mangroves, importance , damage, causes of damage, Economic Value Of Mangrove In Pakistan, Historical Aspect Regarding Rehabilitation Of Mangroves In Pakistan, Management Plan For Conservation Of Mangrove, Various Projects Regarding Mangroves Rehabilitation In Pakistan, Summary

2. Seminar
Rehabilitation of mangrove forest in Pakistan
Supervisor
Dr. Abdul Mateen
Mubeen Zafar
2020-ag-1049
Mphil zoology (M)
Departments Of Zoology Wildlife And Fisheries
University Of Agriculture Faisalabad
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3. 1/25/2021 3
Table of Contents
What Is Mangrove?
Importance Of Mangrove Forest
Management Plan For Conservation Of Mangrove
Various Projects Regarding Mangroves Rehabilitation In Pakistan
Summary
References
Causes Of Damage
Economic Value Of Mangrove In Pakistan
Historical Aspect Regarding Rehabilitation Of Mangroves In
Pakistan

4. Total
Mangrove
forest area
of the world
in a 2000
update
137,800
square
kilometres
(53,200 sq
mi)
Spanning
118
Countries
and
Territories
What is Mangrove?
o A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in
coastal saline or brackish water. Mangroves are salt-tolerant
trees, and are adapted to life in harsh coastal conditions.
Mangroves occur worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, mainly
between latitudes 25° N and 25° S.
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5. Importance of Mangrove Forest
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Mangrove swamps protect coastal areas
from erosion, storm surge and tsunamis cyclones.
The mangroves' massive root systems are efficient at
dissipating wave energy, soil conservation. Have
economic value used as fodder.
 Mangrove crabs munch on the mangrove leaves, adding
nutrients to the mud for other bottom feeders. In some
cases, export of carbon fixed in mangroves is important in
coastal food webs
Mangrove provide a substrate for anchoring for
organisms while they filter feed.
Mud lobsters use the muddy bottoms as their home.

