Biodiversity action plan
A biodiversity action plan (BAP) is an internationally recognized program addressing threatened species and habitats and is designed to protect and restore biological systems. The original impetus for these plans derives from the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). As of 2009, 191 countries have ratified the CBD, but only a fraction of these have developed substantive BAP documents.
The principal elements of a BAP typically include: (a) preparing inventories of biological information for selected species or habitats; (b) assessing the conservation status of species within specified ecosystems; (c) creation of targets for conservation and restoration; and (d) establishing budgets, timelines and institutional partnerships for implementing the BAP.
Summary
Pakistan spans a number of the world’s ecological regions with its latitudinal spread and immense variations in altitude. These regions include the coastal mangrove forests of the Arabian Sea as well as some of the highest mountains of the world, where the western Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Karakoram ranges meet. This diversity encompasses a variety of habitats that support a rich biodiversity. A number of animals and plants have become endangered due to over-exploitation and loss of natural habitat. Rapid human population growth puts increasing pressure on the country’s natural resource base. Increased poverty has forced rural people to exploit biodiversity at unsustainable rates. Deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, salinity and waterlogging have become major threats to Pakistan’s remaining biodiversity. The continuing loss of forest habitat, with its associated fauna and flora, will have serious implications for the nation’s other natural and agricultural ecosystems. Protected areas have been established for in-situ conservation of biodiversity.
A wide range of laws also exists relating to conservation of various components of biodiversity. The key to protecting the biological diversity of Pakistan is involving local communities and obtaining support from relevant institutions in sustainable use initiatives. The Government of Pakistan recognised the importance of these measures in the preparation of the National Conservation Strategy (1992) and in becoming a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1994. The Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP), endorsed by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) in 1999, calls for government agencies, local communities and NGOs to work together as partners in biodiversity conservation.
These are the most critical issues for biodiversity conservation in Pakistan:
The need for associated policy and institutional reforms and institutional strengthening; integration of biodiversity conservation measures into sectoral initiatives; better understanding of all aspects of biodiversity and effective means for ensuring their sustainable use; developing community-based biodiver
Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+)Janathakshan Gte Ltd
Presentation by Mr. Mr. Anura Sathurusinghe, CGF, Sri Lanka Forest Department
and Raushan Kumar
Technical Session 01: Climate Change Mitigation
Experience Sharing Forum on Climate Smart Initiatives of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Next – A blue Green Era – Conference and Exhibition 2017
16 – 17 October 2017, BMICH, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Public private partnership in forestry managementCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered during the Course on Governance of Landscapes, Forests and People at the CIFOR Campus in Bogor, Indonesia.
It discusses: the reason public-private partnerships became an option; whether or not these partnerships are effective, trade-offs and challenges to consider; and how to ensure the effectiveness public-private partnerships at the landscape level.
Biodiversity action plan
A biodiversity action plan (BAP) is an internationally recognized program addressing threatened species and habitats and is designed to protect and restore biological systems. The original impetus for these plans derives from the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). As of 2009, 191 countries have ratified the CBD, but only a fraction of these have developed substantive BAP documents.
The principal elements of a BAP typically include: (a) preparing inventories of biological information for selected species or habitats; (b) assessing the conservation status of species within specified ecosystems; (c) creation of targets for conservation and restoration; and (d) establishing budgets, timelines and institutional partnerships for implementing the BAP.
Summary
Pakistan spans a number of the world’s ecological regions with its latitudinal spread and immense variations in altitude. These regions include the coastal mangrove forests of the Arabian Sea as well as some of the highest mountains of the world, where the western Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Karakoram ranges meet. This diversity encompasses a variety of habitats that support a rich biodiversity. A number of animals and plants have become endangered due to over-exploitation and loss of natural habitat. Rapid human population growth puts increasing pressure on the country’s natural resource base. Increased poverty has forced rural people to exploit biodiversity at unsustainable rates. Deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, salinity and waterlogging have become major threats to Pakistan’s remaining biodiversity. The continuing loss of forest habitat, with its associated fauna and flora, will have serious implications for the nation’s other natural and agricultural ecosystems. Protected areas have been established for in-situ conservation of biodiversity.
