First Chapter of Orthodontics, Notes & Short Summary of First Chapter of Orthodontics from Contemporary Orthodontics, William R. Proffit. These are Notes for Final Year Students of Undergraduate Dentistry.
Classification of Impaction and Methods & Techniques of Third molar/Manidibular impaction removal,Flap designs of impaction removal techniques and more
it explain need for extraction, choice of teeth for extraction, Wilkinson extraction, extraction of permanent teeth without appliance therapy, balance extractions, compensating extractions, additional factor to consider in extraction of teeth.
Classification of Impaction and Methods & Techniques of Third molar/Manidibular impaction removal,Flap designs of impaction removal techniques and more
it explain need for extraction, choice of teeth for extraction, Wilkinson extraction, extraction of permanent teeth without appliance therapy, balance extractions, compensating extractions, additional factor to consider in extraction of teeth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
HI THIS IS A NICE SEMINAR DESCRIBING ABOUT THE ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY MAINLY RELATED TO ORTHODONTICS VIEWPOINT AND CEPH TRACING ITS INDICATION AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURGERIES. JUST HAVE A LOOK TO IT
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
for online course please visit www.idalectures.com
for online interactive live courses/classes please visit
www.gotolectures.com.
Patient management 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Psychosocial factos /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6- Prosthetic problems and possible solutions in setting –up of teeth for ske...AmalKaddah1
Edited
Prosthetic Problems and possible solutions in Setting–up
of teeth for skeletal Class I, II and Class III arch relationship
For completely edentulous patients
I-Introduction
II-Factors affecting teeth arrangement
1. Pattern of bone resorption
2. Esthetics and phonetics requirements.
3. Stability
4. Occlusal plane
5. Arch form ( Arrangement of teeth in harmony with ridge contour)
6. Interdigitation of the teeth
7. The inclination for proper occlusion
8. Arch relationship
III- Guidelines governing the position of artificial teeth
IV- Arrangement of teeth in normal cases.
V - Atypical arrangement of teeth (Class II, Class II)
VI- Common errors in teeth setting.
VII- Occlusal Schemes- Attempts to Stabilize Dentures (Lingualized and Monoplane occlusion).
8 - setting of teeth for class I, II and II arch relation ship (Edited)Amal Kaddah
Prosthetic Problems and possible solutions in Setting –up
of teeth for skeletal Class II and Class III arch relationship
of completely edentulous patients
Prof. Amal F. Kaddah
6- Prosthetic Problems and possible solutions in Setting –up of teeth for ske...Amal Kaddah
COMPLETE DENTURE CONSTRUCTION
1- Diagnosis and Treatment Planning for Removable Prosthodontics
2- Preliminary Maxillary and mandibular impression procedures
3- Final Maxillary and mandibular impression procedures
4- Jaw Relation Registration
a. Introduction and the stomatognathic system
What 'occlusion' is and why it is important
b. Definitions.
c. Check denture foundation and Establishment of facial contour.
d. Establishment of the occlusal plane.
e. Importance of mounting the maxillary cast using Maxillary face-bow record and transfer.
f. Determination of vertical dimension of centric occluding relation.
g. Determination of centric and eccentric relations at the accepted vertical dimension.
5- Selection of Artificial Teeth
6- Prosthetic Problems and possible solutions in Setting –up of teeth for skeletal Class I, II and Class III arch relationship of completely edentulous patients.
7- Try-in of the wax trial complete denture.
8- Complete denture insertion (Delivery)
9- Occlusal corrections.
10- Managements of Post Insertion Problems and Complaints.
11- Single denture and Kelly's Syndrome
12- Denture Processing and Laboratory Errors.
Occlusion is defined as the contact relationship of the teeth in function or parafunction.
Malocclusion is defined as the misalignment of teeth and jaws, or more simply, a "bad bite". Malocclusion can cause a number of health and dental problems.
the aims of orthodontics is to treat protruded teeth to prevent trauma . crowded teeth help initiation of caries so their treatment is indicated by orthodontics
a Topic from Chapter 9 of Proffitt's Orthodontics Edition 6, including the Mechanical Principles in Orthodontics.
In this Slide terminology of Biomechanics in Orthodontics is defined along with effects of wide & narrow bracket, with brief description of Moment & Couple used in Orthodontic Tooth Movement.
Notes made in my Final Year of Bachelor in Dental Surgery from Subject Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. In this i have mentioned the 8 principles which are used in the treatment & prevention of odontogenic infection which are most common in dental practice. This documents is for professional dental undergraduates studying in their 4th year of BDS or DDS.
