This document discusses ovarian cysts in cattle. It begins by defining ovarian cysts as fluid-filled sacs arising from the ovary that are usually over 25mm in diameter. The two main types of physiologic ovarian cysts are follicular cysts, which form when a follicle does not rupture to release an egg, and corpus luteum cysts, which form if the corpus luteum does not dissolve after ovulation. Pathologic cysts can cause pain, infertility, or torsion of the cyst. The document then discusses various types of pathologic cysts and differences between benign and malignant ovarian cysts in cattle. Treatment options for follicular cysts in cattle include GnRH or PGF2α to induce ovulation or

1. Ovarian Cysts
Dr. Urfeya Mirza
Vet. Surgeon

2. INTRODUCTION
Disorders of the rumen and fore stomach in cattle can result
from variety of causes:
 Dietary
 Inflammatory
 Mechanical
The bovine species does not have highly sensitive prehensile
organs such as lips and tongues that discriminating sense of
taste. As a consequence, cattle kept in farm yards stables or
at other sites close to human mechanical activities are prone
to swallow metallic objects such as nails and pieces of wires
that have been carelessly left in their feeding areas.

3. Epidemiology
Occurrences: Cattle are more likely to ingest foreign bodies than small
ruminant since they don’t use their lips for prehension and are more likely to
eat a chopped feed. The majority of affected cattle (87%) are dairy cattle and
93% are older than two years of age. It is hypothesized that dairy cattle are
more commonly affected than beef cattle since they are more likely to feed a
chopped feed, such as silage or hay.
Influencing Factors: According to Schipper, there are a number of
influencing factors. These includes; remodeling of livestock housing,
careless handling of baling wires, pins, feed sack bags and wires, using old
buildings sites for hay fields, often occur in female shortly after calving,
often occur in male shortly after or during extensive uses for breeding.

4. Pathogenesis
• Ingestion of Foreign Body: Lack of oral discrimination by cattle
leads to the ingestion of foreign bodies. Swallowed foreign body may
lodge in the upper esophagus or in the esophageal groove; but most
instances they pass to the reticulum.
• Penetration of Reticulum: If the reticular wall is injured without
penetration to the serous surfaces, no detectable illness occur. Most
perforation occurs in the lower part of the cranial wall of reticulum but
some occur laterally in the direction of the spleen and medially towards the
liver. In the sites for long period and gradually be corroded away. Many
foreign bodies may not remain embedded but are commonly found free in
the reticulum if surgery is carried out about 72 hours after illness
commences.

5. • Acute Local Peritonitis: The initial reaction to perforation is acute
local peritonitis and it depends on the severity. The ventral aspects of the
reticulum becomes adherent to varying degrees to the abdominal floor and
diaphragm. This result in decreased reticular motility and reticular abscess
formation which is a common complication and may be located between
the reticulum and the ventral body wall, between the reticulum and the
right thoracic wall and between the reticulum and the spleen.
• Generalized Peritonitis and Extension Diseases: Spread of the
inflammation causing generalized peritonitis may occur in the cows that
calves at time of perforation and in cattle that are forced to exercise.
Peritonitis results in toxemia, alimentary tract stasis, dehydration and
shock. During the initial penetration of the reticulum, the foreign body may
penetrate beyond the peritoneal cavity and into the pericardial sacks or
pleural.

6. Hematological Findings:
 Increases in the concentration of fibrinogen and plasma proteins.
 In acute local peritonitis, neutrophils (mature neutrophils above 400/ul)
and (immature neutrophils above 200/ul) are common. This is regenerative
left shift.
 Significant increase in total leukocyte (WBC) & in the percentage of
neutrophils while decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes.
Biochemical findings:
 Calcium concentration is significantly low in the cattle with TRP whereas
phosphorous concentration is slightly high.
 Plasma fibrinogen levels are often elevated (>1000 mg/ dl, normal 300-
600mg/dl).
 The most common abnormality associated with TRP is hyperproteinemia
with hyperglobulinemia.
 Total serum protein concentration greater than 10mg/dl.

7. Case Record :
• Species : Bovine
• Sex : Female
• Age : 5 years
• Temperature : 101.5 0 F
• Pulse : 55 beats/min
• Mucous Memb : Pink

8. • History :
Cow, 5 years of age, cross-bred, parturated 6
months back. Animal is showing signs of estrus
and on enquiry owner reported that animal is
showing irregular estrus since one month.
• Tentative diagnosis :
Follicular cyst.

9. • Confirmatory diagnosis :
Done by per-rectal examination. Right
ovary showing follicular cyst.
• Treatment :
Chorulon – 500 IU 2 days I/M.
(HCG) Dosage = 1500-3000 IU as IV inj.
Inj. Clostenol 2ml 7 days.
( PGF2-alpha analogue) Dosage = 2ml I/M or S/C.

10. ovarian cyst
• Definition : It is a fluid-filled sac (>25mm
diameter) arising from the ovary.
• Most types of ovarian cysts are harmless
(specially the physiologic types )and go
away without any treatment.