A wide range of laws also exists relating to conservation of various components of biodiversity. The key to protecting the biological diversity of Pakistan is involving local communities and obtaining support from relevant institutions in sustainable use initiatives. The Government of Pakistan recognised the importance of these measures in the preparation of the National Conservation Strategy (1992) and in becoming a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1994. The Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP), endorsed by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) in 1999, calls for government agencies, local communities and NGOs to work together as partners in biodiversity conservation.
These are the most critical issues for biodiversity conservation in Pakistan:
The need for associated policy and institutional reforms and institutional strengthening; integration of biodiversity conservation measures into sectoral initiatives; better understanding of all aspects of biodiversity and effective means for ensuring their sustainable use; developing community-based biodiver
Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+)Janathakshan Gte Ltd
Presentation by Mr. Mr. Anura Sathurusinghe, CGF, Sri Lanka Forest Department
and Raushan Kumar
Technical Session 01: Climate Change Mitigation
Experience Sharing Forum on Climate Smart Initiatives of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Next – A blue Green Era – Conference and Exhibition 2017
16 – 17 October 2017, BMICH, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Public private partnership in forestry managementCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered during the Course on Governance of Landscapes, Forests and People at the CIFOR Campus in Bogor, Indonesia.
It discusses: the reason public-private partnerships became an option; whether or not these partnerships are effective, trade-offs and challenges to consider; and how to ensure the effectiveness public-private partnerships at the landscape level.
Why and how do we evaluate ecosystems, Nature is the source of much value to us every day, and yet it mostly bypasses markets, escapes pricing and defies valuation. This lack of valuation is an underlying cause for ecological degradation and loss of biodiversity. Globally, efforts are being made to assess impact of conservation or degradation of ecological resources and a new term Green Gross Domestic Product (GGDP) has also been coined to reflect the same.
There is a renewed interest in the role of agriculture at the climate change negotiations, as evidenced by a number of interesting side-events during COP 16 in Cancun. The reason is simple: Agriculture and related activities account for a third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, most of which can be mitigated, an opportunity that policy makers simply cannot afford to miss. What’s more, some of the techniques that sequester carbon have the added advantage of building the water-retention capacity and nutrient content of soils, hence contributing to a triple-win situation where mitigation, adaptation and yield increases are all addressed.
In response to this, SIANI and Sida arranged a one-day workshop on the theme From Source to Sink: How to make Agriculture part of the Solution to Climate Change while contributing to Poverty Alleviation? The main purpose of the workshop was to link the multiple potentials of agriculture to other development goals such as over-all poverty alleviation and food security, with particular reference to the needs of smallholder farmers who make up 70% of the world’s poorest people.
Healthy ecosystems provide a variety of such critical goods and services. Created by the interactions of living organisms with their environment, these “ecosystem services” provide both the conditions and processes that sustain human life. The awareness of ecosystem services’ importance in human life styles started more than 2500 years ago. Economists have developed different ways to measure the economic value of the nature, all of which required extrapolation or assumptions.
Ignorance, Institutions and Market Failure are the main reasons to the under-protected status of Ecosystem Services. The environment provides critically important services. Some of these are captured by markets, but many are not. They are positive externalities that are therefore regarded by the beneficiaries as free. As a result, many ecosystem services tend to be both under-conserved and undervalued. If beneficiaries had to pay for explicit service provision, however, governments would think differently about their policies and property owners would think very differently about sustainable land management practices. In basic economic terms, payments for ecosystem services (PES) seek to “get the incentives right” by capturing the positive externalities, by providing accurate signals to both service providers and users that reflect the real social benefits that ecosystem services deliver.
