Mood disorders, also known as affective disorders, are a category of mental health conditions characterized by significant changes in mood that affect a person's daily functioning, emotions, and overall quality of life. There are several types of mood disorders, with the most common being depression and bipolar disorder. this ppt contains mood disorders which is useful for the students of Basic B.Sc. Nursing.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home.
Mania refers to a syndrome in which the central features are over-activity, mood changes, self-important ideas.
This disorder lasting usually 3-4 months, followed by complete recovery.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
A mood disorder is a mental health condition that primarily affects your emotional state. They can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation and/or anger. Mood disorders are treatable — usually with a combination of medication and psychotherapy.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home.
Mania refers to a syndrome in which the central features are over-activity, mood changes, self-important ideas.
This disorder lasting usually 3-4 months, followed by complete recovery.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
A mood disorder is a mental health condition that primarily affects your emotional state. They can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation and/or anger. Mood disorders are treatable — usually with a combination of medication and psychotherapy.
Depression is a psychological state of mind. It is a major problem faced by most of the people especially the youths. all the reasons why depression is caused what are it's symptoms signs how must the person be treated is explained in this slide
Mood disorder characterized by disturbance of mood. it includes mania or depressive syndrome. it includes definition, causes, sign and symptoms, treatment and nursing diagnosis etc.
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION AND NURSE-PATIENT-RELATIONSHIP.pdfTejal Virola
Therapeutic communication is a technique used by healthcare professionals, particularly in the field of mental health and counseling, to establish a supportive and trusting relationship with clients or patients. Its primary goal is to promote healing, foster understanding, and facilitate positive changes in a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Effective therapeutic communication is essential for building rapport, encouraging self-expression, and facilitating the healing process.
A therapeutic nurse-patient relationship is a professional relationship established between a nurse and a patient with the aim of promoting the patient's well-being, health, and healing. This relationship is built on trust, respect, communication, empathy, and collaboration to meet the patient's healthcare needs effectively. It's a fundamental aspect of nursing practice, especially in providing holistic and patient-centered care.
this ppt contains therapeutic communication and therapeutic nurse patient relationships which is part of basic B.Sc. and M.Sc. nursing
Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics, are a class of medications primarily used to manage symptoms of psychosis, a mental state characterized by impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors, often seen in conditions like schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and certain mood disorders. These medications work by modulating neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly dopamine, to alleviate or reduce the severity of symptoms associated with psychosis. this ppt contains information regarding antipsychotics
Psychopharmacology is a field of study that explores the effects of drugs and medications on the human mind, behavior, and emotions. It delves into the interactions between chemicals (pharmacology) and mental processes (psychology). This interdisciplinary science focuses on understanding how various drugs, including prescription medications, affect the brain's neurochemistry and, consequently, influence a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. this ppt contains introductory portion of psychopharmacology
The etiology encompasses a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social elements that influence an individual's susceptibility and experience of mental health disorders. Here's a comprehensive description of the bio-psycho-social factors involved in the etiology of mental disorders
Appropriate for GNM, B.Sc. Nursing, P.B.B.Sc.Nursing & M.Sc. Nursing
Behavior therapy, also known as behavior modification or behavior change therapy, is a psychological approach used in mental health nursing to address and modify maladaptive or undesirable behaviors in individuals dealing with various mental health conditions. The aim is to help patients develop more adaptive and functional behaviors, reduce distress, and improve their overall well-being. Behavior therapy is based on the principles of learning theory, particularly classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning.
Behavior therapy in mental health nursing is often tailored to each patient's unique needs, diagnosis, and circumstances. The approach focuses on collaboration, patient education, reinforcement, and gradual progression to help individuals overcome behavioral challenges and improve their quality of life. Mental health nurses play a crucial role in implementing and facilitating behavior therapy interventions, closely monitoring progress, and providing ongoing support to patients.
