The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the buccinator mechanism and its role in maintaining dental arch form and tooth position. It describes the buccinator muscle, its origin, insertion, and actions of drawing the corners of the mouth laterally and flattening the cheeks. The buccinator mechanism encircles the face along with other muscles. It balances pressure from the tongue to help stabilize tooth position. Malocclusions can result from abnormalities in buccinator or other facial muscle function. Myofunctional appliances used in orthodontics rely on muscle activity like that of the buccinator to help correct tooth alignment issues.
The document summarizes the functional matrix theory of bone growth proposed by Melvin Moss. The theory states that bone growth occurs as a response to functional needs mediated by soft tissues, rather than bones growing independently. Growth involves periosteal matrices altering bone size in response to soft tissue demands, and capsular matrices passively translating bones during expansion. Experiments on rats supported the theory by showing bones altered in size and shape following muscle resection. Clinical implications include functional appliances altering bone growth by changing soft tissue pressures.
1. There are several methods to assess skeletal maturity including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae shape assessment, and tooth development stages.
2. Hand-wrist radiographs can be assessed using the Greulich-Pyle atlas method or the Bjork, Grave, and Brown method which divides skeletal development into 9 stages.
3. Cervical vertebrae shape changes through 6 stages of maturation and can indicate how much growth remains.
4. Tooth development through 8 stages of calcification as shown in the Demirjian Index also corresponds to skeletal maturity.
The document discusses different types of anchorage used in orthodontics. It defines anchorage as the resistance used to overcome the reaction to an applied force. There are different factors that affect a tooth's resistance to force, as well as different types of anchorage including extra-oral anchorage like headgear and intra-oral anchorage that can be intra-maxillary or inter-maxillary. Examples of each type are provided. Temporary orthodontic micro anchorage systems are also discussed as a modern method to reinforce anchorage.
This document discusses post-natal growth of the maxilla and mandible. It describes how the maxilla grows through primary and secondary translation at sutures, through surface bone remodeling, and through palatal remodeling which follows the 'V' principle. The mandible grows most during the post-natal period through growth at the condylar cartilage which pushes the mandible downward and forward. Both bones exhibit growth changes with age and can be affected by various developmental anomalies. Understanding their normal and abnormal growth is important for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the buccinator mechanism and its role in maintaining dental arch form and tooth position. It describes the buccinator muscle, its origin, insertion, and actions of drawing the corners of the mouth laterally and flattening the cheeks. The buccinator mechanism encircles the face along with other muscles. It balances pressure from the tongue to help stabilize tooth position. Malocclusions can result from abnormalities in buccinator or other facial muscle function. Myofunctional appliances used in orthodontics rely on muscle activity like that of the buccinator to help correct tooth alignment issues.
The document summarizes the functional matrix theory of bone growth proposed by Melvin Moss. The theory states that bone growth occurs as a response to functional needs mediated by soft tissues, rather than bones growing independently. Growth involves periosteal matrices altering bone size in response to soft tissue demands, and capsular matrices passively translating bones during expansion. Experiments on rats supported the theory by showing bones altered in size and shape following muscle resection. Clinical implications include functional appliances altering bone growth by changing soft tissue pressures.
1. There are several methods to assess skeletal maturity including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae shape assessment, and tooth development stages.
2. Hand-wrist radiographs can be assessed using the Greulich-Pyle atlas method or the Bjork, Grave, and Brown method which divides skeletal development into 9 stages.
3. Cervical vertebrae shape changes through 6 stages of maturation and can indicate how much growth remains.
4. Tooth development through 8 stages of calcification as shown in the Demirjian Index also corresponds to skeletal maturity.
The document discusses different types of anchorage used in orthodontics. It defines anchorage as the resistance used to overcome the reaction to an applied force. There are different factors that affect a tooth's resistance to force, as well as different types of anchorage including extra-oral anchorage like headgear and intra-oral anchorage that can be intra-maxillary or inter-maxillary. Examples of each type are provided. Temporary orthodontic micro anchorage systems are also discussed as a modern method to reinforce anchorage.