Voluntary agreements between buyers and sellers of ecosystem services for cash or other rewards creating markets for ecosystem services which provide incentives and finance to land and resource managers and thereby strengthening conservation and livelihoods are called as PES.
Wide range of potential buyers and sellers are available depending on the ecosystem service. When the market fails to reward on-site ecosystem service providers, or to compensate them for their costs (e.g. changing land use) charge off-site users for the benefits they enjoy (e.g. clean water) PES create a market for natural resources making conservation a more profitable land-use proposition. Information, technical barriers, policy and regulation and institutional barriers are the major challenges in implementing PES.
Creating economic incentives that encourage PES schemes, including environmental taxes and subsidies, transferable discharge permits and environmental labelling, developing specific PES projects with farmers, foresters and/or fisher folks in their region, or their watershed and providing incentives for the private sector to engage in PES schemes are some recommendations for a better PES system.
REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)Janathakshan Gte Ltd
The presentation prepared by Janathakshan on REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) initiative in Sri Lanka. SL became a UN-REDD partner country in 2009. Government fo Sri Lanka (GoSL) through the forest department (FD), department of wildlife conservation (DWC) and the CCS with many stakeholders and support of 3 UN organisations has jointly implemented a UN-REDD National Program (2013 to 2017).
University of Tokyo CCWG's study session.
Here are links to our website. Please check it.
http://www.facebook.com/CCWG.COP17
http://ccwgcop17.tumblr.com/
Why and how do we evaluate ecosystems, Nature is the source of much value to us every day, and yet it mostly bypasses markets, escapes pricing and defies valuation. This lack of valuation is an underlying cause for ecological degradation and loss of biodiversity. Globally, efforts are being made to assess impact of conservation or degradation of ecological resources and a new term Green Gross Domestic Product (GGDP) has also been coined to reflect the same.
There is a renewed interest in the role of agriculture at the climate change negotiations, as evidenced by a number of interesting side-events during COP 16 in Cancun. The reason is simple: Agriculture and related activities account for a third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, most of which can be mitigated, an opportunity that policy makers simply cannot afford to miss. What’s more, some of the techniques that sequester carbon have the added advantage of building the water-retention capacity and nutrient content of soils, hence contributing to a triple-win situation where mitigation, adaptation and yield increases are all addressed.
In response to this, SIANI and Sida arranged a one-day workshop on the theme From Source to Sink: How to make Agriculture part of the Solution to Climate Change while contributing to Poverty Alleviation? The main purpose of the workshop was to link the multiple potentials of agriculture to other development goals such as over-all poverty alleviation and food security, with particular reference to the needs of smallholder farmers who make up 70% of the world’s poorest people.
Healthy ecosystems provide a variety of such critical goods and services. Created by the interactions of living organisms with their environment, these “ecosystem services” provide both the conditions and processes that sustain human life. The awareness of ecosystem services’ importance in human life styles started more than 2500 years ago. Economists have developed different ways to measure the economic value of the nature, all of which required extrapolation or assumptions.
Ignorance, Institutions and Market Failure are the main reasons to the under-protected status of Ecosystem Services. The environment provides critically important services. Some of these are captured by markets, but many are not. They are positive externalities that are therefore regarded by the beneficiaries as free. As a result, many ecosystem services tend to be both under-conserved and undervalued. If beneficiaries had to pay for explicit service provision, however, governments would think differently about their policies and property owners would think very differently about sustainable land management practices. In basic economic terms, payments for ecosystem services (PES) seek to “get the incentives right” by capturing the positive externalities, by providing accurate signals to both service providers and users that reflect the real social benefits that ecosystem services deliver.
Voluntary agreements between buyers and sellers of ecosystem services for cash or other rewards creating markets for ecosystem services which provide incentives and finance to land and resource managers and thereby strengthening conservation and livelihoods are called as PES.