This Presentation tells 4th Stage of Comprehensive Orthodontic Treatment in Orthodontics, Retention, which is used to Prevent Relapse after Orthodontic Treatment.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
MALOCCLUSION & DENTOFACIAL DEFORMITY IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY
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MALOCCLUSION & DENTOFACIAL
DEFORMITY IN CONTEMPORARY
SOCIETY
The changing goals of orthodontic treatment
Early orthodontic treatment
Modern treatment goals
In olden times main goal of orthodontic treatment was to establish ideal occlusion and dentition to get best esthetics.
While in contemporary society goal of orthodontic treatment is to first get esthetics from soft tissue and make dentition
and occlusion to match that already planned esthetics because in contemporary society patient want esthetics from
orthodontic treatment.
Early orthodontic treatment
Some Terms;
Crowded teeth; those teeth which are too close to each and are present in haphazard manner occurs due to lack
of sufficient space available for the tooth to grow in normal position. Aka “crooked teeth”.
Protruded teeth; these are those teeth which extend beyond the normal contour of dental arches usually in
anterior direction.
Norman Kingsley was among 1st to use extra oral forces to correct protruding teeth & treatment of cleft palate.
In that time more emphasis was only on alignment of teeth and correction of facial proportions while occlusal or
bite relationship in orthodontics was considered to be unimportant.
Edward H. Angle (father of modern orthodontics)
o Was a prosthodontist in his days and gave the concept of occlusion in the natural dentition.
Angle’s classification of malocclusion
Given in 1890s.
Malocclusion is defined as any deviation from the ideal occlusal schemes described by Angle.
IDEAL OCCLUSION BY ANGLE;
o Upper 1st molars are key to occlusion.
o Mesio-buccal cusp of maxillary 1st molar occludes in the buccal groove of mandibular 1st molar.
To obtain ideal occlusion the teeth have to be arranged on smoothly curving line of occlusion and above
mentioned molar relationship has to be created.
Line of occlusion; it is a smooth catenary curve passing through the central fossa of all maxillary molars & across
cingulum of maxillary anterior, and that same line runs along the buccal cusps and incisal edges in mandibular
teeth. (Figure 1-2 in Proffit).
o Catenary means curve which and idealized hanging chain or cable assumes under its own weight when
supported only at its weight.
Angle’s classes of malocclusion
Class 1; normal relationship of molars, but of line of occlusion incorrect because of malposed teeth.
Class 2; lower 1st molar is distally positioned relative to maxillary molar, line of occlusion may or may not be
correct.
o Class 2 Division 1; molar relationships are like class 2 and the anterior teeth are protruded.
o Class 2 division 2; molar relationships are like class 2 but central incisors are retroclined (posterior) and
lateral teeth overlap the centrals
2. CHAPTER 1 Final Year BDS 01 Roll No. 21
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Class 3; lower 1st molar is in mesial position relative to maxillary molar, line of occlusion may or may not be
correct.
The difference between angle’s normal occlusion and class 1 malocclusion is arrangement of teeth relative to line of
occlusion.
So after development of concept of occlusion, orthodontics was no longer just the alignment of teeth but it also
evolved with treatment of malocclusions.
With emphasis on occlusion, less attention was given to facial proportions and esthetics because angle
postulated that best esthetics always were achieved when the patient had ideal occlusion and he also
discouraged the extraction of teeth for orthodontic purpose because he said ideal occlusion require full
complement of teeth.
But time passed and it was seen that even an excellent occlusion was present, proper facial proportions were
unsatisfactory.
o So in this regard extraction of teeth was reintroduced in orthodontics.
Cephalometric Radiography
It is radiograph of head and mandible in full lateral view.
Help in analysis of dental and skeletal relationship in the head.
Measure the changes in tooth and jaw positions produced by growth and treatment.
Obtaining correct or at least improved jaw relationships became goal of treatment by mid-20th
century.
So the changes which occurred in goal of orthodontic treatment is that now orthodontics focus on facial proportions and
impact of dentition on facial appearance. This goal is systemically arranged in the form of the “Soft Tissue Paradigm”
(Paradigm means Model).
Modern treatment goals: The soft tissue paradigm
What is paradigm?
A set of shared beliefs and assumptions that represent conceptual foundation of an area of science.
So, soft tissue paradigm states that, “both goals and limitation of modern orthodontics an orthognathic treatment
are determined by soft tissues of face, not by teeth and bones.”
While, angle’s paradigm was both goals and limitation of orthodontics and orthognathic treatment are
determined by teeth & bones of face and not by soft tissues.
