The document discusses Linux file systems. It describes that Linux uses a hierarchical tree structure with everything treated as a file. It explains the basic components of a file system including the boot block, super block, inode list, and block list. It then covers different types of file systems for Linux like ext2, ext3, ext4, FAT32, NTFS, and network file systems like NFS and SMB. It also discusses absolute vs relative paths and mounting and unmounting filesystems using the mount and umount commands.
Here, you can learn all information about Shell Script.
1. What is Shell Script?
2. Types of Shell Script.
3. Use of Shell Script.
4. Command line of Shell Script.
5. Example of Shell Script.
Getting started with setting up embedded platform requires audience to understand some of the key aspects of Linux. This presentation deals with basics of Linux as an OS, Linux commands, vi editor, Shell features like redirection, pipes and shell scripting
This presentation examines the way files are stored in Linux following the File System Hierarchy. It also addresses the recent proposals by Fedora to change this to merge bin directories.
Here, you can learn all information about Shell Script.
1. What is Shell Script?
2. Types of Shell Script.
3. Use of Shell Script.
4. Command line of Shell Script.
5. Example of Shell Script.
Getting started with setting up embedded platform requires audience to understand some of the key aspects of Linux. This presentation deals with basics of Linux as an OS, Linux commands, vi editor, Shell features like redirection, pipes and shell scripting
This presentation examines the way files are stored in Linux following the File System Hierarchy. It also addresses the recent proposals by Fedora to change this to merge bin directories.
In many ways, directories are treated like files. They can be created, deleted, moved and copied from Nautilus or from a shell prompt, using commands similar to those for files.
Creating Directories
You must have write permissions in a directory in order to create a new sub-directory. Most users have these permissions in their home directory (and its sub-directories) and the /tmp/ directory.
To create a new directory with Nautilus, navigate to the location of your new directory. Right-click in a blank portion of the window and select Create Folder. A new folder icon appears with the highlighted text untitled folder. Type a name for your folder and press [Enter].
To create a new directory using a shell prompt, use the command mkdir. Enter: mkdir <directory-name>, replacing <directory-name> with the intended title of the new directory.
Deleting Directories
To delete a directory from Nautilus, right click on it and choose Move to Trash, or click and drag the icon to the Trash on the Desktop.
To delete an empty directory from a shell prompt, enter the command rmdir. To delete a directory that may not be empty (and consequently everything inside that directory), enter the command rm -rf <directory>. Refer to Section 4.5.5 Delete files with rm for more information regarding the rm command.
Dot Directories
Applications create "dot" directories as well as dot files. Dot files are a single hidden configuration file — a dot directory is a hidden directory of configuration and other files required by the application. The non-configuration files in these directories are generally user-specific, and will be available only to the user who installed them.
It is a Unix like operating system.
It can run on 32 bit and 64 bit hardware.
Linux OS, is a freely distributable, cross-platform
Supports multiple processors.
True multi-tasking, multi-user OS.
Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System.
Portable - Portability means softwares can works on different types of hardwares in same way.Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform.
Open Source - Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project. Multiple teams works in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.
Multi-User - Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.
Multiprogramming - Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at same time.
Hierarchical File System - Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files/ user files are arranged.
Shell - Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations, call application programs etc.
Security - Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.
In many ways, directories are treated like files. They can be created, deleted, moved and copied from Nautilus or from a shell prompt, using commands similar to those for files.
Creating Directories
You must have write permissions in a directory in order to create a new sub-directory. Most users have these permissions in their home directory (and its sub-directories) and the /tmp/ directory.
To create a new directory with Nautilus, navigate to the location of your new directory. Right-click in a blank portion of the window and select Create Folder. A new folder icon appears with the highlighted text untitled folder. Type a name for your folder and press [Enter].
To create a new directory using a shell prompt, use the command mkdir. Enter: mkdir <directory-name>, replacing <directory-name> with the intended title of the new directory.
Deleting Directories
To delete a directory from Nautilus, right click on it and choose Move to Trash, or click and drag the icon to the Trash on the Desktop.
To delete an empty directory from a shell prompt, enter the command rmdir. To delete a directory that may not be empty (and consequently everything inside that directory), enter the command rm -rf <directory>. Refer to Section 4.5.5 Delete files with rm for more information regarding the rm command.
Dot Directories
Applications create "dot" directories as well as dot files. Dot files are a single hidden configuration file — a dot directory is a hidden directory of configuration and other files required by the application. The non-configuration files in these directories are generally user-specific, and will be available only to the user who installed them.
