This document discusses various technologies and strategies for forests to adapt to and mitigate climate change. It provides background on the importance of forests, describing how many people rely on them and the ecosystem services they provide. It then covers specific forest types like natural forests, peat forests, and plantations. The document discusses the role of agroforestry in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions regionally. It also examines the impacts of climate change on land cover and strategies for forest adaptation, including establishing objectives and managing forests to reduce vulnerability.

1. Forestry
Technologies
for
Adaptation
to
and
Mitigation
of
Climate
Change
Ippei
and
Janine
Naoi
CTCN
webinar
20
May
2015
Henry
Neufeldt
World
Agroforestry
Centre
(ICRAF)

2. The
importance
of
forests
h=p://www.alternet.org/hot-­‐news-­‐views/why-­‐tree-­‐plantaDons-­‐are-­‐problem-­‐not-­‐soluDon
ICRAF
CIFOR
ICRAF
Children's
Charity
v 1.6b
people
rely
on
forest
products;
300m
people,
most
of
them
very
poor,
depend
s u b s t a n D a l l y
o n
f o r e s t
ecosystems;
60m
indigenous
people
rely
enDrely
on
forests
v More
than
three
quarters
of
the
world’s
accessible
freshwater
comes
from
forested
catchments
v Forests
host
more
than
70%
of
terrestrial
biodiversity
v Wood
provides
about
20%
of
all
energy
in
Asia
and
LaDn
America,
and
about
50%
of
all
energy
in
Africa
is
wood
generated
(FAO)
Chuck

3. Natural
forests
v Virgin
forest,
essenDally
unmodified
by
human
acDvity.
This
will
contain
gaps
caused
by
the
normal
death
and
regeneraDon
of
trees
and
may
include
areas
of
phases
which
have
been
affected
by
natural
events
such
as
landslides,
typhoons
and
volcanic
acDvity;
v Forest,
modified
by
the
hunHng
and
gathering
acHviHes
of
indigenous
peoples;
v Forests
with
a
full
tree
cover
of
indigenous
species.
Poore
2009
CIFOR

4. Peat
forests
v Peat
swamp
forests
are
tropical
moist
forests
where
waterlogged
soil
prevents
dead
leaves
and
wood
from
fully
decomposing;
UNDP
2006
v Worldwide,
peat
swamp
forests
have
been
esDmated
to
cover
around
350,000
km2;
v About
62%
of
the
world’s
tropical
peat
lands
occur
in
the
Indo-­‐Malayan
region
(80%
in
Indonesia,
11%
in
Malaysia,
6%
in
Papua
New
Guinea,
with
small
pockets
and
remnants
in
Brunei,
Viet
Nam,
the
Philippines
and
Thailand.

5. Peat
soil
forest
in
Indonesia
v Over
the
past
decade,
the
government
of
Indonesia
has
drained
over
1
million
hectares
of
the
Borneo
peat
swamp
forests
for
conversion
to
agricultural
land
under
the
Mega
Rice
Project
(MRP),
but
abandoned
the
project
for
lack
of
sustainable
irrigaDon.
v Indonesia
is
currently
the
world's
third
largest
carbon
emi=er
due
to
clearing
of
peat
forests,
mainly
for
agricultural
producDon
and
Dmber
Pearce
2007
CIFOR

6.
Why
is
conserva9on
of
peat
swamp
forests
important?
Pearce
2007
v Sediment
removal
v Nutrient
removal
v Carbon
storage
and
sequestraHon
v Flood
miHgaHon
v Maintenance
of
base
flows
in
rivers
v PrevenHon
of
saline
water
intrusion
h=p://parkinmycity.blogspot.com

7. Planta9ons
Forest
crops
raised
arDficially
either
by
sowing
or
planDng,
which
are
in
general
areas
in
which
the
naturally
occurring
tree
species
have
been
totally
replaced
by
planted
trees.
Poore
2009
CIFOR

8. h=p://blog.cifor.org/12135/
clocking-­‐the-­‐worlds-­‐
forests#.U2tcJ_dZpdg
Per
minute
tons
CO2
ha
ha
GWh
Million
USD

9. AFOLU
emission-­‐WGII/AR5/
Sector

10. GHG
miDgaDon
through
agroforestry
by
regions
Region
Annual
rate
2000-­‐2010
2011-­‐2030
(Mt
CO2/yr)
(Mt
CO2)
(Mt
CO2)
North
America
24.6
270
491
Central
America
10.1
111
201
South
America
157.3
1,730
3,145
Europe
7.2
79
144
N
Africa
+
W
Asia
2.7
29
53
Sub-­‐Saharan
Africa
10.0
110
201
N
+
Central
Asia
-­‐4.0
-­‐44
-­‐79
South
Asia
23.5
258
469
South-­‐East
Asia
23.8
262
477
East
Asia
36.2
398
723
Oceania
19.2
211
384
Globe
262.8
2,891
5,256
%
Gt
CO2/yr
0
0.26
20
0.37
25
0.39
30
0.41
50
0.47

11. Impact
of
climate
change
on
land
cover
IPCC
AR5
WG2
chapter
4

12. What
is
adapta9on?
AdaptaDon
means
anDcipaDng
the
adverse
effects
of
climate
change
and
taking
appropriate
acDon
to
prevent
or
minimize
the
damage
they
can
cause,
or
taking
advantage
of
opportuniDes
that
may
arise.
Adapta9on
requires
to:
v Establish
objecDves
for
the
future
forest
under
climate
change.
v Increase
awareness
and
educaDon
within
the
forestry
community
about
adaptaDon
to
climate
change.
v Determine
the
vulnerability
of
forest
ecosystems,
forest
communiDes,
and
society.
v Develop
present
and
future
cost-­‐effecDve
adapDve
acDons.
v Manage
the
forest
to
reduce
vulnerability
and
enhance
recovery.
v Monitor
to
determine
the
state
of
the
forest
and
idenDfy
when
criDcal
thresholds
are
reached.
v Manage
to
reduce
the
impact
when
it
occurs,
speed
recovery,
and
reduce
vulnerability
to
further
climate
change.
Spi=lehouse
and
Stewart
2003

