Hello ! I am a student of food technology, Delhi university (DU) and this was our group assignment on the topic obesity . We tried our best , hope that it might be helpful for someone and the credits also goes to my teammates (Neha, Saumya, Bhavna , Leena ) and you can see my name on my profile
This ppt contains all the details about what is obesity, etiology, & mainly focuses on various methods of assessment of obesity from field tests to lab tests.
As a chronic disease it is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and affecting children(10-20%) as well as adults(20-40%).Excess weight gain invites many associated diseases.
This ppt contains all the details about what is obesity, etiology, & mainly focuses on various methods of assessment of obesity from field tests to lab tests.
As a chronic disease it is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and affecting children(10-20%) as well as adults(20-40%).Excess weight gain invites many associated diseases.
Obesity - Pathophysiology, Etiology and management Aneesh Bhandary
Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. A massive psychosocial, pathophysiological problem that results in a high rate of mortality as well as morbidity. The basic mechanisms of the illness and its management as of 2017 are described in this presentation
Obesity is a chronic heath problem ,the no.of people having obese rising rapidly world wide and making obesity 1 of the fastest developing peoples health problem
Effective treatment for obesity in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur, Mum...Shewta shetty
"Obesity- Obesity refers to excessive fat accumulation in the body. Mindheal homeopathy induces the patient to make a dietary and lifestyle changes to control obesity"/>
Obesity - Pathophysiology, Etiology and management Aneesh Bhandary
Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. A massive psychosocial, pathophysiological problem that results in a high rate of mortality as well as morbidity. The basic mechanisms of the illness and its management as of 2017 are described in this presentation
Obesity is a chronic heath problem ,the no.of people having obese rising rapidly world wide and making obesity 1 of the fastest developing peoples health problem
Effective treatment for obesity in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur, Mum...Shewta shetty
"Obesity- Obesity refers to excessive fat accumulation in the body. Mindheal homeopathy induces the patient to make a dietary and lifestyle changes to control obesity"/>
Effective treatment for obesity in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur, Mum...Shewta shetty
"Obesity- Obesity refers to excessive fat accumulation in the body. Mindheal homeopathy induces the patient to make a dietary and lifestyle changes to control obesity"/>
Proc.02 and 03: Body Weight, and Intake & Outputjhonee balmeo
Daily weights provide a relative accurate assessment of a client’s fluid status.
while all routes of fluid intake and all routes of fluid loss or output are measured and recorded
Obesity refers to the condition of having an excessive amount of body fat.
This ppt contains a concise content regarding obesity for students of final year. I hope it will suffice you in your studies. Thank you spending your precious time in referring the same.
People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height, is over 30 kg/m2, with the range 25–30 kg/m2 defined as overweight.
Obesity is defined as an abnormal growth of the adipose tissue and or enlargement of fat cell size (hypertrophic obesity) or increase in fat cell number (hyperplastic obesity).
Obesity is often expressed in terms of body mass index (BMI)
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
OBESITY
1. OBESITY
*Is a condition of excess body weight i.e
when a person is 20% or above the ideal
body weight
*Body fat comprises of essential and
storage fat
*Essential fat is present in small amount
and is required for normal functioning of
the body
*Storage fat is the energy reserve stored as
adipose tissue and is expandable
2. TYPES OF OBESITY
• ANDROID OBESITY:- Bodys extra fat gets
deposited over the abdominal region and
gives the body an apple shaped appearance
• GYNECOID OBESITY:- Deposits of fat around
hips and thighs and gives the body pear
shaped appearance
3. ASSESSMENT OF BODY WEIGHT
• BODY MASS INDEX- Measure of relative body fatness to evaluate risks associated
with obesity
•
• WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE- Accepted cutoff for Asians are 90 cm for males and 80
cm for females.
• SKIN FOLD THICKNESS - Increase in weight increases the fat deposits in body.
Thickness of subcutaneous fat can be measured by skin callipers.
• Males- 11%
• Females-18%
• BODY COMPOSITION – Can be assessed using tanita
4. HAZARDS OF OBESITY
• PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
• Obese people often feel neglected and unhappy due to which
they resort to food for solace which further aggrevates the
problem
• Mechanical disabilities
• May cause flat feet or arthritis leading to pain in hips, knees,
spine and joints
• May cause VERICOS VEIN
• ABDOMINAL HERNEA
• Due to adipose tissue deposition in the chest region under
the diaphragm interferes with normal respiration
• Predisposes an individual to bronchitis
• Also causes co2 retention in the body leading to drowsiness
5. Pre-disposition to other
diseases
• Mortality increases with increase in body weight
• CVD’S: Ishemic heart disease ,stroke ,hypertension
• CANCER: breast cancer ,ovary cancer, colon cancer ,
kidney cancer
• ENDOCRINE DISORDERS : NIDDN( Non –insulin dependent
diabetes melitis), Infertility, PCOD, Breathlessness
• METABOLIC DISORDERS: Dislipidtimya , Gall stones ,
Inflammation
• MENARCHE generally occurs at a younger age in obese
girls and they sometimes experience irregular
menstrual cycle
6. ETIOLOGY
• Involve an interplay of both genetic and environmental factors:
Genetic Factors
• - The hormonal factors that regulate weight are determined genetically.