12. What are the Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts?
It depend on its type -
1- Physiologic cysts : usually Asymptomatic due to their small size
and usually resolve spontaneously.
2- Pathologic cysts : ovarian cysts produce :
A- Pain is caused by :
- large size
- bleeding
- bursting of a cyst
- twisting of cyst (called torsion), which blocks blood flow to cyst.
B- Infertility as with endometriotic cyst, polycystic ovarian syndrome.

13. Torsion of ovarian cyst occurs when the cyst twists on its
vascular stalk, disrupting its blood supply causing necrosis in
the cyst,ovary.

14. Classification of ovarian cysts
• A - Physiologic ovarian cysts
• B - Pathologic ovarian cysts

15. Physiologic ovarian cysts

16. What Causes physiologic Ovarian Cysts?
• Normally during ovulation, the mature follicle ruptures
so an egg is released and a corpus luteum forms from
the empty follicle, and if pregnancy does not occur, the
corpus luteum dissolves.
• Sometimes, however, this process does not conclude
appropriately, causing the most common type of ovarian
cyst -- functional ovarian cysts.

17. 1
Corpus luteum
Graafian
follicle
Primary
follicles
Growth and Development of
Ovarian Follicles

19. A- Physiologic ovarian cysts
• Types :
a- Follicicular cyst
b- Corpus Luteum cyst

20. 1- Follicular cyst :
The most common type, forms when the follicle grows larger
than normal and does not open to release the egg. Cysts can
contain blood (hemorrhagic cysts) .
2- Corpus luteum cyst :
If a pregnancy doesn't occur, the corpus luteum usually breaks
down and disappears. It may, however, fill with fluid or blood
and persist as a cyst on the ovary.

21. Follicular cyst

22. Follicular cyst

23. Follicular cyst wall lined by granulosa
cells.

24. A B
Follicular cyst A-right ovary, B-left ovary.

25. Corpus luteum cyst with irregular outline.

26. Corpus luteum cyst has irregular wavy wall.

27. Luteal cyst in the right ovary.

28. B - Pathologic ovarian cysts :
• Non Neoplastic
A- Endometriotic cyst
B- Inflammatory cyst
C- Polycystic ovarian
syndrome (PCOS)
• Neoplastic
A- Epithelial Tumor
B- Sex cord Tumor
C- Germ cell Tumor
D- Cystic Metastatic
tumor

29. Neoplastic ovarian cysts

30. Difference between Benign & Malignant ovarian cysts
Benign ovarian cysts Malignant ovarian cysts
Unilateral Bilateral
Cystic
Cystic +Solid
component
Unilocular Multilocular
Stable over time Grow
Not associated with
ascites
Ascites i.e there is fluid
in the peritoneal cavity

31. Multilocular Cyst

32. Multilocular cyst with solid tissue

33. Dermoid ovarian cyst showing hair.

34. Dermoid cyst lined by stratified squamous epithelium
with sebacous glands in the dermis.

35. “Cystadenoma of ovary” is an ovarian cysts that develop
from cells on the outer surface of the ovaries.

36. Non-neoplastic ovarian Cyst

37. 1-Endometriosis :
is a condition in which endometrial cells that
normally grow inside the uterus ,instead grow
outside of the uterus as in ovary, lung ,brain.
Effect of endometriotic cyst :
Cyst may grow and bleed, forming a brown-
colored cystic area referred to as a chocolate cyst
or endometrioma.

40. 2-Tubo-ovarian abscesses :
Infections of the pelvic organs can involve the
ovaries and Fallopian tubes .
In severe cases, pus-filled cystic spaces may be
present on or around the ovary or tubes .

41. 3- Polycystic ovarian syndrome(POS)
PCOS is a serious reproductive endocrine disorder
characterized by ovulatory dysfunction and
hyperandrogenism. It leads to :
-Hyperandrogenism
-Polycystic ovaries
-Anovulation
-Excess insulin

42. POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME
POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME
POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME


Normal ovaries
volume < 8 cm3
scattered follicles
mildly enlarged
generally > 8 cm3
peripheral distribution
of follicles
increased stroma
Polycystic ovaries







44. Biochemical abnormality in polycystic ovary
syndrome ...
 Total / free testosterone
 Androstenedione
  LH or LH:FSH ratio.
 Hyperinsulinemia

45. • Treatment and Outcome :
– 30-71% may resolve without treatment
– Anovulatory waves early post-partum may be
beneficial for overall fertility
– Treatment with GnRH at the first palpation,
followed by PGF2α 7-10days, later should lead
to a resumption of cyclicity within 23 days

46. GnRH
Hypothalamus
Hypophyse
LH Progesterone
Regulation of
estrus cycle
Treatment of bovine follicular cyst
ovulation stimulation or cyst luteinization or ovulation of cyst

47. • Prostaglandin Products
– Lutalyse® Pharmacia Animal Health
– Estrumate® Schering-Plough
– ProstaMate® Phoenix Scientific
– In-Synch
• Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone –
GnRH
– Cystorelin® Merial
– Fertagyl® Intervet
– Factrel® Fort Dodge
– Ovacyst

48. A Happy End !!