13. Forests
facilitate
adapta9on
v Forests
are
important
safety
nets
for
communiHes,
helping
them
cope
with
climate
shocks
v Trees
on
farms
protect
the
soil
and
regulate
water
and
microclimate,
and
help
protect
crops
and
livestock
from
climate
variability
v Forests
contribute
to
regulaHng
river
flows
minimising
risks
related
to
water
scarcity
and
floods
v Coastal
forests
such
as
mangroves
help
reduce
risks
from
weather
extremes
(storms
or
cyclones)
and
sea-­‐level
rise
(coastal
flooding)
v Urban
forests
and
trees
provide
green
infrastructure
in
ciHes,
reducing
temperatures
during
heat
waves
v Tropical
forests
influence
precipitaHon
and
can
have
a
cooling
effect
on
a
region
through
increased
evaporaDon
and
cloud
cover.
CIFOR

14. What
is
mi9ga9on?
The
term
miDgaDon
refers
to
efforts
to
cut
or
prevent
the
emission
of
greenhouse
gases
-­‐
limiDng
the
magnitude
of
future
warming.
It
may
also
encompass
a=empts
to
remove
greenhouse
gases
from
the
atmosphere
such
as
through
the
enhancement
of
sinks.
h=p://know.climateofconcern.org/index.php?opDon=com_content&task=arDcle&id=147
Mi9ga9on
may
require
us
to:
v Use
new
technologies,
v Use
clean
energy
sources,
v Change
people's
behaviour,
v Make
older
technology
more
energy
efficient.
ICRAF

15. Drivers
of
deforesta9on
v Economic:
agriculture,
commercial
acDviDes,
fuel
wood
collecDon,
charcoal
producDon,
livestock
grazing;
v InsHtuHonal:
weak
forest
sector
governance
and
insDtuDons,
lack
of
cross-­‐sectoral
coordinaDon,
and
illegal
acDvity;
v Behavioral:
meat-­‐based
diets,
long-­‐term
populaDon
trends
v Natural
hazards
(e.g.
forest
fires,
floods,
landslides).
Kissinger
et
al
2012
CIFOR

16. Forest
definiDons
are
ambiguous
so
oten
forest
loss
is
not
officially
counted
as
deforestaDon.
As
well,
ground-­‐level
implicaDons
of
REDD
+
will
depend
on
the
operaDonal
definiDon.
ApplicaDon
of
AFOLU
accounDng
rules
can
bypass
the
need
for
clear
definiDons,
reduce
leakage
and
promote
mulDfuncDonal
landscapes
in
an
equitable,
efficient
and
effecDve
way
What
is
a
forest?

18. Dewi
et
al.
in
prep.

19. Forest
TransiHon
Stages
(Dewi
et
al.
in
prep.)
FOREST_CORE
FOREST_FRONTIER_1
FOREST_FRONTIER_3
FOREST_MOSAICS_1
FOREST_MOSAICS_2
FOREST_FRONTIER1
FOREST_FRONTIER2
FOREST_MOS_2
FOREST_CORE
FOREST_MOS_1
Jambi
Lampung
E.Kalimantan

20. Agriculture as driver of deforestation
and forest degradation
• Increased demand for food, fiber
and fuel for rising population
= clearing of forested lands
• 80% of farm establishments in
1980s & 90s in developing countries
came from intact forests
• With 3-4x more GHG emissions than
temperate areas
• 80% of deforestation is driven by
agriculture

21. How true is Borlaug -Global IV?
• Some six countries have succeeded in increasing both Agric production
area and Forest area (China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Vietnam);
• But not from intensification only but through a combination of policies-
(Lambin and Mefroidt, 2011- REDD ALERT Project);
• Most have done through displacement of Land use to other countries
( Mefroidt et al. 2010 and ASB PB 17)
Lambin
and
Mefroidt,
2011

23. Impact
of
Tenure
on
Tree
Cover
and
Agroforestry
Adjudicated
Unadjudicated

24. Rates
of
illegal
logging
v Between
August
2003
and
2004,
the
deforestaDon
rate
for
the
Amazon,
the
world's
largest
tropical
forest,
was
the
second
highest
ever
recorded.
An
area
of
26,130
square
kilometers
-­‐
around
the
size
of
Belgium
-­‐
was
destroyed,
most
of
it
illegally,
v In
Indonesia
it
is
esDmated
that
up
to
90
percent
of
logging
is
illegal.
Illegal
logging
is
esDmated
to
cost
Indonesia
more
than
$1
billion
a
year
in
unpaid
taxes.
That
could
pay
for
health
coverage
for
50
million
of
the
country’s
poor
(CIFOR
2014);
v In
the
Brazilian
Amazon
it
is
esDmated
that
60-­‐80
percent
of
logging
is
illegal,
v In
Cameroon
50
percent
of
logging
between
1999
and
2004
is
esDmated
to
have
been
illegal.
CIFOR

26. Integrated
landscape
management
…is
based
on…
v Alignment
of
sectoral
policies
and
their
coordinated
implementaDon
v AdopDon
of
parDcipatory
and
people-­‐centred
approaches
and
management
structures
v Adequate
governance
structures
and
market
environment
v Improved
knowledge
management
v Context
specificity
Silvia Silvestri ICRAF
FAO
2013

27. Linking
emission
reduc9on
and
development
based
scenarios
in
pan-­‐
tropical
landscapes:
emission
scenarios
Cameroon
BAU=
Business
as
Usual
CF=
Community
Forestry
FR
MNG=
Forest
Management
Ext=
ExtensificaDon
Cocoa
MNG=
Cocoa
IntensificaDon&diversificaDon