This PPT contains Unit 1 of Mental Health Nursing (T.Y.B.Sc.Nursing) & SEMESTER 5 B.Sc. Nursing
The concepts of mental health and mental illness are fundamental to understanding the continuum of psychological well-being and the disorders that can affect an individual's thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and overall functioning. Both concepts are integral to the field of psychology, psychiatry, and mental healthcare, influencing how we perceive and address mental health challenges in individuals and communities.
This PPT contains topic Learning from Unit 3 Cognitive Process of the subject Psychology for F.Y.B.SC.Nursing.
Learning, as a cognitive process, involves acquiring knowledge, skills, understanding, and behaviors through experience, study, practice, or teaching. It's a fundamental aspect of human cognition, enabling individuals to adapt, solve problems, make decisions, and improve their performance in various domains of life. Cognitive processes play a critical role in how we perceive, encode, store, and retrieve information during the learning process.
This PPT contains Memory from Unit 3 Cognitive Process of the subject Psychology for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing.
Memory is a cognitive process that involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information over time. It enables us to retain and recall past experiences, learning, and knowledge. Memory plays a fundamental role in learning, decision-making, problem-solving, and shaping our identity and interactions with the world.
In psychology, memory is a complex and multifaceted cognitive process that involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information over time. It is a fundamental aspect of human cognition and plays a crucial role in learning, decision-making, problem-solving, and overall functioning in daily life. Memory allows individuals to retain and recall past experiences, facts, skills, and knowledge.
This PPT contains Perception from Unit 3 Cognitive Process of the subject Psychology for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing.
Perception is a fundamental cognitive process that involves interpreting and making sense of sensory information received from the environment. It's how we organize and interpret what we see, hear, feel, taste, and smell, allowing us to create a meaningful understanding of the world around us. Perception plays a crucial role in shaping our thoughts, behaviors, and interactions with the external world.
This PPT contains Unit 2 Biology of behaviour for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing students. The biology of behavior, also known as behavioral neuroscience or psychobiology, explores the relationship between biological processes and behavior. It delves into how the brain, nervous system, and other physiological factors influence behavior, emotions, thoughts, and actions. Understanding this relationship helps us comprehend various aspects of human and animal behavior.
This contains PPT of Unit 1 of Psychology for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing students. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It seeks to understand and explain how individuals think, feel, act, and interact with the world around them. The field encompasses a broad range of topics, including perception, cognition, emotion, personality, development, social interactions, mental health, and more. Psychologists use various methods and theories to explore, analyze, and predict human behavior and mental processes.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
3. MOOD
Mood is a pervasive and sustained emotion that may have
a major influence on a person’s perception of the world.
AFFECT
Affect is described As the emotional reaction
associated with an experience.
7. INTRODUCTION
Mood disorders are characterized by a
disturbance of mood, accompanied by a
full or partial manic or depressive
syndrome, which is not due to any other
medical or mental disorder.
The prevalence rate of mood disorder is
1.5 percent, and it uniform throughout
the world.
8.
9. If the mood is excessively happy without any
cause we call it as MANIA.
If the mood is sad without any cause or it
remains sad for a long time we call it as
DEPRESSION.
If the mood is changing and patient gets both
attacks of mania or depression at different
times then we call it as BIPOLAR DISORDER.
12. “It is a psychiatric medical condition in
which client manifests a clinical
syndrome characterized by extremely
elevated mood, energy, hyperactivity,
unusual thought process with flight of
ideas and acceleration in speaking
process.”
-KP Neeraja.
MANIA
13. “Mania refers to a syndrome in
which central features are over
activity, mood change (which
may be towards elation or
irritability) and self important
ideas.”
-R Sreevani.
MANIA
14. INCIDENCE
0.8-1 % adults
will have
mania during
their life time.
Onset is most
common in late
adolescence or
early
adulthood.
Incidence is
more in
1. Unmarried,
separated and
divorces case.
2. Monozygotic
twins
3. Male female
ratio is 1:1
15. The life time risk of manic episode
is about 0.8-1%.
This disorder occurs in episodes
lasting usually 3-4 months,
followed by complete recovery.