Difference between Angle paradigm & soft tissue paradigm
FACTOR ANGLE PARADIGM SOFT TISSUE PARADIGM
Primary Treatment Goal Ideal dental occlusion Normal soft tissue proportions and
adaptations.
Secondary Goal Ideal jaw relationships (can lead
to TMJ injury)
Functional occlusion (occlusion that
occur during functioning of teeth)
(can avoid TMJ injury)
Thought Process Solving the patient’s problems Solving the patient’s needs
Hard/Soft Tissue relationships Ideal hard tissue proportions
produce ideal soft tissues and
esthetics.
Ideal soft tissue proportions define
the ideal hard tissue arrangement.
Diagnosis Dental casts, cephalometric
radiographs
Clinical examination and intra-
oral and facial soft tissues.
Treatment approach Obtain ideal dental and skeletal
relationships, assume the soft tissue
will be OK.
Plan ideal soft tissue relationships
and then place teeth and jaws as
needed to achieve esthetics.
Function emphasis TM joint in relation to dental
occlusion
Soft tissue movement in relation to
display of teeth
Stability of result Related primarily to dental
occlusion
Related primarily to soft tissue
pressure/ equilibrium effects.
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The usual orthodontic problems: epidemiology of malocclusion
Irregularity index: it is quantitative method for assessing mandibular anterior irregularity or alignment for
epidemiological purpose.
o In which millimeters of distance from contact points on each incisor tooth to the contact point that it
should touch. (Figure 1-4 in Proffit)
o Measured in labio-lingual direction.
Diastema:
o It is space between adjacent teeth.
o Maxillary midline diastema is common usually during mixed dentition and disappears as permanent
canine erupts.
o Spontaneous correction of childhood diastema occurs if width is less than 2 mm.
Posterior cross bite
o It occurs when posterior maxillary teeth are lingually placed relative to posterior mandible.
o Mostly occur in narrow maxillary dental arch.
o Deviation in TRANSVERSE PLANE
Overjet
o It is defined as horizontal overlap of incisors.
o Normal 2-3 mm.
o Suggest angle’s class 2 & class 3 molar relationship
More than 5 mm of overjet indicates class 2 malocclusion
o Indicates ANTERO-POSTERIOR deviation in class 2 or class 3
Reverse overjet/ anterior cross bite
o If the lower incisor are in front of maxillary incisors.
o Indicates ANTERO-POSTERIOR deviation in class 2 or class 3
o Mostly indicate class 3 malocclusion
Overbite
o It defined as vertical overlap of incisors.
o Normal 1-2 mm
Overbite greater than 5 mm is sever Deep bite
Extreme overbite; lower teeth touch palate
o VERTICAL deviation from ideal
Open bite
o No vertical overlap of anterior teeth and incisors are separated which is measured and calculated its
severity.
o VERTICAL deviation from ideal
o Negative overbite; sever open bite greater than 2 mm
Buccal cross bite ( X-occlusion)
o Buccal cusp of lower teeth occlude lingual to palatal cusp of upper teeth
Malalignment or crowding increases as the child get mature but this malalignment usually occurs in mandible
because of its growth during growth of child.
Why malocclusion is so prevalent?
Decrease in the size & number of individual teeth for many years due to evolution.
o Higher primates of human contained 3 incisors, 4 premolars, & 4 molars which are decreased in humans
of now a days.
o At present human’s 3rd molar, 2nd premolar & lateral incisors often fail to develop which indicated that
these teeth are also in their way to disappear from evolutionary point.
Decrease in size of jaw
o Decreasing jaw size if does not match with decreasing number & size of teeth lead to crowding, etc.
Transition from rural civilization to urban/ modern civilization (aka Modernization of human or Urbanization of
humans)
o Less use of masticatory apparatus with softer foods in urban civilization leads to reduction in jaw size
due to disuse atrophy.
What difference does it make if you have malocclusion? Let us consider now the reasons why patient need orthodontic
treatment.
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Who needs treatment?
Malocclusion or protruding teeth causes 3 types of problems to patient as under;
1) Psychosocial problems
2) Oral function problems
a. Difficulty in jaw movements (muscle incoordination or pain)
b. TMD
c. Problems with mastication, speech, swallowing
3) Injury and Dental diseases (Caries, Periodontal disease)
PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEMS
Major reason people seek orthodontic treatment.
Sever malocclusion is social handicap.
Irregular or protruding teeth carry negative social status.
Patients who anticipate the orthodontic treatment expect an improvement in their social & psychological well-
being as primary advantage, while, improvement in function as secondary advantage.