It is a Unix like operating system.
It can run on 32 bit and 64 bit hardware.
Linux OS, is a freely distributable, cross-platform
Supports multiple processors.
True multi-tasking, multi-user OS.
Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System.
Portable - Portability means softwares can works on different types of hardwares in same way.Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform.
Open Source - Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project. Multiple teams works in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.
Multi-User - Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.
Multiprogramming - Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at same time.
Hierarchical File System - Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files/ user files are arranged.
Shell - Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations, call application programs etc.
Security - Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. Linux
The Linux kernel is an open-source monolithic unix-like computer operating
system kernel.
Its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s.
Linux is a small UNIX system. Version 1.0 released in 1994, 2.2 in 1999.
Today used on 7-10 million computers corporate computer network and Web
servers .
2
3. What is a File System
File System is responsible for storing information on disk and retrieving and updating
this information.
Example : FAT16, FAT32, NTFS
ext2, ext3 ,ext4…
In Linux everything is file.
3
4. Types of File System
Network File System
NFS
SMB
Disk File System
ext2
ext3
FAT32
NTFS
4
5. Network File System
Network File System are physically somewhere else, but appear as if they
are mounted on one computer.
NFS
It was developed by Sun.
SMB
It was developed by Microsoft.
5
6. Physical Structure on the Disk
Boot Block : information needs to boot the system
Super Block : File System Specifications Size Max. number of files Free
blocks Free inodes
inode List
Block List : The files data
6
Boot
block
supper
block
Inode
list
Block
list
7. In operation, Linux Kernel need to know
7
Where those data are store.
How it can be access.
And where we save the new data.
8. Second standard file system (ext2) 1993
Maximum file size : 2TB
Maximum volume size: 8 TB
File name size: 255 characters
Supports:
POSIX permissions
File compression
8
9. THIRD standard file system (ext3)
Maximum file size : 2TB
Maximum volume size: 2 TB
File name size: 255 characters
Supports:
POSIX permissions
File compression
include a journal entry (PENDING)
9
10. RISAR FILE SYSTEM
User Journaling
Maximum file size : 8 TB
Maximum volume size: 16 TB
10
11. FOURTH standard file system (ext4)
Maximum file size : 16TB
Maximum volume size: 1 EXA-BYTE
Maximum NUMBER OF file: 4 BILION Supports:
POSIX permissions
File compression
include a USER journal entry
11
12. In Linux, all files and directories are located in a tree-like structure. The topmost
directory is referred to as the file system root
# Current directory (.)
# Parent directory (…)
12
16. 16
/boot Contains the static bootloader and kernel executable and
configuration files required to boot a Linux computer.
/dev This directory contains the device files for every hardware device
attached to the system. These are not device drivers, rather they
are files that represent each device on the computer and facilitate
access to those devices.
/ (root
filesystem)
The root filesystem is the top-level directory of the filesystem. It
must contain all of the files required to boot the Linux system
before other filesystems are mounted. It must include all of the
required executables and libraries required to boot the remaining
filesystems
/bin The /bin directory contains user executable files.
Brief Description
17. 17/etc Contains the local system configuration files for the host
computer
/home Home directory storage for user files. Each user has a subdirectory
in /home.
/lib Contains shared library files that are required to boot the system.
/media A place to mount external removable media devices such as USB
thumb drives that may be connected to the host.
/mnt A temporary mountpoint for regular filesystems (as in not
removable media) that can be used while the administrator is
repairing or working on a filesystem.
/opt Optional files such as vendor supplied application programs
should be located here.
18. 18
/sbin System binary files. These are executables used for system
administration.
/tmp Temporary directory. Used by the operating system and many
programs to store temporary files. Users may also store files here
temporarily. Note that files stored here may be deleted at any
time without prior notice.
/usr These are shareable, read-only files, including executable binaries
and libraries, man files, and other types of documentation.
/var Variable data files are stored here. This can include things like log
files, MySQL, and other database files, web server data files, email
inboxes, and much more.
21. Mounting
21
The mount command mounts a storage device or filesystem, making it accessible
and attaching it to an existing directory structure.
Syntax:
$ mount -t type file-system mount-point
added a disk /dev/sdb on /data directory
$ mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb /data
22. Unmounting
22
The unmount command "unmounts" a mounted filesystem. Run unmount
command with disk name or mount point name to unmount currently mounted disk.
Syntax:
$ umount /dev/sdb
$ umount /data