Wide range of potential buyers and sellers are available depending on the ecosystem service. When the market fails to reward on-site ecosystem service providers, or to compensate them for their costs (e.g. changing land use) charge off-site users for the benefits they enjoy (e.g. clean water) PES create a market for natural resources making conservation a more profitable land-use proposition. Information, technical barriers, policy and regulation and institutional barriers are the major challenges in implementing PES.
Creating economic incentives that encourage PES schemes, including environmental taxes and subsidies, transferable discharge permits and environmental labelling, developing specific PES projects with farmers, foresters and/or fisher folks in their region, or their watershed and providing incentives for the private sector to engage in PES schemes are some recommendations for a better PES system.
REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)Janathakshan Gte Ltd
The presentation prepared by Janathakshan on REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) initiative in Sri Lanka. SL became a UN-REDD partner country in 2009. Government fo Sri Lanka (GoSL) through the forest department (FD), department of wildlife conservation (DWC) and the CCS with many stakeholders and support of 3 UN organisations has jointly implemented a UN-REDD National Program (2013 to 2017).
University of Tokyo CCWG's study session.
Here are links to our website. Please check it.
http://www.facebook.com/CCWG.COP17
http://ccwgcop17.tumblr.com/
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We can all be part of the Plan.
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Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
4. The importance of biodiversity and livelihood aspects within
the design of REDD-plus has been recognized at many levels.
Achieving these multiple benefits will require new levels of
collaboration among different actors at national and
international levels.
Biodiversity
5. At its thirteenth session in Bali in December 2007, the Conference of
the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC adopted decision 1/CP.13: Bali
Action Plan, and decision 2/CP.13: Reducing emissions from
deforestation in developing countries: approaches to stimulate
action:
The Conference of the Parties…decides to launch a comprehensive
process to enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of
the Convention through long-term cooperative action, now, up to
and beyond 2012 …. by addressing, inter alia: Policy approaches
and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions
from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries;
and the role of conservation, sustainable managem ent of forests
and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries.
What is REDD-plus?
6. At its sixteenth session, the UNFCCC COP adopted a decision,
encouraging developing country Parties to contribute to greenhouse gas
(GHG) mitigation actions in the forest sector by undertaking REDD-
plus activities, comprising reducing emissions from deforestation and
forest degradation, conservation of forest carbon stocks, sustainable
management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. The
implementation of REDD-plus activities will take place in three
different phases, starting with (i) the development of national strategies
or action plans, policies and measures, and capacity-building, followed
by (ii) their implementation including technology development and
transfer and results-based demonstration activities and evolving into
(iii) resultsbased actions that should be fully measured, reported and
verified. Financing options for the implementation of results-based
REDD-plus actions will be explored and progress reported to UNFCCC
COP 17 in 2011.
What is REDD-plus?
7. REDD-plus pilot and demonstration activities are currently
implemented by several initiatives such as the Forest Carbon
Partnership Facility (FCPF) and the UN REDD Programme. These pilots
integrate efforts to include ecological and socio-economic aspects. For
example, one of the FCPF objectives is “within the approach to REDD,
to test ways to sustain or enhance livelihoods of local communities and
to conserve biodiversity.”* Thus, one of the selection criteria for FCPF
pilot projects is that they, “focus on innovative and/or advanced
concepts of monitoring, reporting and remote sensing, including for
forest degradation, biodiversity protection and social benefits.” Priority
is given
to countries with, “high relevance of forests in the economy of a country
including relevance for poverty reduction, the livelihoods of forest-
dependent indigenous peoples and other forest dwellers.”
Redd-plus
8. Biological Diversity, or biodiversity in its shortened
form, can be described as the diversity of life on earth.
Biodiversity is frequently understood to refer simply to
the variety of species on the planet. Although this is an
important component, its wider meaning, as generally
used by scientists, refers to diversity both above and
below the level of individual species. It is, in its fullest
form, the complete variety of life on earth, including
genes, species, and ecosystems.