Appearance affects expectation from peers, teachers, mates etc.
Psychological distress caused by disfiguring dental or facial conditions is not directly proportional to the
severity of problem.
o It depends on person’s self-esteem.
ORAL FUNCTION PROBLEMS
Malocclusion affects oral function not by making it impossible but by making it difficult, so that extra effort is
required to compensate for anatomic deformity.
Effect on masticatory function
o Swallowing is rarely affected in malocclusion because oral structure adapt for compensation in
malocclusion.
Effect on speech
o Malocclusion does not produce distorted speech because it is prevented also by adaption of structures
(jaw, lip, tongue, etc.) and extra effort by person.
Effect on TMJ
o Pain in and around the joint result from pathologic changes within the joint caused by muscle fatigue or
spasm usually due to clenching or grinding of teeth
o So malocclusion alone can’t be responsible for TMD in majority of patients
But some type of malocclusion can cause TMD like; Posterior Cross Bite but that also in
coefficient of 0.3 to 0.4
o So orthodontics as primary treatment is not indicated for TMD but it can be primary treatment in
special case (like TMD caused by posterior cross bite).
INJURY AND DENTAL DISEASES
Protruding maxillary incisors got increase chances of injury but only 1 chance in 3.
o So reducing the chance of injury when incisors are protruding is not indicated for early treatment of
class 2 problems.
Extreme overbite leads to early loss of maxillary incisors & extreme wear of incisors which can be avoided by
orthodontic treatment.
Malocclusion has little impact on dental decay and periodontal disease.
o Because these both disease depends on oral hygiene & presence/ absence of dental plaque which in
turn depends on person’s willingness and motivation but not on alignment of teeth.
Occlusal trauma from malocclusion is secondary etiologic factor for periodontal disease not primary.
o There is very slight like between untreated malocclusion and periodontal disease.
Orthodontic treatment does not increase the chances of periodontal problems
In summary, psychosocial and functional handicaps can produce significant need for orthodontic treatment while there is less
evidence that orthodontic treatment reduces development of dental disease in later life.
5. CHAPTER 1 Final Year BDS 01 Roll No. 21
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Type of treatment: evidence based selection
Evidence based selection means treatment procedure should be chosen on the basis of clear evidence that the selected
method is the most successful approach to that particular patient’s problem. So we will study how to decide what sort of
treatment to use for the patient.
RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS: THE BEST EVIDENCE
It is the quantitative, compared study in which people are chosen at random to receive clinical intervention.
It is gold standard for evaluating clinical procedures.
o However it can’t be used in many procedures for ethical or practical purpose.
The unsupported opinion of expert is the weakest form of clinical evidence.
o So, the expert opinion is supported by a series of cases that were selected retrospectively.
Retrospective study; in this study we look backward and examine the factors which produced
the outcome that is established at the start of the study.
o But to control bias in the outcomes of treatment is to be sure that all of the treated cases are included in
report. (Explanation from Proffit, Page 12-13, Passage 3rd from Randomized Clinical Trials )
RETEROSPECTIVE STUDIES: CONTROL GROUP REQUIRED
In this we compare treated patients with untreated control group.
For comparison to be valid, both groups should be equivalent before start of treatment.
METANALYSIS
It is the recent method to gain better data for treatment responses in which data is taken from several studies of same
phenomenon.
Evidence of clinical effectiveness; a hierarchy of quality
Demand for treatment
EPIDEMIOLOGIC ESTIMATES OF ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT NEED
We will learn the INDEX OF TREATMENT NEEDS for grading of patient for orthodontic treatment which was given by
Shaw & coworkers.
It has 2 component; (See Box 1-2 in Proffit, Page 15)
Dental health component derived from occlusion & alignment
Esthetic component derived from photographs
Orthodontic treatment almost always produce an improvement but may not totally eliminate all the characteristics of
malocclusion.
WHO SEEKS TREATMENT
Need and demand of orthodontic treatment vary with social and cultural conditions.
Children of urban areas
Children from high socio-economic areas
Persons with insurance for dental care
Adults which could not afford orthodontic treatment in childhood but can now.
Orthodontics and tooth bleaching in dentistry is considered as enhancements.
Enhancements are medical or dental interventions that are intended to make individual “better than normal” or
“beyond normal”, like hair transplant, drugs for erectile dysfunction etc.
Meta-analysis,
multiple trials
Randomized
Clinical Trial
Prospective study,
non-random
assignment
Retrospective Study,
inclusion based on
pretreatment records
Retrospective Study,
inclusion based on
treatment response
Case reports unsupported expert
opinion