28. Managing
Forests:
Adap9ve
Ac9ons
(1)
v G e n e
m a n a g e m e n t
p r a c H c e s :
Developing
climate-­‐based
seed
zones,
breeding
for
pest
resistance
and
for
a
wider
tolerance
to
a
range
of
climate
stresses,
increasing
reliance
on
the
use
of
wild-­‐stand
seed,
planHng
a
mixture
of
provenances
at
a
site,
re-­‐evaluaHng
conservaHon
and
recovery
programs;
v Forest
protecHon
pracHces:
Developing
“fire-­‐smart”
landscapes,
enhancing
forest
recovery,
parHal
cubng
or
thinning,
Reducing
disease
losses
through
sanitaHon
cuts,
shortening
the
rotaHon
length;
v Forest
regeneraHon
is
the
act
of
renewing
tree
cover
by
establishing
young
trees,
generally
promptly
ater
the
previous
stand
or
forest
has
been
removed.
The
method,
species,
and
density
are
chosen
to
meet
the
goal
of
the
landowner.
It
may
be
divided
into
natural
regeneraDon
and
arDficial
regeneraDon.
Spi=lehouse
and
Stewart
2003
Sagor

29. v Forest
operaHons
pracHces:
increasing
the
amount
of
Dmber
from
salvage
logging
of
fire-­‐
or
insect-­‐disturbed
stands;
maintaining,
decommissioning,
and
rehabilitaDng
roads
to
minimize
sediment
runoff
due
to
increased
precipitaDon;
v Non-­‐Hmber
resource
pracHces:
minimizing
fragmentaDon
of
habitat
and
maintaining
connecDvity;
maintaining
representaDve
forest
types
across
environmental
gradients
and
protecDng
primary
forests
;
maintaining
diversity
of
funcDonal
groups
as
well
as
species
within
groups
v Park
and
wilderness
area
management
pracHces:
idenDfying
and
planDng
alternate
tree
species;
conserving
biodiversity
and
maintaining
connecDvity
in
a
varied,
dynamic
landscape
to
aid
vegetaDon
and
wildlife
migraDon
as
the
climate
changes;
Spi=lehouse
and
Stewart
2003
Managing
Forests:
Adap9ve
Ac9ons
(2)
BriDsh
Columbia

30. Silvicultural
prac9ces
Enrichment
planHng:
A
strategy
for
increasing
the
planDng
density
(i.e.,
the
numbers
of
plants
per
hectare)
in
an
already
growing
forest
stand.
Weeding:
A
process
that
involves
gexng
rid
of
the
sampling's
or
seedling's
compeDDon
by
it
being
mowed,
removed
from
around
it/them,
or
using
herbicides
against
the
compeDDon.
Cleaning:
Release
of
select
saplings
from
compeDDon
by
overtopping
trees
of
a
comparable
age.
The
treatment
favors
trees
of
a
desired
species
and
stem
quality.
LiberaHon
Cubng:
A
treatment
that
releases
tree
seedling
or
saplings
by
removing
older
overtopping
trees.
Thinning:
An
operaDon
that
arDficially
reduces
the
number
of
trees
growing
in
a
stand
with
the
aim
of
hastening
the
development
of
the
remainder
Pruning:
Removal
of
the
lower
branches
of
the
young
trees
(also
giving
the
shape
to
the
tree)
so
clear
knot-­‐free
wood
can
subsequently
grow
over
the
branch
stubs.
Spi=lehouse
and
Stewart
2003
ValleyCrest

31. Agroforestry
Agroforestry
or
agro-­‐silviculture
is
an
integrated
approach
of
using
the
interacDve
benefits
from
combining
trees
and
shrubs
with
crops.
It
combines
agricultural
and
forestry
technologies
to
create
more
diverse,
producDve,
profitable,
healthy,
and
sustainable
land-­‐use
systems.
A
narrow
definiDon
of
agroforestry
is
"trees
on
farms."
Sthapit

32. Evergreen
agriculture
with
Faidherbia
albida
ICRAF

33. Integrated
livestock
–
forest
systems
Advantages:
v increased
producDon
of
meat
without
the
opening
up
of
large
new
areas
of
land;
v reduced
weeding
costs;
v reduced
surface
erosion;
v producDon
of
organic
manure
to
ferDlize
the
trees
and
reduce
the
cost
of
inorganic
ferDlizers;
v speeded
rate
of
nutrient
cycle
through
urine
and
manure;
v provision
of
addiDonal
income
to
plantaDon
culDvators
through
increased
producDvity
per
unit
of
land;
and
v savings
in
foreign
exchange
on
ferDlizer
and
meat
imports.
h=p://www.fao.org/docrep/004/X6543E/X6543E04.htm
reurinkjan

34. Ecosystem
approach
to
forest
management
An
ecosystem
approach
considers
the
enDre
range
of
goods
and
services
and
a=empts
to
opDmize
the
mix
of
benefits
within
a
given
ecosystem
and
across
ecosystems.
h=p://undp.org.my
An
ecosystem
approach
reorients
the
boundaries
that
tradiDonally
have
defined
management
of
ecosystems.
An
ecosystem
approach
takes
the
wider
and
longer
view.
An
ecosystem
approach
includes
people.
An
ecosystem
approach
maintains
the
producDve
potenDal
of
ecosystems.
CIFOR
CIFOR
CIFOR

35. Managing
planta9ons
The
restoraDon
of
degraded
forest
within
Ecosystem
RestoraDon
Concessions
(ERCs)
is
an
important
approach
by
the
government
of
Indonesia.
Establishing
plantaDons
is
a
necessary
step
in
moving
from
the
use
of
mixed
hardwood
to
eventual
100%
use
of
renewable
plantaDon
fibre.
PlantaDons
account
for
less
than
0.5%
of
Indonesia’s
forest
areas
Safeguarding
the
Kampar
Peninsula,
Riau’s
last
remaining
large
tract
of
peat
forest
aprildialog.com
ChrisDne
Jarvis