16. CLASSIFICATION
F30 Manic Episode
F30.0 Hypomania
F30.1 Mania without Psychotic Symptoms
F30.2 Mania with Psychotic Symptoms
F30.8 Other Manic Episodes
F30.9 Manic Episode, Unspecified
18. NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND
STRUCTURAL HYPOTHESES
•Lesions are more common in
this population in area of the
brain such as right hemisphere
or bilateral subcortical &
periventricular grey matter
•Brain trauma
Excessive Level Of
Norepinephrine And Dopamine,
an imbalance between
cholinergic & noradrenergic
systems or a deficiency in
serotonin
22. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF MANIA
Manic state shows lack of inhibition, apparent
quickness of psychological reaction, distractibility
& flight of ideas
Elation of mood is accompanied by a feeling of
general well being (lack of insight)
a/c Abraham: manic episode may reflect an
inability to tolerate a developmental tragedy
a/c Klein: defensive reaction to depression
INTERACTION BETWEEN GENETIC, BIOLOGICAL &
PSYCHODYNAMIC DETERMINANTS
23.
24. CLINICAL FEATURES
❑EUPHORIA (STAGE-I)
Increased sense of psychological well being and
happiness not in keeping with ongoing events.
❑ELATION (STAGE-II)
Moderate elevation mood with increased
psychomotor activity.
❑EXALTATION (STAGE-III)
Intense elevation of mood with delusion of grandeur.
❑ECSTASY (STAGE-IV)
Severe elevation of mood, intense sense of
rapture or blissfulness seen in delirious or stupors
mania.
❖ ELEVATED, EXPANSIVE OR IRRITABLE MOOD
25. Expansive mood is unceasing and
unselective enthusiasm for interacting
with people and surrounding
environment.
Sometimes irritable mood may be
predominant, especially when the
person is stopped from doing what he
wants.
There may be rapid, short lasting shifts
from euphoria to depression or anger
29. Dressed up in gaudy and flamboyant
clothes although in severe mania there
may be poor self care.
Decreased need for sleep (<3 hrs)
Decreased food intake due to over
activity
Decreased attention and concentration
Absent insight
OTHER FEATURES
30. Psychological tests such as Young
Mania Rating Scale
ICD 10 Diagnostic Criteria
Based on sign and symptoms
DIAGNOSIS
31. TREATMENT
• Drugs
• ECT
• Physical Restraint
SOMATIC
• Cognitive therapy
• Behaviour therapy
• Interpersonal
Psychotherapy
• Group Psychotherapy
• Family & Marital Therapy
Non
Pharmaco-
logical
33. High risk for injury related to extreme
hyperactivity and impulsive behavior, evidenced
by lack of control over purposeless and
potentially injurious movements.
NURSING MANAGEMENT
34. High risk for violence self directed or
directed at others related to manic
excitement as evidenced by delusional
thinking and hallucination
NURSING MANAGEMENT
35. Altered nutrition less than body requirements
related to refusal or inability to sit still long
enough to eat evidenced by weight loss and
poor skin turgor.
NURSING MANAGEMENT
36. Impaired communication related to egocentric
and narcistic behavior evidenced by inability to
develop satisfying relationship and manipulation
of others foe own desires.
NURSING MANAGEMENT
37. Hypomania is a lesser degree of
mania.
In this abnormalities in mood and
behaviour are too persistent &
marked to be include under
cyclothymia ( F34.0) but are not
accompanied by hallucination &
delusions.
HYPOMANIA(F30.0)
38. Mild elevation of mood ( For at least several
days.)
Increased energy & activity
Marked feelings of well-being both physical &
mental efficiency.
Increased sociability, talkativeness & over
familiarity.
Increased sexual energy
Decreased need of sleep
SYMPTOMS OF HYPOMANIA
39. Irritability, conceit & boorish behavior
may take the place of the more usual
euphoric sociability.
Concentration and attention may be
impaired, thus diminishing the ability to
settle down to work or to relaxation and
leisure.