This document discusses post-natal growth of the maxilla and mandible. It describes how the maxilla grows through primary and secondary translation at sutures, through surface bone remodeling, and through palatal remodeling which follows the 'V' principle. The mandible grows most during the post-natal period through growth at the condylar cartilage which pushes the mandible downward and forward. Both bones exhibit growth changes with age and can be affected by various developmental anomalies. Understanding their normal and abnormal growth is important for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Posterior crossbite can be caused by skeletal factors like a narrow maxilla or wide mandible, or dental factors such as teeth erupting in the wrong position. Treatment depends on the cause, but may involve rapid or slow palatal expansion using appliances to widen the maxilla. For skeletal crossbites, expansion appliances are cemented and activated to apply force across the midpalatal suture. For dental crossbites, lighter forces from things like elastic threads or springs are used to move individual teeth. Crossbites caused by jaw shifting are treated by eliminating interferences and expanding a narrow arch. Habit-induced crossbites are addressed by treating the underlying habit. Correcting crossbites early in the
1. Orthodontic tooth movement occurs through remodeling of the alveolar bone in response to prolonged mechanical forces on teeth. Bone resorbs on the pressure side and forms on the tension side of the periodontal ligament.
2. Physiologic tooth movements include eruption, drift, and minor movements during mastication. Eruption occurs through growth of the root and forces from the periodontal ligament.
3. When forces are within physiologic limits, tooth movement occurs through frontal resorption on the pressure side and bone formation on the tension side. Excessive forces cause hyalinization and undermining resorption.
This document summarizes Dr. Pratik Yadav's journal club presentation on Downs WB Analysis of the dento-facial profile. It discusses the 10 parameters in Downs analysis, which includes 5 skeletal and 5 dental measurements. The parameters are measured based on landmarks and reference planes on lateral cephalograms. Downs analysis is one of the most commonly used cephalometric analyses originally developed based on Caucasian patients with excellent occlusion.
Ackerman & proffit classification of malocclusionAli Waqar Hasan
This document describes the Ackerman-Proffit analysis system for orthodontic malocclusions. It evaluates malocclusions based on Angle's classification plus five additional characteristics: transverse and vertical discrepancies, crowding, asymmetry, and incisor protrusion. It also assesses the dental arch, profile, lip posture, incisor display, and presence of crossbites or open bites. Rotational deviations around transverse, antero-posterior, and vertical axes (pitch, roll, yaw) are also evaluated. Scoring is done on a scale of 0 to 5 based on severity of the malocclusion characteristics.
This document discusses growth spurts and their significance in orthodontics. It begins by defining growth and development, and describing the major developmental growth periods. It then discusses methods for studying growth, including longitudinal, cross-sectional, and semi-longitudinal studies. Key factors that influence growth and maturation are genetic, hormonal, nutritional, environmental and socioeconomic factors. The document explores concepts of growth including normality, growth rhythms, differential growth, and growth spurts. It concludes by noting the significance of growth spurts is important for orthodontic treatment planning.
Relationship between orofacial muscles function and malocclusionRuhi Kashmiri
This document discusses the relationship between muscle function and malocclusion. It states that malocclusion results from an imbalance or disequilibrium between genetic, developmental, functional and environmental factors. Certain muscle functions like tongue thrust swallowing, mouth breathing, thumb sucking, lip biting and neurological conditions can directly cause malocclusions or the muscles change in a compensatory way. Different malocclusions like class II div 1 and 2, and class III have characteristic muscle pathologies. Treatment involves addressing the underlying muscle imbalances through myofunctional therapy or orthodontics to restore the dental equilibrium.
Study models are essential records in orthodontics that provide a 3D representation of the teeth and occlusion. A study model has two parts - the anatomic portion showing the teeth and soft tissues, and the artistic portion which is the stone base. Models need to be trimmed accurately to reproduce the dental anatomy and occlusion. Various analyses like Carey's, Ashley Howe's and Bolton's can be done on study models to assess discrepancies and plan treatment. Mixed dentition analysis using Moyer's or Tanaka-Johnston method helps predict the size of unerupted teeth.
The document discusses various theories of craniofacial growth:
1. Remodelling theory states growth occurs through bone remodeling.
2. Genetic theory views growth as genetically programmed but influenced by environmental factors.
3. Sutural theory sees sutures as primary growth centers controlled by heredity and environment.
4. Cartilaginous theory views cartilage, not sutures, as primary growth centers, with cartilage transplants demonstrating growth potential.