36. ConvenDonal
Monocrop
vs.
Diversified
Oil
Palm
+
Agroforestry
Systems?
Oil
palm
+
agroforestry
experiment,
Year
5,
Tomé
Açu,
Pará,
Brazil.
Photo:
Debora
Castellani
ConvenDonal
oil
palm
monocrop
system

37. Sustainable
management
of
tree
planta9ons
for
wood
and
fiber
produc9on
v Intensive
management
pracDces:
e.g.
minimum
soil
disturbance,
retaining
logging
residues,
reforestaDon
of
mined
land;
v Improved
watershed
control,
biodiversity,
wildlife
habitat,
carbon
s e q u e s t r a D o n
a n d
w o o d
producDon;
v High-­‐yielding,
environmentally
friendly,
and
socially
acceptable.
h=p://www.reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/0187757-­‐
sustainable-­‐management-­‐of-­‐tree-­‐plantaDons-­‐for-­‐wood-­‐
and-­‐fiber-­‐producDon.html
Barney
Wilczak

38.
v Reduce
wind
speed
v Reduce
soil
erosion
and
nutrient
loss
v Protect
against
storm
surge
(mangroves)
v Bio-­‐drainage
ICRAF
ICRAF
Shelterbelts

39. Reten9on
management
Variable
retenHon
is
a
relaDvely
new
silvicultural
system
that
retains
forest
structural
elements
(stumps,
logs,
snags,
trees,
understory
species
and
undisturbed
layers
of
forest
floor)
for
at
least
one
rotaDon
in
order
to
preserve
environmental
values
associated
with
structurally
complex
forests.
lindsatomica
Advantages
v RetenDon
management
minimizes
the
impact
of
logging
operaDon
by
leaving
biological
legacies
such
as
coarse
woody
debris(nurse
logs
and
snags),
v It
maintains
habitat
and
biodiversity
in
managed
forests.
Disadvantages
Variable
retenDon
is
much
more
Dme-­‐
consuming
and
expensive
than
clear-­‐cuxng.
Franklin
et
al
1997

40. Which
Trees
and
Where?
h=p://www.worldagroforestry.org/
resources/databases/agroforestree

41. Nipa
palm
v Grows
in
saline
and
poorly
drained
land
–
no
food
compeDDon
v Also
suitable
in
freshwater,
with
rice
and
other
crops
v NaDve
to
Philippines
and
SE
Asia
v Produces
sugary
sap,
suitable
for
bioethanol
v Possible
future
applicaDons
for
pig
feed,
duck
feed
v MulD-­‐Purpose
v Environmentally
beneficial
v Very
high
yields
ICRAF
ICRAF

42. POLICY
CHALLENGES
High
Opportunity
Costs
Food
Insecurity
Market
Access
Access
to
farm
implements
& capital
Access
to
knowledge
& training
Insecure
land
tenure
Farmer
Involvement
Communication
Inclusion
within
REDD+
ICRAF

43.
Governance
architectures
for
enhancing
the
CSA
effecHveness,
efficiency,
and
equity
comprise:
v Trans-­‐boundary
forms
of
regulaDon,
v Forest
use
rights,
v Land
tenure,
v Public
policy
alignment,
v InsDtuDonal
coordinaDon,
v Access
to
informaDon
and
v Stakeholder
engagement
Na9onal
and
subna9onal
policy
instruments
and
mechanisms
(1)
h=p://www.cifor.org/
forestsasia/about/
summit-­‐themes/
governance/
Good
Governance
and
Sustainable
Landscape
Land-­‐use
sector
policies
Crosscubng
policies
directed
at
environmen
tal
goods
Policies
within
a
specific
policy
field
Crosscubng
policies
comprising
several
sectors
Crosscubng
issues
with
a
lack
of
policies

44.
Stakeholder
parHcipaHon
is
crucial
for
achieving
success
in
sustainable
management
of
forests.
Internet
blogs,
open-­‐access
databases,
conferences,
workshops
and
round
tables
for
open
discussions
can
facilitate
this
process.
Need
to
explore
the
condiHons
under
which
large-­‐scale
investments
and
government
intervenHons
can
contribute
to
equitable
smallholder
parHcipaHon.
Na9onal
and
subna9onal
policy
instruments
and
mechanisms
(2)
h=p://www.cifor.org/forestsasia/about/summit-­‐themes/governance/
Promote
bilateral
and
mulDlateral
exchanges
to
improve
the
implementaDon
of
Green
Growth
policy;
Strengthen
law
enforcement
and
governance
relaDng
to
land
tenure,
land
use
and
trade;
Develop
a
low-­‐carbon
economy
and
enhance
adaptaDon
capacity
to
achieve
win-­‐win
synergies
between
climate
change
and
economic
development;
Re-­‐affirm
the
potenDal
for
REDD+
and
lessons
learned
thus
far
for
climate
change
miDgaDon,
biodiversity
conservaDon
and
livelihoods;
Find
the
balance
between
economic
growth
and
social
development
to
reduce
and
prevent
negaDve
impacts
to
food
security;
IdenDfy
regulatory
opDons
to
reconcile
environment
and
trade
to
engender
opDmal
long-­‐term
environmental
and
developmental
outcomes.
3
4
1
2
5
6