What is biodiversity, and what makes
it a REDD-plus benefit?
9. The CBD defines biodiversity as, “the variability among living
organisms and the ecological complexes of which they are part,
including the diversity within species, between species and of
ecosystems”. Interactions between the various components of
biodiversity make the earth habitable for all species, including
humans.
The CBD defines biodiversity
10. For example, the Millennium Development Goal 7 Ensure
Environmental Sustainability depends on biodiversity, which
directly affects the quality and quantity of ecosystem services
provided, such as carbon sequestration, watershed protection,
soil fertility, recycling of nutrients, control of erosion and
pollination of crops
and trees. More than 3 billion people depend on marine and
coastal biodiversity, while over 1.6 billion people rely on forests
and non-timber forest products for their livelihoods, including
on ecosystem services such as water purification and storage.
Habitat degradation and the loss of biodiversity are
threatening the livelihoods of more than 1 billion people living
in dry and sub-humid lands
Biodiversity is the basis for achieving
sustainable development.
11. The CBD has three main objectives: ▸ the conservation of
biodiversity, ▸ the sustainable use of its components, and ▸
the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the
utilization of genetic resources. The CBD addresses
deforestation and forest degradation in numerous ways, for
example in the programme of work on forest biodiversity (CBD
decision VI/22) and the programme of work on protected areas
(decision VII/28). REDD-plus efforts can build on the
implementation of the CBD, and activities at national level
under the UNFCCC and CBD are often mutually supportive,
for example, through ecosystem-based approaches to climate
change adaptation
Work under the CBD
12. REDD-plus is foremost a climate change mitigation
strategy. However, it can provide significant adaptation
benefits for societies and its long-term success will depend
on the ability of forest ecosystems to adapt to climate
change.
REDD-plus and Climate change
13. Maintaining intact forest ecosystems—including their genetic
and species diversity—is essential in meeting the UNFCCC’s
ultimate objective. This is due to the role of forests in the
global carbon cycle, their significant carbon stocks, their
contribution to adaptation, and the wide range of ecosystem
services they provide that are essential for human well-being.
Maintaining intact forest ecosystems—
including
14. are accompanied by the loss of numerous vital ecosystem
services that provide a variety of income possibilities,
material welfare, livelihoods, security, resiliency, social
relations, health, and freedom of choices and actions (MEA,
2005). Their loss threatens human societies worldwide, and
not just in the regions where deforestation occurs.
Deforestation and forest degradation
15. Forests are the largest terrestrial ecosystem; with 4 billion
hectares they cover 30 per cent of the earth’s surface. ▸ With an
estimated 2,400 Gt of stored carbon they account for almost half
the terrestrial carbon pool.
They harbor an estimated 75 per cent of all terrestrial
biodiversity. The Amazon rainforest alone hosts about a quarter
of the world’s terrestrial species.
Forests underpin the livelihoods of more than 1.6 billion people.
Some facts about forests
16. Forests are the largest terrestrial ecosystem; with 4 billion hectares they
cover 30 per cent of the earth’s surface.
▸ With an estimated 2,400 Gt of stored carbon they account for almost half
the terrestrial carbon pool. ▸ They harbor an estimated 75 per cent of all
terrestrial biodiversity. The Amazon rainforest alone hosts about a quarter
of the world’s terrestrial species.
Forests underpin the livelihoods of more than 1.6 billion people.
▸ More than 2,000 groups of indigenous peoples live in forest ecosystems,
which satisfy their basic needs, such as food, energy and health.
▸ More than 3 per cent of all global trade is in forest products, which have
a value of more than USD 300 billion per year.
▸ Every year 13 million hectares of forests are destroyed or degraded.
Some facts about forests
17. ▸ More than 2,000 groups of indigenous peoples live in forest
ecosystems, which satisfy their basic needs, such as food, energy and
health.
▸ More than 3 per cent of all global trade is in forest products, which
have a value of more than USD 300 billion per year.