- Pattern of fat distribution is also heritable.
- Obesity therefore runs in the family and there are chances a child being
born obese, if both parents are suffering from obesity.
Psychological Factors
- These may be the cause as well as aggravating factors for obesity.
- Tension and anxiety may further makes a person resort to food for
emotional satisfaction and this again leads to increasing the intake.
• (C) Behavioral Factors
• (a) Physical Inactivity
• (b) Eating Habits
7. • (c) Social Aspects
(D) Physiological Factors
• (a) Age and Gender- critical period of
development of obesity are early childhood and
adulthood when no diet adjustment is made
for reduced physical activity.
(b) Endocrine Factor - In women, obesity
commonly occurs during pregnancy and after
menopause because of involvement of certain
hormone .
8. DIETARY MANAGEMENT
• DEFINE - known as food service management , is the practice of
providing nutritional options for individuals and groups with diet
concerns through supervision.
• OBJECTIVE
• Bring gradual weight loss
• Maintain good nutritional status..
• Bring lifestyle modification to maintain desirable body weight.
• Dietary modification need to be suitably adjusted.
• ENERGY
• Loss of 500 -1000Kcal daily to lose 1 – 1.5kg / week.
• PROTEIN
• Should provide 10-15% of total daily energy required.
9. • FAT
• Should provide 20% or less of total daily energy
required.
• Emphasis made on use of unsaturated fat consumption
to reduce heart disease.
• Hydrogenated and TAG should be avoided.
• CARBOHYDRATES
• Should provide 60% of total daily energy required.
• Includes complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber.
• VITAMINS AND MINERALS
• Reducing diets should provide adequate amount of
nutrients.
• ALCOHOL
• Should be taken in min. amount.
• Energy contribution is adjusted in total energy.
10. • Diet And Feeling Pattern
- The satiety value of diet is extremely imp. So as to give a feeling of
satisfaction and well being.
- Adequate amount of protein foods , fiber fruit and vegetable , whole
cereals and pulses provide satiety and thus helps cut down food intake.
• - Beverage agents like Methyl cellulose and Isabgol helps in adding bulk
to the diet thus helps in wt. management.
• Foods to be used in Restricted Amounts
or Avoided are:
(a) High fat foods – like butter, processed cheese , chocolate etc.
(b) High Carbs foods – breads , cookies.
(c) Carbonated and malted beverages , alcoholic drinks and sweetened
juice.
11. Criteria of Weight Reducing Diet
(a) Deficient in Energy
(b) Adequate in other nutrient.
(c) Sufficient bulk to provide satiety.
(d) Easily adapted from family meals.
(e) East to follow when eating out.
(f) Reasonable in cost.
(g) Must modify dietary behavior.
12. ROLE OF EXERCISING IN REDUCING
WEIGHT
• Physical activity involving increase in heart
rate for 30 minutes at least 5 days a week.
• Aerobic activities that draw on body reserves.
• Aerobic exercises reduce weight by
suppressing appetite, increasing the BMR and
increasing the energy expenditure
13. Problems in weight
management
• PLATEAU EFFECT
Condition when weight management remains at
the same level during a weight reduction
program and finally weight loss stops
• YOYO EFFECT
Yoyo effect also known as weight cycling .It is a
condition in which there is a loss and gain of
weight and then an individual gains weight
again .the reasons are not clear it may be
metabolic or behavioural
14. RISK FACTOR FOR NON –
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
• DEFINE An individual attribute or expoaure that is
positively or negatively associated with
occurrence of diseases.
• Risk factor can be modifiable or non- modifiable.
• UNHEALTHYDIETHigh dietary intake of saturated
fat,trans fat ,cholesterol and salt when
accompanied with low intake of fruits and
vegetables are linked to CVDs.
• HFSS foods inc. risk of developing NCDs
15. PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
• Insufficient physical activity leads people to
higher risk of NCD’s
• Even moderate physical activity have reduced
heart diseases,diabetes,strokes and other NCD’S
in people
• Participation for 150 min of physical activity for 5
days a week is enough for a healthy life
• ALCOHOl:-
• Is harmful for health if consumed beyond limit
• Significant contributor to the global burden of
NCD’s and premature deaths
16. OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY
• Is a risk factor for CHD(Coronary heart
disease),cancers,stroke and type 2 diabetes
• Leads to adverse metabolic effects or blood
pressure,cholesterol levels,TG level and insulin
resistance
• Recent studies shows that indians have
higheer proportion of body fat than western
counterparts