45.
Case
Study:
Social
Forestry
for
sustainable
forest
management
in
Indonesia
Key
determinants
of
success:
v Good
governance,
v Clear
land
ownership
v Community
involvement
in
managing
forests
Suyanto
et
al
2005
Policy
implicaHons:
v Policy
cannot
rely
on
an
authoritarian
approach
v A
partnership
approach
in
protecDon
and
sustainable
management
of
forest
land
involving
local
communiHes
and
other
stakeholders
is
best
v Secure
land
tenure
is
a
key
determinant
in
improving
sustainable
land
management
v Forest
protecDon
and
ecosystem
conservaDon
can
only
take
place
if
the
poor
people
are
compensated
for
their
effort
v The
government
also
benefits
from
reduced
social
conflict

47. Priority
AcHons:
v Improve
networking
and
partnership
building
for
climate
adaptaDon
along
the
value
chain
by
strengthening
exisDng
pla€orms
at
all
levels
and
explore
the
role
of
market
incenDves
in
supporDng
such
acDviDes,
v Develop
new,
flexible
financial
products
to
support
climate-­‐resilient
and
inclusive
agro-­‐value
chains
through
capacity
building
and
innovaDve
public-­‐private
partnerships,
v I n v e s t
i n
c l i m a t e -­‐ r e s i l i e n t
infrastructures
such
as
roads,
irrigaDon
systems,
storage
faciliDes
and
telecommunicaDons
should
remain
a
top
priority
to
support
agro-­‐value
chain
development
and
build
producDve
capaciDes
in
a
changing
climate.
CRCV
iniDaDve
Value
chains:
a
case
of
climate-­‐resilient
coffee

48.
Researching,
learning,
impacHng
together!
hgps://www.linkedin.com/groups?mostRecent=&trk=&gid=6657402
hgp://ccsl.wikispaces.com/Sandbox
h=p://thedata.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/CCAFSbaseline/faces/
StudyLisDngPage.xhtml;jsessionid=efc0985167adbf520e185e5a39b1?mode=1&collecDonId=4844

49. – Moving
from
sex
disaggregated
diagnosDc
research
towards
informing,
catalyzing
and
targeDng
adaptaDon
and
miDgaDon
soluDons
to
women
– Finding:
Gender
norms
must
be
addressed
to
achieve
the
SDGs
Gender
and
inclusion
for
resilience

50. Need
for
research

51. Measurement/Modeling,
repor9ng
and
verifica9on
(MRV)
The
UN-­‐REDD
Programme
brings
together
technical
teams
from
around
the
world
to
develop
common
approaches,
analyses
and
guidelines
on
issues
such
as:
v Measurement,
reporHng
and
verificaHon
(MRV)
of
carbon
emissions
and
flows,
v Remote
sensing,
and
v Greenhouse
gas
inventories.
It
provides
guidance
on
how
best
to
design
and
implement
REDD+,
to
ensure
that:
v Forests
provide
mulHple
benefits
for
livelihoods
and
biodiversity
to
socieDes
while
storing
carbon
at
the
same
Dme.
v Indigenous
Peoples
and
Civil
Society
organizaDons
are
engaged
in
the
design
and
implementaDon
of
REDD+
strategies.

52.
Timber
RegulaHon
(EU)
No
995/2010
of
the
European
Parliament
and
of
the
Council
of
20
October
2010
laying
down
the
obligaDons
of
operators
who
place
Dmber
and
Dmber
products
on
the
market
through
three
key
obligaDons:
v It
prohibits
the
placing
on
the
EU
market
of
illegally
harvested
Hmber
and
products
derived
from
such
Dmber;
v It
requires
EU
traders
who
place
Dmber
products
on
the
EU
market
for
the
first
Dme
to
exercise
‘due
diligence’.
v Once
on
the
market,
the
Dmber
and
Dmber
products
may
be
sold
on
and/or
transformed
before
they
reach
the
final
consumer.
To
facilitate
the
traceability
of
Dmber
products
economic
operators
in
this
part
of
the
supply
chain
(referred
to
as
traders
in
the
regulaDon)
have
an
obligaDon
to
keep
records
of
their
suppliers
and
customers.
Interna9onal
policy
instruments
and
mechanisms
(1)
h=p://ec.europa.eu/environment/forests/Dmber_regulaDon.htm

53.
Forest
Law,
Enforcement,
Governance
and
Trade
(EU
FAO
FLEGT
Programme)
Addresses
the
presence
of
illegal
Dmber
in
global
markets
and
stops
it
from
entering
the
European
market,
the
European
Union
adopted
the
European
Union
(EU)
Forest
Law
Enforcement,
Governance
and
Trade
(FLEGT)
AcDon
Plan,
2003
Interna9onal
policy
instruments
and
mechanisms
(2)
h=p://www.fao.org/
forestry/eu-­‐flegt/en/

54. Forest
Stewardship
Council
(FSC)
FSC
is
a
global,
not-­‐for-­‐profit
organizaDon
dedicated
to
the
promoDon
of
responsible
forest
management
worldwide.
FSC
strategy:
Goal
1:
Advance
globally
responsible
forest
management
Goal
2:
Ensure
equitable
access
to
the
benefits
of
FSC
systems
Goal
3:
Ensure
integrity,
credibility
and
transparency
of
the
FSC
system
Goal
4:
Create
business
value
for
products
from
FSC
cerDfied
forests
Goal
5:
Strengthen
the
global
network
to
deliver
on
goals
1
through
4
h=ps://ic.fsc.org/about-­‐us.1.htm

55. Verified
Carbon
Standard
h=p://www.v-­‐c-­‐
s.org/who-­‐we-­‐are
The
Verified
Carbon
Standard
is
the
world’s
leading
voluntary
greenhouse
gas
offsexng
verifier.
It
was
founded
by
a
collecDon
of
business
and
environmental
leaders
who
saw
a
need
for
greater
quality
assurance
in
voluntary
carbon
markets.
v Ensure
exisDng
and
new
requirements
reflect
state-­‐of-­‐the
art
knowledge
and
global
best
pracDce
v Guide
the
development
of
fresh
requirements.
v Expand
the
scope
of
the
program
to
respond
to
the
need
for
new,
innovaHve
and
trusted
carbon
accounHng
tools.