5. Functional matrix theory proposes bone growth is primarily influenced by soft tissue function through adaptation.
That's a high-level three sentence summary of the key points made in the document about different theories of craniofac
The document discusses the history and use of expansion screws in removable orthodontic appliances. It describes how expansion screws work to move teeth and skeletal structures as needed. Guidelines are provided for properly positioning expansion screws. Various types of expansion screw appliances are outlined, including the Schwarz expander, transverse expander, fan expander, Nord expander, and lower Schwarz appliance. Advantages and disadvantages of expansion screw appliances are also summarized.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Orthodontic diagnosis deals with recognition of the various characteristics of the malocclusion. It involves collection of pertinent data in a systemic manner to help in the identifying the nature and cause of the problem.
Influence of Drugs on Orthodontic Tooth MovementMahmoud Shaheen
This document summarizes the effects of various medications on orthodontic tooth movement. It discusses how analgesics like NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and can slow tooth movement. Corticosteroids increase bone resorption and can accelerate movement. Bisphosphonates, fluorides, estrogens, and androgens inhibit osteoclast activity and bone resorption, potentially delaying movement. Thyroid hormones and vitamin D may increase tooth movement by stimulating osteoclasts. Anti-convulsants can induce gingival issues complicating treatment. The conclusion emphasizes the importance for orthodontists to be aware of how medications can influence treatment outcomes and discuss potential complications with patients.
The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural theory, nasal septum theory, and the functional matrix hypothesis. It provides details on the key concepts and inconsistencies of each theory. The remodeling theory proposed that growth occurs through bone deposition and resorption at surfaces. The sutural theory emphasized the role of sutures and cartilage in driving growth. The nasal septum theory proposed the nasal septum cartilage pushes the midface forward during growth. The functional matrix hypothesis views the skull as comprising functional units that drive skeletal growth.
This document provides an overview of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in orthodontics. It discusses the history of RME dating back to 1860. It also covers anatomy related to RME, including the midpalatal suture. Key topics covered include indications and contraindications for RME, types of expansion screws used, jackscrew turn schedules, and different types of RME appliances such as the Haas expander and Hyrax expander. The document is an educational resource on the clinical use and mechanics of RME.
This document summarizes the prenatal development and postnatal growth of the mandible. It begins with an overview of the formation of pharyngeal arches during embryonic development, including the mandibular arch which gives rise to the lower jaw. Meckel's cartilage provides a template for mandibular growth. Ossification begins in the mandible through intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. After birth, various regions such as the ramus, body, angle, and condyle continue growing through bone deposition and resorption to accommodate the erupting teeth and enlarging muscles. Growth generally ceases around age 20.
prenatal and post natal growth of mandiblemahesh kumar
The document discusses the prenatal and postnatal development of the mandible. Key points include:
1) The mandible initially develops from Meckel's cartilage during prenatal development and undergoes intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
2) Postnatally, the mandible grows at the condylar cartilage, posterior border of the ramus, and alveolar ridges. Growth occurs through remodeling and apposition of bone.
3) Mandibular growth is influenced by functional matrices like muscles and teeth which cause regional changes through resorption and displacement as the mandible grows in a downward and forward direction like an "expanding V".
This document discusses the correction of Class 3 skeletal problems using reverse pull headgear or facemasks. It begins by describing Class 3 malocclusions that are due to maxillary deficiency or mandibular excess. It then discusses the types and etiology of Class 3 malocclusions. Reasons for treating Class 3 issues are provided. The document focuses on describing reverse pull headgear and facemasks, including their definition, indications, components, types, force parameters, biomechanics, treatment completion indications, advantages, and effects.
The document discusses orthodontic diagnosis and the essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used. It describes the key components of clinical examination including case history, medical history, dental history, and physical examination of the head, face, lips, nose, and chin. Clinical examination aims to evaluate oral health and function, identify the nature of malocclusions, and determine which diagnostic records are needed for diagnosis and treatment planning.
This document provides information on headgear, including its components, principles of use, types, and applications in orthodontic treatment. Headgear delivers extraoral force from a cranial support to intraoral appliances. It consists of a facebow, force element, and head cap. Forces from headgear can distalize teeth and maxilla through different anchorage points. Types include cervical, occipital, and high pull headgear. Headgear is useful for orthopedic effects, anchorage reinforcement, molar distalization, and space maintenance.
The document summarizes theories of orthodontic tooth movement including the pressure-tension theory and bone-bending theory. It discusses how application of orthodontic forces leads to remodeling changes in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone through pressure and tension sites. Key signaling molecules that mediate the biological response to orthodontic forces are also summarized, including prostaglandins, cytokines, and growth factors that regulate bone resorption and formation during tooth movement.