▸ Every year 13 million hectares of forests are destroyed or degraded.
▸ Deforestation contributes approximately 17 to 20 per cent of global
annual GHG emissions, which is approximately 5.8 Gt of carbon
dioxide equivalents per year.
▸ 97 per cent of all emissions from deforestation occur in the tropics
and sub-tropics.
▸ Forest ecosystem services have been estimated to be worth on
average USD 6,120 per hectare per year in intact tropical forests
Some facts about forests
18. Mitigation consists of activities that aim to reduce GHG
emissions, directly or indirectly, by avoiding or capturing
GHGs before they are emitted into the
atmosphere or sequestering those already in the atmosphere
by enhancing sinks such as forests. Such activities may entail,
for example, changes to behavioral patterns or technological
development and diffusion.
Mitigation
19. Adaptation is defined as adjustments in human and natural
systems, in response to actual or expected climate stimuli or
their effects that moderate, harm or exploit beneficial
opportunities. Source: IPCC 200
Adaptation
20. Forest ecosystem goods and services Provisioning
Services Cultural Services ▸ Food, Fiber and Fuel
1. Genetic Resources
2. Biochemicals
3. Fresh Water
4. Spiritual and religious values
5. Knowledge system
6. Education/ inspiration
7. Recreation and aesthetic value
Forest ecosystem
22. ▸ Primary production
▸ Provision of habitat
▸ Nutrient cycling
▸ Soil formation and
▸ retention
▸ Production of
▸ atmospheric oxygen
▸ Water cycling
Supporting Services
23. An immense range of biodiversity, especially animals (worms, ants, beetles,
etc.) and microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, etc.) inhabit forest soils. For
example, just one square meter of soil in a temperate forest may contain
more than 1,000 species of invertebrates, whilst there may be an even
greater number and diversity of microbes in just one gram of soil.
Therefore these groups of organisms form complex interacting networks:
the animals transform aboveground biomass and litter and discharge them
into smaller organic pieces and humus. Microorganisms split this up into
nutrients, which then become accessible to plants. Meanwhile, the
organisms till the soil so that plants can root deeply to exploit nutrients and
water and to strengthen their stability. This diversity is dramatically
reduced when forests are converted to agricultural land and when
agricultural land use is intensified. This can lead to decreases in
agricultural productivity, reducing the resilience of agricultural systems
and making them more vulnerable to climatic events, erosion, pests,
diseases and other threats.
The hidden treasure: biodiversity in forest
soils
24. UNEP/CBD: A degraded forest is a secondary forest that has lost,
through human activities, the structure, function, species composition or
productivity normally associated with a natural forest type expected on
that site. Hence, a degraded forest delivers a reduced supply of goods
and services from the given site and maintains only limited biological
diversity. Biological diversity of degraded forests includes many non-tree
components, which may dominate in the under-canopy vegetation.
IPCC: A direct human-induced loss of forest values (particularly carbon)
is likely to be characterized by a reduction of tree cover. Routine
management from which crown cover will recover within the normal
cycle of forest management operations is not included. FAO: The long-
term reduction of the overall potential supply of benefits from the forest,
which includes carbon, wood, biodiversity and other goods and services
Forest degradation — global definitions
25. Ecosystem-based adaptation aims to identify and implement a range of strategies
for the management, conservation and restoration of ecosystems to provide
services that enable
people to adapt to the impacts of climate change. The concept aims to increase the
esilience and reduce the vulnerability of ecosystems and people due to climate
change. Ecosystembased
adaptation is most effective if integrated into broader adaptation and
development strategies. Examples include:
▸ Coastal defense through the maintenance and/or restoration of mangroves and
other coastal wetlands to reduce coastal flooding and coastal erosion.
▸ Sustainable management of upland wetlands and floodplains for maintenance
of water flow and quality.
▸ Conservation and restoration of forests to stabilize land slopes and regulate
water flows.