56. IncenHves
for
planHng
trees
through
biocarbon
projects

57. v Up-­‐front
public
sector
finance
needed
to
turn
projects
viable
v Projects
build
insDtuDonal
capacity
v Projects
deliver
food
security
and
adaptaDon
with
miDgaDon
co-­‐benefits
v Insurance
schemes
provide
safety
nets
against
falling
into
the
poverty
trap
v Combining
many
and
diverse
investments
in
land
can
increase
returns
and
drive
large-­‐scale
investment
in
sustainable
NRM
v Robust
M+E
frameworks
are
needed
to
quanDfy
how
different
CSA
pracDces
reduce
climate
risk
Foster
et
al
2012

58. Interna9onal
policy
instruments
and
mechanisms
to
promote
REDD

59. REDD:
Reducing
emissions
from
deforestaDon
and
forest
degradaDon
REDD
VISION:
Developing
countries
have
significantly
reduced
their
forest
and
land-­‐based
emissions,
as
a
result
of
incenDves
from
a
performance-­‐based
REDD+
mechanism,
while
achieving
naDonal
developmental
goals
in
a
sustainable
and
equitable
manner.
REDD
MISSION:
To
support
countries’
efforts
to
reduce
emissions
from
deforestaDon
and
forest
degradaDon
through
naDonal
REDD+
strategies
that
transform
their
forest
sectors
so
as
to
contribute
to
human
well-­‐being
and
meet
climate
change
miDgaDon
and
adaptaDon
aspiraDons.
h=p://www.un-­‐redd.org/aboutredd/tabid/102614/default.aspx

60. REDD
and
REDD+
scale
and
scope
The
Programme
supports
naDonal
REDD+
readiness
efforts
in
51
partner
countries,
spanning
Africa,
Asia-­‐Pacific
and
LaDn
America,
in
two
ways:
(i)
Direct
support
to
the
design
and
implementaDon
of
UN-­‐REDD
NaDonal
Programmes;
and
(ii)
Complementary
support
to
naDonal
REDD+
acDon
through
common
approaches,
analyses,
methodologies,
tools,
data
and
best
pracDces
developed
through
the
UN-­‐REDD
Global
Programme.
h=p://www.un-­‐redd.org/AboutUN-­‐REDDProgramme/tabid/102613/Default.aspx

61. REDD+
readiness
REDD+
readiness
relates
to
the
efforts
a
country
is
undertaking,
with
the
support
of
mulDlateral
or
bilateral
iniDaDves,
to
build
its
capacity
to
be
ready
for
a
REDD+
mechanism.
• REDD+
implementaHon
phases
• Phase
1:Developing
a
REDD+
strategy
supported
by
grants
• Phase
2:ImplemenDng
a
REDD+
strategy,
supported
by
(a)
grants
or
other
financial
support
for
capability
building,
and
enabling
policies
and
measures
and
(b)
payments
for
emission
reducDons
measured
by
proxies.
• Phase
3:ConDnued
implementaDon
of
REDD+
strategy
in
the
context
of
low-­‐carbon
development,
payments
for
verified
emission
reducDons
and
removals.
h=p://www.un-­‐redd.org/aboutredd/tabid/102614/default.aspx

62. Output
Example
2:
REDD
Analysis
of
Readiness
in
Four
Countries
ICRAF

63. Percep'ons
on
Fairness
and
Efficiency
of
the
REDD
Value
Chain
REDD
will
require
development
of
a
value
chain
that
links
local
emission
reducDon
and
carbon
enhancement
acDviDes
with
global
carbon
markets.
A
REDD
deal
must
be
fair
for
the
providers
of
those
services,
effecDve
at
reducing
emissions
and
be
cost-­‐
efficient.

64. Country
challenges
for
REDD
+
v Strengthening
naDonal
governance
structures
so
that
REDD+
policies
and
regulatory
frameworks
can
work
for
development
v Ensuring
equitable
and
efficient
benefit
distribuDon
mechanisms
and
subsidiarity
at
the
various
levels
in
a
country
v Ability
to
secure
effecDve,
sustainable
and
predictable
fast-­‐start
financing
for
REDD+
v Unpredictability
of
Dme
span
for
reaching
agreement
on
a
new
climate
change
pact
UN-­‐REDD
Programme
Strategy
2011-­‐2015
h=p://www.norlarnet.uio.no/
h=p://wrm.org.uy/

65. REDD:
Lessons
Learned
v The
UN-­‐REDD
Programme’s
relaDvely
expediDous
access
to
funds
has
been
criDcal
v The
formulaDon
of
REDD+
“roadmaps”
has
greatly
helped
to
clarify
required
intervenDons,
and
those
for
which
the
UN-­‐REDD
Programme
has
a
comparaDve
advantage
v The
process
of
developing
a
REDD+
strategy
is
as
important
as
the
end
product
v REDD+
readiness
requires
cross-­‐sectoral
coordinaHon
within
mulDple
government
agencies,
including
forestry
and
environmental
authoriDes,
land
management
authoriDes,
finance
ministries,
sub-­‐naDonal
government
agencies
v Stakeholder
parHcipaHon
and
engagement
is
criDcal
v REDD+
strategies
should
include
the
discussion
of
tradeoffs
and
costs-­‐-­‐
including
opportunity
costs-­‐-­‐
and
benefits
at
various
scales.
v Free,
Prior
and
Informed
Consent
(FPIC)
for
REDD+
is
an
on-­‐going
process
v The
design
of
naDonal
REDD+
strategies
needs
to
build
upon
previous
experiences
v Technical
and
insHtuHonal
capaciHes
are
weak
in
potenDal
REDD+
countries
UN-­‐REDD
Programme
Strategy
2011-­‐2015