Posterior crossbite can be caused by skeletal factors like a narrow maxilla or wide mandible, or dental factors such as teeth erupting in the wrong position. Treatment depends on the cause, but may involve rapid or slow palatal expansion using appliances to widen the maxilla. For skeletal crossbites, expansion appliances are cemented and activated to apply force across the midpalatal suture. For dental crossbites, lighter forces from things like elastic threads or springs are used to move individual teeth. Crossbites caused by jaw shifting are treated by eliminating interferences and expanding a narrow arch. Habit-induced crossbites are addressed by treating the underlying habit. Correcting crossbites early in the
1. Orthodontic tooth movement occurs through remodeling of the alveolar bone in response to prolonged mechanical forces on teeth. Bone resorbs on the pressure side and forms on the tension side of the periodontal ligament.
2. Physiologic tooth movements include eruption, drift, and minor movements during mastication. Eruption occurs through growth of the root and forces from the periodontal ligament.
3. When forces are within physiologic limits, tooth movement occurs through frontal resorption on the pressure side and bone formation on the tension side. Excessive forces cause hyalinization and undermining resorption.
This document summarizes Dr. Pratik Yadav's journal club presentation on Downs WB Analysis of the dento-facial profile. It discusses the 10 parameters in Downs analysis, which includes 5 skeletal and 5 dental measurements. The parameters are measured based on landmarks and reference planes on lateral cephalograms. Downs analysis is one of the most commonly used cephalometric analyses originally developed based on Caucasian patients with excellent occlusion.
Ackerman & proffit classification of malocclusionAli Waqar Hasan
This document describes the Ackerman-Proffit analysis system for orthodontic malocclusions. It evaluates malocclusions based on Angle's classification plus five additional characteristics: transverse and vertical discrepancies, crowding, asymmetry, and incisor protrusion. It also assesses the dental arch, profile, lip posture, incisor display, and presence of crossbites or open bites. Rotational deviations around transverse, antero-posterior, and vertical axes (pitch, roll, yaw) are also evaluated. Scoring is done on a scale of 0 to 5 based on severity of the malocclusion characteristics.
This document discusses growth spurts and their significance in orthodontics. It begins by defining growth and development, and describing the major developmental growth periods. It then discusses methods for studying growth, including longitudinal, cross-sectional, and semi-longitudinal studies. Key factors that influence growth and maturation are genetic, hormonal, nutritional, environmental and socioeconomic factors. The document explores concepts of growth including normality, growth rhythms, differential growth, and growth spurts. It concludes by noting the significance of growth spurts is important for orthodontic treatment planning.
Relationship between orofacial muscles function and malocclusionRuhi Kashmiri
This document discusses the relationship between muscle function and malocclusion. It states that malocclusion results from an imbalance or disequilibrium between genetic, developmental, functional and environmental factors. Certain muscle functions like tongue thrust swallowing, mouth breathing, thumb sucking, lip biting and neurological conditions can directly cause malocclusions or the muscles change in a compensatory way. Different malocclusions like class II div 1 and 2, and class III have characteristic muscle pathologies. Treatment involves addressing the underlying muscle imbalances through myofunctional therapy or orthodontics to restore the dental equilibrium.
Study models are essential records in orthodontics that provide a 3D representation of the teeth and occlusion. A study model has two parts - the anatomic portion showing the teeth and soft tissues, and the artistic portion which is the stone base. Models need to be trimmed accurately to reproduce the dental anatomy and occlusion. Various analyses like Carey's, Ashley Howe's and Bolton's can be done on study models to assess discrepancies and plan treatment. Mixed dentition analysis using Moyer's or Tanaka-Johnston method helps predict the size of unerupted teeth.
The document discusses various theories of craniofacial growth:
1. Remodelling theory states growth occurs through bone remodeling.
2. Genetic theory views growth as genetically programmed but influenced by environmental factors.
3. Sutural theory sees sutures as primary growth centers controlled by heredity and environment.
4. Cartilaginous theory views cartilage, not sutures, as primary growth centers, with cartilage transplants demonstrating growth potential.
