptoms cause clinically significant
distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of
functioning.
• The symptoms are not due to the direct
physiological effects of a substance (e.g.,
a drug of abuse, a medication) or a
general medical condition (e.g.,
hypothyroidism).
29. Cyclothymic Disorder
• The essential feature of cyclothymic
disorder is a chronic mood disturbance
of at least a 2-year duration involving
numerous episodes of hypomania and
depressed mood of insufficient severity or
duration to meet the criteria for either
bipolar I or II disorder.
• The individual is never without hypomanic
or depressive symptoms for more than 2
months.
30. ETIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS
• The exact cause of bipolar disorder has
yet to be determined. (Idiopathic)
• However scientists have implicated the
following factors to play a role
Biochemical Influences
• norepinephrine has been identified as a
key component in the mobilization of the
body to deal with stressful situations.
31. • Neurons that contain serotonin are
critically involved in the regulation of
many psychobiological functions, such as
mood, anxiety, arousal, vigilance,
irritability, thinking, cognition, appetite,
aggression, and circadian rhythm
• Decreased supply of these biogenic
amines inhibits the transmission of
impulses from one neuronal fiber to
another, causing a failure of the cells to
fire or become charged
32. Neuroendocrine Disturbances
• In clients who are depressed, the normal
system of hormonal inhibition fails,
resulting in a hypersecretion of cortisol
resulting to meningial inflammation and
enlarged ventricles
• Hormones: estrogen and progesterone
imbalance
33. Medication Side Effects.
• A number of drugs, either alone or in
combination with other medications, can
produce a depressive syndrome.
• Most common among these drugs are
those that have a direct effect on the
central nervous system. E.g
antipsychotics,and sedative-hypnotics,
anaesthetic drugs
34. • Brain tumors, particularly in the temporal
lobe, often cause symptoms of depression.
• Both the symptoms of mood disorders and
biological research findings support the
hypothesis that mood disorders involve
pathology of the brain
Electrolyte Disturbances.
• Excessive levels of sodium bicarbonate or
calcium can produce symptoms of
depression, as can deficits in magnesium and
sodium.
35. Genetic Factors
• Numerous family and twin studies have
long documented the heritability of mood
disorders.
• Concordance rate for monozygotic twins is
70 to 90 percent, whereas that for
dizygotic twins is only 16 to 35 percent
36. Psychological factors
• Life Events and Environmental Stress- A
long-standing clinical observation is that
stressful life events more often precede
first, rather than subsequent, episodes of
mood disorders
• children raised by rejecting or unloving
parents were prone to feelings of
insecurity and loneliness, making them
susceptible to depression.
37. • Medical conditions such as meningitis,
cerebral malaria and other chronic illness
such as HIV/AIDS and syphilis
• Use of substances such as alcohol, marijuana,
cocaine, heroin etc
38. Medications Used in the Treatment
of Depression
Major categories of antidepressants include
• Tri-cyclic antidepressants (TCA)
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs)
• Atypical antidepressants.
• levels of neurotransmitters especially
norepinephrine and serotonin, are
decreased in depression
43. The treatment of manic patients in an
inpatient ward can be complicated
by:
• Their testing of the limits of ward rules.
• Their tendency to shift responsibility for their
acts onto others.
• Their exploitation of the weaknesses of
others.
• Their propensity to create conflicts among
staff members.
44. Medications Used in the Treatment
of Bipolar Mania
Antimanic Agent
• Lithium carbonate (Eskalith),
• Acute mania:80 – 100mg
• Maintenance: 20–60
• The therapeutic level of lithium carbonate is
1.0 to 1.5 m Eq /L for acute mania and 0.6 to
1.2 m Eq /L for maintenance therapy
Side Effects
• Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, dry mouth,
thirst, GI upset, nausea and vomiting, fine
hand tremors, hypotension, arrhythmias,
polyuria, weight gain.
45. • Lithium levels should be monitored weekly until
the therapeutic level is reached, and then
monthly during maintenance therapy.
• Because lithium toxicity is a life-threatening
condition, monitoring of lithium levels is critical.
• The initial signs of lithium toxicity include ataxia,
blurred vision, severe diarrhea, persistent
nausea and vomiting, and tinnitus.
• Symptoms intensify as toxicity increases and
include excessive output of dilute urine,
psychomotor retardation, mental confusion,
tremors and muscular irritability, seizures,
impaired consciousness, oliguria or anuria,
arrhythmias, coma, and eventually death.
46. mood stabilisers
• Carbamazepine (Tegretol) 200–1200mg
• Valproic acid (sodium valproate) 500–
1500mg
• Gabapentin (Neurontin) 900–1800mg
• Lamotrigine (Lamictal) 100–200mg
• These drugs stabilize the moods of the patient.
Side Effects
• Nausea and vomiting, somnolence, dizziness,
headache, prolonged bleeding time, risk of
severe rash
47. Antipsychotics
• Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) 75–200mg
• Olanzapine (Zyprexa) 5–20mg
• Quetiapine (Seroquel) 400–800mg
• Risperidone (Risperdal) 1–6mg
• They treat psychotic features
Side Effects
• Drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth,
constipation, increased appetite, weight gain,
hyperglycemia, headache
48. • Benzodiazepines :( diazepam, lorazepam,
Librium etc)
These drugs calm down the patients
49. Electroconvulsive Therapy for Depression
and Mania
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the
induction of a generalized seizure through
the application of electrical current to the
brain.
• ECT is effective with clients who are
acutely suicidal and in the treatment of
severe depression
50. • Episodes of acute mania are occasionally
treated with ECT, particularly when the
client does not tolerate or fails to respond
to lithium or other drug treatment
51. REFERENCES
• Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of Mental
Health, Text Review DSM-V (2016). 4th
edition, American psychiatric
association.washington DC. ISBN: 0-89042-
024-6
• Sadock et al (2007). Kaplan and Sadock
Synopsis Of Psychiatry; Behavioural
Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. 10th Edition,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. china
• Videbek s. (2011) Psychiatric mental health
nursing.5th edition, Wolter Kluver health,
Lippincott Williams&Wilkins. China. Isbn:978-
1-60547-861-6