SYMPTOMS OF HYPOMANIA
40. In fact, the ability to function becomes
better in hypomania, and there is a
marked increase in productivity and
creativity; many artists and writers have
contributed significantly during such
periods.
SYMPTOMS OF HYPOMANIA
47. Depression is a widespread
mental health problem affecting many
people. The life time risk of depression in
males is 8-12% and in female 20-26%. It
occurs twice in female than male.
❖ONSET:- The age for disorder is 18 years
in men and 20 years in women.
INTRODUCTION:-
50. It is a state of low mood and
aversion to activity that can affect a
person’s thought, behaviour, feelings and
sense of well-being.
DEFINITION:-
51. DEFINITION OF DEPRESSION
According to ICD-10 (F32) in a typical
depressive disorder of all three varieties, mild
(F32.0), moderate (F32.1) & severe (F32.2 &
F32.3 ), the individual usually suffers from a
depressed mood, loss of interest and
enjoyment, energy reduced leading to
fatiguability & diminished activity.
52.
53. OTHER RISK GROUPS
Socially isolated
Physical illness
Recently given birth
Family history of depression
Past history of depression
Drug and alcohol misuse
Ongoing relationship problems
Multiple adverse events
Other mental health problems
54. CLASSIFICATION OF DEPRESSION
(ACCORDING TO ICD10)
F32 Depressive episode
F32.0 Mild Depressive episode
F32.1 Moderate Depressive episode
F32.2 Severe depressive episode Without
psychotic symptoms.
F32.3 Severe depressive episode With psychotic
symptoms.
F32.8 Other depressive episode – Atypical
depression
F32.9 Depressive episode, unspecified
F33 Recurrent depressive disorder
60. ETIOLOGY
Transactional model of stress and
adaptation:
Predisposing factors + past experiences +
existing conditions
Weak ego strength maladaptive
coping mechanism
CLINICAL
DEPRESSION
61. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Sadness deepens to a morbid
depression
Difficulty in concentration leads to
retardation of all thought and action
Patients may show complete failure of
all insight, deny that they are ill and
hold steadfastly to their ideas of guilt
and punishment
62. ❖DEPRESSED MOOD:-
Sadness of mood or loss of interest and loss of
pleasure in almost all activities present
throughout the day.
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:-
64. Suicidal thoughts - thought that life is no longer worth
living and that death had come as a welcome release.
These gloomy preoccupations may progress to thoughts of
plan for suicide.
67. SOMATIC SYMPTOMS
Significant Decrease in appetite or weight.
Early morning awakening, at least 2 or
more hours before the usual time of
waking up
Diurnal variation, with depression being
worst in the morning
Pervasive Lack of interest and lack of
reactivity to pleasurable stimuli.
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
68. Difficulties in thinking and concentration
Subjective poor memory
Menstrual or sexual disturbances
Vague physical symptoms such as fatigue,
constipation etc.
OTHER FEATURES:-
74. (1) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):-
Severe depression with suicidal risk is the most
important indication for ECT.
(2) Light therapy:-
Sometimes called phototherapy involves
exposing the client to an artificial light source
during winter months to relieve seasonal
depression. The light source must be very bright,
full spectrum light.
PHYSICAL THERAPY:-
75. (3) Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic
Stimulation and Vagus Nerve Stimulation:-
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
is one of the newer technologies that is being
used to treat depression.
It directly affect brain function by stimulating
the nerves that are direct extensions of the
brain
77. 1. High risk of self – directed violence related to
depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness and anger
directed inward on self.
2. Dysfunctional grieving related to real or perceived
loss, bereavement, evidenced by denial of loss,
inappropriate expression of anger, inability to carry
out activities of daily living.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS:-
78. 3. Powerlessness related to dysfunctional grieving
process, life-style of helplessness, evidenced by
feelings of lack control over life situations, over
dependence on others to fulfill needs.
4. Self- esteem disturbance related to learned
helplessness, impaired cognition, negative view of
self, evidenced by expression of worthlessness,
sensitivity to criticism.