5. Functional matrix theory proposes bone growth is primarily influenced by soft tissue function through adaptation.
That's a high-level three sentence summary of the key points made in the document about different theories of craniofac
The document discusses the history and use of expansion screws in removable orthodontic appliances. It describes how expansion screws work to move teeth and skeletal structures as needed. Guidelines are provided for properly positioning expansion screws. Various types of expansion screw appliances are outlined, including the Schwarz expander, transverse expander, fan expander, Nord expander, and lower Schwarz appliance. Advantages and disadvantages of expansion screw appliances are also summarized.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Orthodontic diagnosis deals with recognition of the various characteristics of the malocclusion. It involves collection of pertinent data in a systemic manner to help in the identifying the nature and cause of the problem.
Influence of Drugs on Orthodontic Tooth MovementMahmoud Shaheen
This document summarizes the effects of various medications on orthodontic tooth movement. It discusses how analgesics like NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and can slow tooth movement. Corticosteroids increase bone resorption and can accelerate movement. Bisphosphonates, fluorides, estrogens, and androgens inhibit osteoclast activity and bone resorption, potentially delaying movement. Thyroid hormones and vitamin D may increase tooth movement by stimulating osteoclasts. Anti-convulsants can induce gingival issues complicating treatment. The conclusion emphasizes the importance for orthodontists to be aware of how medications can influence treatment outcomes and discuss potential complications with patients.
The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural theory, nasal septum theory, and the functional matrix hypothesis. It provides details on the key concepts and inconsistencies of each theory. The remodeling theory proposed that growth occurs through bone deposition and resorption at surfaces. The sutural theory emphasized the role of sutures and cartilage in driving growth. The nasal septum theory proposed the nasal septum cartilage pushes the midface forward during growth. The functional matrix hypothesis views the skull as comprising functional units that drive skeletal growth.
This document provides an overview of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in orthodontics. It discusses the history of RME dating back to 1860. It also covers anatomy related to RME, including the midpalatal suture. Key topics covered include indications and contraindications for RME, types of expansion screws used, jackscrew turn schedules, and different types of RME appliances such as the Haas expander and Hyrax expander. The document is an educational resource on the clinical use and mechanics of RME.
This document summarizes the prenatal development and postnatal growth of the mandible. It begins with an overview of the formation of pharyngeal arches during embryonic development, including the mandibular arch which gives rise to the lower jaw. Meckel's cartilage provides a template for mandibular growth. Ossification begins in the mandible through intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. After birth, various regions such as the ramus, body, angle, and condyle continue growing through bone deposition and resorption to accommodate the erupting teeth and enlarging muscles. Growth generally ceases around age 20.
prenatal and post natal growth of mandiblemahesh kumar
The document discusses the prenatal and postnatal development of the mandible. Key points include:
1) The mandible initially develops from Meckel's cartilage during prenatal development and undergoes intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
2) Postnatally, the mandible grows at the condylar cartilage, posterior border of the ramus, and alveolar ridges. Growth occurs through remodeling and apposition of bone.
3) Mandibular growth is influenced by functional matrices like muscles and teeth which cause regional changes through resorption and displacement as the mandible grows in a downward and forward direction like an "expanding V".
This document discusses the correction of Class 3 skeletal problems using reverse pull headgear or facemasks. It begins by describing Class 3 malocclusions that are due to maxillary deficiency or mandibular excess. It then discusses the types and etiology of Class 3 malocclusions. Reasons for treating Class 3 issues are provided. The document focuses on describing reverse pull headgear and facemasks, including their definition, indications, components, types, force parameters, biomechanics, treatment completion indications, advantages, and effects.
The document discusses orthodontic diagnosis and the essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used. It describes the key components of clinical examination including case history, medical history, dental history, and physical examination of the head, face, lips, nose, and chin. Clinical examination aims to evaluate oral health and function, identify the nature of malocclusions, and determine which diagnostic records are needed for diagnosis and treatment planning.
This document provides information on headgear, including its components, principles of use, types, and applications in orthodontic treatment. Headgear delivers extraoral force from a cranial support to intraoral appliances. It consists of a facebow, force element, and head cap. Forces from headgear can distalize teeth and maxilla through different anchorage points. Types include cervical, occipital, and high pull headgear. Headgear is useful for orthopedic effects, anchorage reinforcement, molar distalization, and space maintenance.
The document summarizes theories of orthodontic tooth movement including the pressure-tension theory and bone-bending theory. It discusses how application of orthodontic forces leads to remodeling changes in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone through pressure and tension sites. Key signaling molecules that mediate the biological response to orthodontic forces are also summarized, including prostaglandins, cytokines, and growth factors that regulate bone resorption and formation during tooth movement.