66. Na9onally
Appropriate
Mi9ga9on
Ac9ons
(NAMA)
DefiniHon:
A
set
of
policies
and
acDons
that
countries
undertake
as
part
of
a
commitment
to
reduce
greenhouse
gas
emissions,
Ø Different
countries,
different
naDonally
appropriate
acDon
on
the
basis
of
equity
and
in
accordance
with
common
but
differenDated
responsibiliDes
and
respecDve
capabiliDes,
Ø Developing
countries
will
effecDvely
implement
naDonal
acDon
depends
on
the
effecDve
implementaDon
of
the
commitments
by
developed
countries
in
provision
of
financial
resources
and
transfer
of
technology,
Ø The
prioriDes
of
developing
countries
are
economic
and
social
development
and
poverty
eradicaDon.
h=p://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arDcles/PMC3357889/
and
h=p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaDonally_Appropriate_MiDgaDon_AcDon

67. Green
Climate
Fund
(GCF)

68. Thanks
for
a
future

69. To
learn
more
…
Ippei
and
Janine
Naoi

70. Publica9ons
(1)
Achard,
F.
et
al.,
2002.
DeterminaDon
of
deforestaDon
rates
of
the
world’s
humid
tropical
forests.
Science
(New
York,
N.Y.),
297,
pp.999–1002.
Alonso-­‐Betanzos,
A.
et
al.,
2003.
An
intelligent
system
for
forest
fire
risk
predicDon
and
fire
fighDng
management
in
Galicia.
Expert
Systems
with
Applica'ons,
25,
pp.545–554.
Bonazountas,
M.
et
al.,
2007.
2007_Bonazountas_A
decision
support
system
for
managing
forest
fire
casualDes.pdf.
Journal
of
environmental
management,
84,
pp.412–418.
Available
at:
h=p://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.06.016.
Calkin,
D.E.
et
al.,
2011.
A
Real-­‐Time
Risk
Assessment
Tool
SupporDng
Wildland
Fire
Decisionmaking.
Journal
of
Forestry,
109,
pp.
274–280.
Available
at:
<Go
to
ISI>://WOS:000292952500004.
Collins,
B.M.
et
al.,
2013.
Modeling
hazardous
fire
potenDal
within
a
completed
fuel
treatment
network
in
the
northern
Sierra
Nevada.
Forest
Ecology
and
Management,
310,
pp.156–166.
Degrande,
A.
et
al.,
2014.
Improving
smallholders’
parDcipaDon
in
tree
product
value
chains:
experiences
from
the
Congo
Basin.
Forests,
Trees
and
Livelihoods,
pp.1–14.
Available
at:
h=p://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-­‐
s2.0-­‐84894024691&partnerID=tZOtx3y1.
FAO
2013.
Climate-­‐Smart
Agriculture
Sourcebook.
Available
at:
h=p://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3325e/i3325e.pdf
Franklin,
J.F.,
Berg,
D.R.,
Thornburgh,
D.A.
&
Tappeiner,
J.C.,
1997.
AlternaDve
silvicultural
approaches
to
Dmber
harvesDng:
Variable
retenDon
harvest
systems.
In
textbook:
CreaDng
a
Forestry
for
the
21st
Century:
The
Science
of
Ecosystem
Management.
(eds
K.A.
Kohn
&
J.F.
Franklin),
pp.
111.
Island
Press,
Washington,
D.C.
Available
at:
h=p://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/publicaDons/
00095/note_07.pdf

71. Fuller,
D.
and
Chowdhury,
R.
,
2006.
Monitoring
and
modelling
tropical
deforesta'on:
Introduc'on
to
the
Special
Issue.
ICRAF
publicaDon,
Kenya.
Gerwing,
J.J.,
2002.
DegradaDon
of
forests
through
logging
and
fire
in
the
eastern
Brazilian
Amazon.
Forest
Ecology
and
Management,
157,
pp.131–141.
IPCC
,
2014.
Drivers,
Trends
and
MiDgaDon.
Chapter
5.Working
Group
III
–
MiDgaDon
of
Climate
Change.
in
the
IPCC
5th
Assessment
Report
Climate
Change
2014:
Mi'ga'on
of
Climate
Change.
Islam,
K.K.
et
al.,
2012.
Economic
contribuDon
of
parDcipatory
agroforestry
program
to
poverty
alleviaDon:
A
case
from
Sal
forests,
Bangladesh.
Journal
of
Forestry
Research,
23,
pp.323–332.
Kalaugher.
L.
,
2012.
Mapping
tropical
forest
loss
in
Sumatra.
Available
at:
h=p://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/arDcle/news/50622
Kissinger
et
al.,
2012.
Drivers
of
deforesta'on.
Available
at:
h=ps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/a=achment_data/file/66151/
Drivers_of_deforestaDon_and_forest_degradaDon.pdf
Poore,
D.,
2009.
No
Timber
without
Trees:
Sustainability
in
the
Tropical
Forest.
Routledge
Available
at:
h=p://www.routledge.com/books/details/9781315066868/
Silvius
M.
and
Suryadiputra,
N.,
2013.
Review
of
policies
and
prac'ces
in
tropical
peat
swamp
forest
management
in
Indonesia.
Wetlands
InternaDonal.
Available
at:
h=p://portals.wdi.wur.nl/files/docs/File/wffae/ReviewPoliciesPracDcesPeatswampManagement.pdf
Publica9ons
(2)