79. F31 : BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER
Is a cycling mood disorder characterized
by extreme shift in mood, energy, and
functioning.
bipolar disorder mood disorder in which
the patient swings between emotional
extremes, experiencing both manic and
depressive episodes
80. Manic episodes: are characterised by
highs in mood, very high self esteem,
increased activity and energy, and
poor functioning.
Depressive episodes: are
characterized by low in mood, often
with reduced energy and motivation.
81. CONTI……
Manic episodes usually begins abruptly &
last for between 2 weeks & 4-5 months.
Depressions tends to last longer ( median
length about 6 months), though rarely for
more than a year, except in the elderly.
The first episode may occur at any age
from childhood to old age.
82.
83. CLASSIFICATION OF BPMD
F31.0 Bipolar affective disorder, current episode
hypomanic
F31.1 Bipolar affective disorder, current episode
manic without psychotic symptoms
F31.2 Bipolar affective disorder, current episode
manic with psychotic symptoms
F31.3 Bipolar affective disorder, current episode
mild or moderate depression
F31.4 Bipolar affective disorder, current episode
severe depression without psychotic symptoms
84. F31.5 Bipolar affective disorder, current
episode severe depression with psychotic
symptoms
F31.6 Bipolar affective disorder, current
episode mixed:
F31.7 Bipolar affective disorder, currently
in remission
F31.8 Other bipolar affective disorder
F31.9 Bipolar affective disorder,
Unspecified
85. BIPOLAR MOOD DISORDER( DSM-IV)
It is further classified in bipolar I &
bipolar II.
BIPOLAR I: Episodes of severe mania &
severe depression.
BIPOLAR II: Episodes of hypomania &
severe depression.
86. F33 RECURRENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
The disorder is characterized by repeated
episodes of depression as specified in
depressive episode (mild (F32.0),
moderate (F32.1), or severe (F32.2 and
F32.3)), without any history of
independent episodes of mood elevation
and over activity that fulfill the criteria of
mania (F30.1 and F30.2).
87. F34 PERSISTENT MOOD [AFFECTIVE]
DISORDERS
These are persistent and usually
fluctuating disorders of mood in which
individual episodes are rarely if ever
sufficiently severe to warrant being
described as hypomanic or even mild
depressive episodes.
90. F34.0 CYCLOTHYMIA
Cyclothymic disorder is characterized
by short periods of mild depression
alternating with short periods of
hypomania; between the depressive &
manic episodes, brief periods of normal
mood occur.
Both depressive & hypomanic phases
are shorter & less severe than those in
bipolar I or II disorder.
95. NURSING INTERVENTION
Explore ways to help patient cope with
frequent mood changes
Encourage vocational opportunities that
allow flexible hours.
Encourage patients with artistic ability
to persue their talents as creative
outlets.
96. F 34.1 DYSTHYMIA
It refers to mild depression that lasts at
least 2 years in adults or 1 year in
children.
It is twice as common in women as in
men.
More prevalent among the poor &
unmarried.
98. CLINICAL FEATURES OF DYSTHYMIA
Sad & anxious mood
Excessive crying
Increased feeling of
guilt
Helplessness &
hopelessness or
worthlessness
Weight or appetite
changes
Sleep difficulties
Reduced energy
level
Psychological symptoms Physical symptoms
99. NURSING INTERVENTION
Provide supportive measures such as :
Reassurance
Warmth
Acceptance
o Teach patient about illness
o Encourage positive health habits
100. Endogenous Depression Neurotic depression
Caused by factors within the
individual
Caused by stressful events
Premorbid personality:
cyclothymic or dysthymic
Premorbid personality: anxious
or obsessive
Early morning awakening: late
insomnia
Difficulty in falling asleep: early
insomnia
Patient feels more sad in the
morning
Patient feels more sad in the
evening
Feels better when alone Feels better when in a group
Psychotic features are common Psychotic features are not
common
Relapses are common Relapses are uncommon
Insight: absent Insight Present