The document discusses different types of digital graphics file formats including raster graphics, vector graphics, and various file format types for both raster and vector graphics. It provides definitions and examples of uses for common file formats like JPEG, TIFF, GIF, BMP, PSD, AI, FLA, and WMF. It also covers topics like compression, image capture methods, optimizing files, file size considerations, naming conventions, and asset management.
The document discusses redesigning homes using sustainable materials and technologies inspired by nature. It outlines problems with current construction practices such as high costs, pollution, and unreliability. The opportunity is the growing green homes market in South Africa. Asaduru aims to provide holistically green homes in Cape Town using rammed earth walls, efficient appliances, solar energy, wastewater treatment, and rainwater harvesting to be self-sufficient in water and energy. It has partnered with experts, completed trials, and is establishing itself in South Africa to be a one-stop-shop for clients through collaborations.
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Alba Vázquez Cerceda's favorite place is A Fervenza, located in O Corgo, Spain. A Fervenza is a calm, natural place along the Miño River where one can relax by walking among the big stones in the river when the water is low. The author enjoys exploring the forests and fields crossed by the river and seeing the typical plants and animals of Galicia. People often visit A Fervenza to relax from cities and can stay in rural houses in the area.
This document provides planning details for a digital graphic narrative project. It includes considerations for costs, available resources, quantity, audience, quality factors, codes of practice, regulations, copyright, ethical issues, and a production schedule. Health and safety risks like trip hazards, live power cables, liquids damaging technology, and eye strain from screens are also addressed, along with ways to prevent issues from occurring.
1. Comprehensive orthodontic treatment involves repositioning nearly all teeth to achieve an ideal occlusion. It is ideally done during adolescence when permanent teeth have erupted but growth remains.
2. Treatment involves 4 stages - alignment and leveling, correction of molar relationship and space closure, finishing, and retention.
3. The first stage, alignment and leveling, aims to align teeth and correct vertical discrepancies. This is done using round nickel-titanium wires which apply light continuous forces.
Este documento ofrece 10 consejos para criar hijos felices. Recomienda demostrar amor incondicional a través de caricias y cariños, mantener un buen clima familiar evitando discusiones frente a los niños, educar a través del diálogo y la confianza en lugar de amenazas, predicar con el ejemplo, compartir tiempo de calidad, aceptar la personalidad única del niño, enseñarle a valorar y respetar su entorno, evitar castigos y en su lugar ofrecer alternativas positivas, elogiar logros
This document discusses adolescence and the changes that occur during this period. It notes that adolescence is a time of hormonal adjustments, stress and strain, self-discovery, and exploring relationships with family, peers, and society. Some of the key issues adolescents face in India include not feeling comfortable talking to parents, cheating on exams, unwanted sexual demands on social media, smoking, watching porn, drinking alcohol, and playing mobile games excessively. The document also outlines biological and developmental changes during adolescence and some of the problems adolescents face like substance abuse, suicide, violence, and dealing with peer and family pressures.
Este documento presenta información sobre varias especies silvestres de Honduras, incluyendo el venado cola blanca, el manatí, el ara macao, el jaguar, la iguana y la guara verde. Describe sus características físicas, hábitat, alimentación, reproducción y ubicaciones dentro de Honduras.
This document provides a case study analysis of The New Indian Express, an English newspaper publishing company based in India. It discusses the company's history and split from The Indian Express. The summary analyzes the company's business performance, products, pricing, placements, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and competition. It concludes that the company needs to adopt strategic changes like renovating layouts, modifying content, and changing its marketing approach to adapt to the changing media landscape and increase revenues.
https://github.com/Alfresco/alfresco-ng2-components
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This document summarizes variability in the tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica). It describes the tree's morphology, origin in tropical Africa, and widespread cultivation. It discusses classification based on fruit size/shape, pulp color, and taste. Improved varieties from India with traits like high yield, early fruiting, and sweet pulp are outlined. Studies finding genetic variability among local genotypes from South India using molecular markers and morphological traits are summarized. The importance of identifying variability for the economically valuable and multi-purpose tamarind is noted.