72.
Spi=lehouse,
D.
and
Stewart,
R.,
2003.
AdaptaDon
to
climate
change
inforest
management
BC
Journal
of
Ecosystems
and
Management.
Volume
4,
Number
1,
Available
at:
h=p://www.forrex.org/jem/2003/vol4/no1/art1.pdf
Suyanto,
S.,
Permana,
R.,
Khususiyah,
N.
and
Joshi,
L.,
2005.
Land
tenure,
agroforestry
adopDon,
and
reducDon
of
fire
hazard
in
a
forest
zone:
A
case
study
from
Lampung,
Sumatra,
Indonesia.
Agroforestry
System
65:1–11.
Tacconi,
L.,
Moore,
P.
andKaimowitz,
D.
,
2007.
Fires
in
tropical
forests
–
what
is
really
the
problem?
Lessons
from
Indonesia.
Mi'g
Adapt
Strat
Glob
Change:
12:55–66.
Thorlakson,
T.
and
Neufeldt,
H.,
2012.
Reducing
subsistence
farmers’
vulnerability
to
climate
change:
evaluaDng
the
potenDal
contribuDons
of
agroforestry
in
western
Kenya.
Agriculture
&
Food
Security:
1:15.
Available
at:
h=p://www.agricultureandfoodsecurity.com/content/1/1/15.
van
Noordwijk,
M.,
Tomich,
T.
and
Verbist,
B.
,
2001.
NegoDaDon
Support
Models
for
Integrated
Natural
Resource
Management
in
Tropical
Forest
Margins.
Interna'onal
Centre
for
Research
in
Agroforestry,
ICRAF
SE
Asia.
Available
at:
h=p://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/PublicaDons/files/journal/JA0186-­‐04.PDF
UNDP,
2006.
Malaysia’s
Peat
Swamp
Forests:
ConservaDon
and
Sustainable
Use.
Available
at:
h=p://undp.org.my
UN
REDD,
2011.
The
United
NaDons
CollaboraDve
Programmeon
Reducing
Emissions
from
DeforestaDon
and
Forest
DegradaDon
in
Developing
Countries
The
UN-­‐REDD
Programme
Strategy
2011-­‐2015.
Available
at:
h=p://www.un-­‐redd.org/aboutredd/tabid/102614/default.aspx
and
h=p://www.un-­‐redd.org/AboutUN-­‐REDDProgramme/tabid/102613/Default.aspx
Publica9ons
(3)

73. Web
links
antaDons-­‐for-­‐wood-­‐and-­‐fiber-­‐producDon.html
h=p://aprildialog.com/2013/09/19/ecosystem-­‐restoraDon-­‐another-­‐way-­‐to-­‐sustainably-­‐manage-­‐forests/
h=p://blog.cifor.org/12135/clocking-­‐the-­‐worlds-­‐forests#.U2tcJ_dZpdg
h=p://ec.europa.eu/environment/forests/Dmber_regulaDon.htm
h=p://environment.naDonalgeographic.com/environment/global-­‐warming/deforestaDon-­‐overview/
h=p://ipcc-­‐wg2.gov/AR5/report/final-­‐drats/
h=p://know.climateofconcern.org/index.php?opDon=com_content&task=arDcle&id=147
h=p://sd-­‐report.mondigroup.com/2012/environment/responsible-­‐forestry/managing-­‐plantaDon-­‐forests
h=p://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/clean_development_mechanism/items/2718.php
h=p://worldagroforestry.org/regions/eastern-­‐africa/our-­‐projects/conservaDon_agriculture_with_trees
h=p://www.alternet.org/hot-­‐news-­‐views/why-­‐tree-­‐plantaDons-­‐are-­‐problem-­‐not-­‐soluDon
h=p://www.asb.cgiar.org/Regions
h=p://www.cifor.org/events/upcoming-­‐events/forests-­‐asia/about-­‐the-­‐conference.html
h=p://www.cifor.org/forestsasia/about/summit-­‐themes/governance/
h=p://www.cifor.org/forestsasia/about/summit-­‐themes/governance/
h=p://www.cifor.org/forestsasia/infographics-­‐southeast-­‐asia-­‐burning/
h=p://www.cifor.org/forestsasia/wp-­‐content/uploads/files/ForestAsia_Brief-­‐Theme1_web.pdf
h=p://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/
h=p://www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/79527/en/
h=p://www.fao.org/docrep/004/X6543E/X6543E04.htm
h=p://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y3796E/y3796e07.htm
h=p://www.fao.org/docrep/009/j9345e/j9345e08.htm
h=p://www.fao.org/docrep/u5610e/u5610e04.htm
h=p://www.fao.org/forestry/eu-­‐flegt/en/
h=p://www.forestrycarbon.net/tag/redd-­‐and-­‐redd/
h=p://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html
h=p://www.greenpeace.org/internaDonal/en/campaigns/forests/threats/illegal-­‐logging/
h=p://www.ipcc.ch/publicaDons_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms4.html
h=p://www.ipcc.ch/publicaDons_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch2s2-­‐5-­‐2.html
h=p://www.reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/0187757-­‐sustainable-­‐management-­‐of-­‐tree-­‐pl
h=p://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/feb/27/climate-­‐change-­‐adaptaDon
h=p://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/mar/14/fires-­‐indonesia-­‐highest-­‐levels-­‐2012-­‐haze-­‐emergency
h=p://www.v-­‐c-­‐s.org/who-­‐we-­‐are
h=p://www.worldagroforestry.org/resources/databases/agroforestree
h=ps://ic.fsc.org/about-­‐us.1.htm

74. h=p://www.cgiar.org/
h=p://www.cifor.org/
h=p://www.worldagroforestry.org/
h=ps://www.flickr.com/search?sort=relevance&text=tree%20bud
Illustra9ons

75. Videos
Vital
role
of
world's
forests
36
sec
h=p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbYkh2rIhr0
1
min
25
sec
h=p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4l6z-­‐8Vwazs
AdaptaHon
and
MiHgaHon
|
Climate
Wisconsin
2min37
sec
h=p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjnV8-­‐oo12A
Please
see
a
separate
ppt
file
for
video
opHons
for
Web2!
Install
Apple
QuickTime