6. submerged
roots of
Mangroves
host
Algae
Sponges
Crustac-
eans
Shrimps
Bryozoan
s
Mud
Lobsters
Oysters
Barnacle-
s
Fish
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7. Pakistan’s mangrove
forest covers
0.6 million hectars
Probably the 10th largest in
world
Pakistani mangroves are located along the
•Delta of the Indus River (the Indus River Delta-
Arabian Sea mangroves ecoregion),
•Sindh(95%) 243,000 (ha) and Balochistan 7400 ha
(Sonmiani, Kalmat and Gawatar bay).
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8. Damage/loss of Mangrove
•35% of the mangroves have been destroyed. In 2010 update of the
World Mangrove Atlas shows that 1/5th of the world's mangrove
ecosystem lost since 1980. The southeast Asia remains an area of
concern with loss rates between 3.58% and 8.08% between 2000
and 2012.
35%
mangrove
ecosysyst
em have
been lost
globally
Loss
1/5th
since 1980
according to
2010 update
South east
asia loss rte
3.58% &
0.8%
between
2000 & 2012
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9. Causes of damage
Mangroves forests are facing serious stresses which jeopardize
their sustainability and their existence in Pakistan.
A significant reduction in the fresh water supply
 Increased marine water pollution, altered hydrology &
hydroperiod
Over harvesting of mangroves and fishes(Aquaculture) by the peoples
 Sedimentation
Population stress, Land use Polices
coastal erosion, Siltation, Storms, Tsunamis are usually considered
to be the immediate causes of mangrove loss in Pakistan
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10. Economic Value of Mangrove In Pakistan
In Pakistan, economic importance of mangroves mainly
depends on the fishery resource that they harbor.
About 80% of fish caught in coastal water spent part of their
life cycle within the mangroves ecosystem.
Shrimp fishery is the major marine export of mangroves,
accounting for 68% of the $100 million of the foreign exchange
for Pakistan.
The main rationale of mangrove restoration in Indus Delta
and along Baluchistan coastal line by Pakistan Navy is to
maintain a contribution to national economy. The navy has
also undertaken similar campaigns in the past.
Estimated contribution of mangroves to shrimp and fishery
industry was 8.8 billion rupees in 2003.
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11. Management Plan for Conservation of
Mangrove
•Various Projects have been under taken in current scenario to conserve
the resources of mangrove areas. Strong planning with the collaboration of
the local institutes at the grass-root and they will also help in achieving the
conservation goals in a sustainable manner.
• It is predictable that large-scale plantation of this mangroves species in
these areas would increase the resources in coastal areas, resulting
economic benefit to the local people.
Analysis
of current
Scenario
Strong
Planning
Collabora-
tion of
Institutes
Large
Scale
Plantati
on
Conservation
&
Rehabilitation
in a
sustainabla
,nnanner
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12. Rehabilitation of Mangrove Forest in
Pakistan
Pakistan is fortunate with rich and varied natural
reserves, mangrove ecosystem is one of them.
The mangrove swamps of the Sindh coastal zone are
extensive, covering 243,000 hectares (ha) compared with
7,400 ha along the Balochistan coast.
At times, over 600,000 hectares of Pakistan’s coastline
was under mangrove forestation.
But today, as per estimates, mangroves are 129,000
hectors in the Indus delta, and over 3,000 hectors in Miani
Hor, Kalmat Khor and Gwadar bay areas; probably the
tenth largest in the world.
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13. Historical Aspect Regarding Rehabilitation of
Mangroves in Pakistan
National Commission on agriculture reported in 1988 that
no category of forest has suffered and seriously threatened
by anthropogenic activities than the mangroves forests.
The Department of Forestry and Fisheries is accountable
for the management of mangrove forests in Pakistan.
Mangrove forests were declared ‘protected forests’ in 1958
under the Pakistan Forest Act of 1927, and water channels
were declared ‘wildlife sanctuaries’ in 1977 under the Sind
Wildlife Protection Ordinance of 1972.
In 1965, a survey by Pakistan Forest Institute concluded
that 400,000 ha covered by mangroves, but by 2001, this
figure was reduced to 158,000 ha.
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14. Rehabilitation
and
Reforestatino-
n
Projects For
Mangrove In
Pakistan
Environmental
protection and
management project
Mangrove plantation for
rehabilitation of Korangi-
Phitti creek system
‘Development of
Mangrove forests
in the Indus Delta
Delta from 1985-86 to 2004-05’
with the bilateral and regional
cooperation in The UNDP/
UNESCO/IUCN/ADB and many
other agencies’
Regional
projects
Port Qasim
Area of
Karachi project
land reclamation
projects
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15. Port Qasim Area Project of Karachi
The Port Qasim Area of Karachi is situated along the coast of
Karachi and is an interconnected coastal patch which houses
various oil and gas sector companies eg SSGC. The area is also
characterized by stretches of mangroves plantations.
Donor: Sui Southern Gas Company Limited (SSGC)
OBJECTIVES
Raise awareness
expand ecosystem
for aquaculture
Increase resources Encourge Stakeholders to work
alnong with IUCN & MFF programmes
Rehabilitation
of Mangrove
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16. land Reclamation Projects
In Karachi, land reclamation projects have led to the cutting
down of mangrove forests for commercial and urban
development.
On 22 June 2013, Sindh Forest Department, Govt. of Sindh,
Pakistan, with the help of 300 local coastal volunteer planters
Set the Guinness World Record by planting 847,250 mangrove
At Kharo Chan, Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan in a little over 12 hours
This is the highest number of saplings planted within a day
under the Guinness World Record category
"MaximumNumber of Trees Planted in a Day".
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17. New mangrove plantation, Shah Bundar, Sujawal, Pakistan
Flourishing mangroves along Karachi coast, Pakistan
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18. 1000ha Restoked, 55000ha Rehabilitated
Rehabilitation of mangroves has started very recently, being
limited to experimental and small-scale plantations of indigenous
and exotic species. So far, 1000 hectares of blank areas have
been restocked with Avicennia marina, Ceriops
tagal and Rhizophora mucronata throughout the Indus Delta.
These species have given encouraging results and more areas
are expected to be rehabilitated in the coming years.
Bilateral and regional cooperation, especially in the
UNDP/UNESCO Regional Project, have played an important role
in enhancing research and planting capabilities among the young
Pakistani scientists.
Since 2010 alone, around 55,000 hectares of former mangrove
forest have been planted and rehabilitated.
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19. A number of schemes for the rehabilitation of mangroves
are in the pipeline and will soon be executed in the Indus
Delta. Among them for example:
Environmental protection and
management project.
Mangrove plantation for
rehabilitation of Korangi-Phitti
creek system.
Development of mangrove forests
in the Indus Delta.
Future Prospectives Regarding Conservation
International organizations like IUCN and WWF are also
playing critical role to support this initiative.
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20. Deterioration >Rehabilitation
•But despite vigorous efforts deterioration is higher than
restoration. Various national and international agencies have
been reported a substantial reduction in the extent of
mangroves, both in area and density.
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21. S u m m a r y
Thousands of people directly or indirectly depends on the
mangrove ecosystem for living and are therefore worsening
rapidly in the quantity as well as quality.
In the circumstances where earth nature is being damaged
by so called praogress and industrial revolution. which
certainly causing severe and ruthless harm to the nature, we
need to protect it by putting some valuable efforts or at
least not letting our existing environment destroy.
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22. • References
 Encarta Encyclopedia 2005. "Seashore", by Heidi Nepf. Skov, M. W.; Hartnoll, R.
G. (2002). "Paradoxical selective feeding on a low-nutrient diet: Why do
mangrove crabs eat leaves?". Oecologia. 131 (1): 1–7.
 Vane, C. H.; Kim, A. W.; Moss-Hayes, V.; Snape, C. E.; Diaz, M. C.; Khan, N. S.;
Engelhart, S. E.; Horton, B. P. (2013). "Degradation of mangrove tissues by
arboreal termites (Nasutitermes acajutlae) and their role in the mangrove C
cycle (Puerto Rico): Chemical characterization and organic matter provenance
using bulk δ13C, C/N, alkaline CuO oxidation-GC/MS, and solid-state“
(PDF). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 14 (8): 3176.
 Versteegh, G. J. M.; et al. (2004). "Taraxerol and Rhizophora pollen as proxies
for tracking past mangrove ecosystems". Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta. 68 (3): 411–422.
 Hamilton, S. E.; Friess, D. A. (2018). "Global ca Flowers, T. J.; Colmer, T. D.
(2015). "Plant salt tolerance: adaptations in halophytes"(PDF). Annals of
Botany. 115 (3): 327–331. .
 Hogarth, Peter J. (1999) The Biology of Mangroves Oxford University Press,
Oxford, England,
 http://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/phy.htm |title=Morphological and Physiological
Adaptations: Florida mangrove website |publisher=Nhmi.org |
 Bos, A. R.; Gumanao, G. S.; Van Katwijk, M. M.; Mueller, B.; Saceda, M. M.;
Tejada, R. L. P. (2010). "Ontogenetic habitat shift, population growth, and
burrowing behavior of the Indo-Pacific beach star, Archaster typicus
(Echinodermata; Asteroidea)". Marine Biology. 158 (3): 639–648.
 Skov, M. W.; Hartnoll, R. G. (2002). "Paradoxical selective feeding on a low-
nutrient diet: Why do mangrove crabs eat leaves?". Oecologia. 131 (1): 1–7.
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