An overview of the most commonly used sweeteners. Their use, characteristics and interesting facts. Przegląd najczęsciej używanych słodzików. Ich zastosowanie, charakterystyka oraz ciekawe fakty.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Postnatal development follows prenatal growth patterns, with rapid growth after birth, followed by steady growth and another growth spurt during adolescence. Growth curves for height and weight form an S-shape pattern. Gender affects the timing and extent of growth, with girls maturing faster than boys on average. Physiological maturation can advance without increasing size. Secondary sex characteristics emerge during puberty. Genetics, environment, nutrition, and health all influence postnatal development. Growth monitoring tracks development against standardized charts.
The document discusses the key differences between growth and development. It defines growth as a quantitative increase in body size, height, and weight, while development refers to qualitative changes that result in improved functioning. Growth mainly affects physical maturation and stops at maturity, whereas development is a continuous process from birth to death that includes physical, intellectual, emotional and social changes. The document also outlines several principles of development, including that it is a continuous process that follows an orderly pattern from general to specific responses and is influenced by both heredity and the environment.
This document provides an overview of growth and development, including key concepts and factors that influence physical growth. It discusses how growth occurs through differential rates in various parts of the body from embryology through adulthood. Growth spurts and the cephalo-caudal gradient of growth are described. Methods for studying and measuring growth longitudinally, cross-sectionally, and through craniometry, anthropometry, and cephalometric radiology are summarized.
Clinical and radiographic guidelines for prediction of growthDrAditiAcharya
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
CONCEPTS OF STUDYING GROWTH
METHODS OF STUDYING GROWTH
TYPES OF GROWTH DATA
METHODS OF GATHERING GROWTH DATA
METHODS OF STUDYING BONE GROWTH
VARIABLE AFFECTING PHYSICAL GROWTH
GROWTH ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS
VISUAL TREATMENT OBJECTIVES
COMPUTERIZED GROWTH FORECASTING
CONCLUSION
The document discusses growth and development from an orthodontic perspective. It covers several key points:
1. Growth involves increases in size, changes in proportions, and increasing complexity over time from embryological development through childhood, adolescence and adulthood.
2. Factors like heredity, nutrition, illness, socioeconomics, and environment can influence growth.
3. Growth occurs in rhythmic patterns with growth spurts, including one in early childhood and another during adolescence.
4. Understanding normal growth patterns, variability, and timing is important for orthodontic treatment planning and assessment.
Growth and development is a very important aspect of childcare. understanding growth and development enhances the ability of the child healthcare provider to properly attend to the needs of the children under his/her care. The concept of growth and development helps with early detection of both medical, social and psychological problems in a child. it makes for early intervention in child healthcare.
Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adulthood where the body undergoes immense physical, cognitive and psychological changes. It begins with the onset of puberty between ages 10-16, marked by growth spurts and development of secondary sexual characteristics. During this stage, adolescents experience hormonal changes driven by the hypothalamus and pituitary glands, along with cognitive advancements in thinking and psychosocial development of identity, independence and intimacy. Their health faces risks such as tobacco use, STIs, and mental health issues like suicide if poor habits are developed during this critical life phase.
This document discusses the general principles and factors affecting human development and maturation from birth through the lifespan. It describes development as a progressive process involving physical, cognitive, emotional, social and language changes influenced by both nature and nurture. Growth specifically refers to quantitative bodily changes driven by cellular processes. Maturation involves genetically programmed changes while learning comes from experience. Key factors discussed include genetic, nutritional, cultural, socioeconomic and environmental influences. The principles of cephalocaudal and proximodistal development as well as development proceeding from simple to complex tasks are also covered.
The document discusses physical development from infancy through early adolescence. It describes how infants develop motor skills through activities like tummy time and playing. It outlines physical changes in early childhood like losing baby fat and growing 2-3 inches per year. The document then details the significant physical changes that occur during early adolescence for both boys and girls, such as growth spurts, puberty, and developing secondary sex characteristics.
Growth and development involve increasing size and function from birth through adolescence. Key milestones include doubling birth weight by 5-6 months and tripling it by 1 year. Normal growth depends on adequate nutrition. Development proceeds from head to tail and center to extremities. Monitoring growth through measurements like weight, length, head circumference, and comparing to standards helps identify deviations from normal development.