▸ Establishment of diverse agroforestry systems to cope with increased risk from
changed climatic conditions.
What is Ecosystem-based adaptation?
26. The diversity of genes and species in an ecosystem, and the ecological
processes they are a part of, determine a forest’s stability against pressures
such as rapid climate change and extreme weather events. The flow of genes
and species within and between diff erent forests —which allows species and
genes not adapted to these pressure to migrate out, and more adapted species
and genes to migrate in—is essential in maintaining this stability. Forest
fragmentation can jeopardize the long-term health and vitality of the forest
ecosystem as it cuts off pathways for migration. Forest fragmentation can also
result in species loss as the size of a forest becomes too small to support a
viable population of a certain plant or animal species, or if migratory routes
and corridors cease to exist (UNEP/GRID 2008). The provision of corridors
and stepping stones of natural forest located within non-forest or planted
forest areas facilitates the movement of forest species. REDD-plus investments
should aim to maximize ecological connectivity by restoring degraded lands
between forest ecosystems, creating biological corridors and planning at
landscape level.
Connecting forest ecosystems for forest restoration
27. Many indigenous peoples and local communities have managed forests sustainably for thousands
of years. Traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples and local communities includes
innovations, practices, knowledge, technologies, institutions and adaptation skills in relation to
their environment. There is abundant local and traditional knowledge in many indigenous and
local communities, and the holders of this knowledge have an incentive to utilize it to reduce
deforestation and forest degradation. Traditional knowledge can be an excellent and costeffective
means of ground-truthing, as part of monitoring, verification and reporting efforts. Traditional
knowledge can also be an element of early warning systems for threshold degradation levels, for
example, through monitoring ecosystem goods and services such as Non-Timber Forest Products
(NTFPs). This long-term memory of forest aspects can contribute valuable recommendations for
restoration: what species might work best in the long term, and which natural vegetation existed
on degraded lands. Elements of local and traditional customary governance structures could also
serve as a blueprint for benefit sharing in terms of mechanisms for REDD-plus financing. Local
and traditional knowledge could support forest law enforcement and governance through
traditional governance systems, and through local reporting of infringements (e.g., poaching or
illegal logging). Finally, traditional knowledge can also support communication with local and
indigenous stakeholders, through traditional communication networks and channels (e.g., for
awareness raising and sharing of experience).
The role of traditional knowledge
28. Community and small/ medium-sized forest enterprises There is increasing
evidence that community forestry enterprises and small and medium-sized
forest enterprises represent a more promising route to SFM and especially to
poverty-reduction benefits, compared to the industrial forestry sector. However
historically, these stakeholders have been underserved by forestry agencies
with regard to supporting their role in SFM. For community and indigenous
forest management initiatives to succeed, key elements of support would
include:
▸ Legal protection of tenure and political rights
▸ Strengthening of intermediary institutions that provide business
development or technical assistance to communities
▸ Certification models more appropriate for communities (based on a criteria
and indicators approach)
▸ Development of community-company partnerships Source: CIFOR 2007
Community and small/ medium-sized forest enterprises
29. ▸ Defining rights to land, territories, and resources, including ecosystem services;
▸ Strengthening rights and governance through implementation of forest tenure
reforms, mapping of lands, and recognition of rights to ecosystem services;
▸ Prioritizing pro-poor policies and measures to achieve REDD-plus;
▸ Aligning REDD-plus with national development processes, for example, by
integrating REDD-plus into inclusive and broad-based development strategies;
▸ Using REDD-plus funding to support local government reform processes and
social capital development, to help channel financial flow to indigenous and local
communities and also to improve broader forest governance.
▸ Developing stronger accountability structures and institutions, involving
transparent information provision to indigenous and local communities; inclusive
multi-stakeholder processes, systems to monitor the social impacts of REDD-plus,
and appeal systems.
Recommendations for the participation of indigenous and local communities