Growth and development in children occurs in an orderly process defined by certain laws and principles. Growth refers to an increase in size due to cell multiplication and hypertrophy. It is assessed through anthropometric measurements like height, weight, head circumference etc. Development involves functional and physiological maturation and is influenced by prenatal, neonatal, social and protective factors. Both growth and development are unique for each child and follow cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns. Key milestones are used to evaluate motor, language, personal-social and other domains of development. Regular screening aids early detection of deviations from normal patterns.
Growth refers to increases in size and weight, while development describes qualitative changes that lead to improved functioning. There are seven principles of development: continuous development from birth to death, progression from general to specific changes, sequential changes like puberty following physical maturity, unique timing of changes in each individual, interrelated social, mental, and emotional development, interaction between heredity and environment, and interaction between maturation and learning. Development involves physical, intellectual, emotional, and social growth over one's lifetime.
Growth and development concept, theory and basicsSaeed Bajafar
This document provides definitions and concepts related to growth and development. It discusses:
- Ancient concepts of growth from texts like the Garbha Upanishad.
- Definitions of growth, development, and related terms from sources like Todd, Proffit, and Moyers.
- The patterns of growth including differential growth, the cephalocaudal gradient, and proportional changes.
- Factors that influence growth timing, rate and direction like genetics and environment.
- Major longitudinal growth studies that provide standards and norms for understanding craniofacial development.
This document provides information on assessing growth in children. It discusses the importance of growth assessment and outlines key parameters to measure like height, weight, head circumference, and skin fold thickness. The principles of growth and different growth patterns are explained. Normative growth charts and classifications of nutritional status are presented to interpret measurements and identify growth abnormalities. The document emphasizes the importance of serial measurements to evaluate growth velocity over time.
This document summarizes physical development from infancy through adulthood. It outlines key milestones in gross and fine motor skill development from 1 month to 5 years of age. It then discusses physical changes in adolescence, including the growth spurt and development of secondary sex characteristics. For adulthood, it notes that physical changes are relatively minor, involving potential muscle or fat changes from activity levels. It also outlines two principles of physical growth - cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (center to extremities). Finally, it lists 10 factors that can influence physical development, including heredity, environment, nutrition, exercise, hormones, and socioeconomic status.
The document provides information on growth and development in children for nurses. It defines growth and development, discusses the importance of understanding it for nursing care of children, and covers principles and factors that influence it. Growth refers to measurable physical changes while development encompasses increasing skills and abilities. Development includes psychosexual, psychosocial, moral and cognitive stages. Factors like genetics, environment, nutrition, and temperament impact growth and development. Nurses should understand normal patterns to detect abnormalities and provide appropriate care for children's needs.
Growth and development involves physical, mental, and emotional changes that occur from conception through adulthood. Physical growth includes increases in size and body proportions, while development refers to gaining skills and abilities. Maturation is the process of reaching physical and mental milestones that allow functioning in one's environment. Development follows cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (center of body outward) patterns, and occurs through critical periods. Physical measurements like weight, height, head circumference, and chest circumference are used to assess growth. Genetic and environmental factors like nutrition, illness, socioeconomic status, and prenatal environment influence development.
Similar to Growth Pattern Variability (Concepts of Growth & Development) - Orthodontics (20)
Pulpitis is inflammation of the dental pulp that is most commonly caused by dental caries. Left untreated, pulpitis can lead to pulp necrosis, periapical periodontitis, and tooth loss. The document describes the causes, clinical features, classifications, and management of pulpitis. Pulpitis causes severe, sharp pain that is difficult to relieve with analgesics and requires endodontic treatment or extraction.
This document provides an overview of amalgam restoration. It discusses the types of amalgam, tooth preparation requirements, and the general clinical technique. Key points include:
- Amalgam is a direct restorative material made of a silver-tin-copper alloy mixed with mercury.
- Tooth preparation for amalgam requires butt joint cavosurface margins of at least 90 degrees, 1.5-2mm minimum thickness, and mechanical retention features like undercuts.
- Placement involves applying a desensitizer, using a matrix if proximal, condensing the mixed amalgam into the cavity, carving, and finishing. Proper technique is important for strength and marginal seal.
There are three levels of orthodontic care: preventive, limited, and comprehensive. Preventive orthodontics aims to correct non-skeletal problems without tooth movement and includes space maintainers and extracting extra teeth. Limited orthodontics involves aligning no more than four teeth per arch using removable appliances or banding up to six teeth, such as for anterior crossbite correction. Comprehensive orthodontics is for skeletal correction and banding more than six teeth per arch, including the use of full fixed appliances, headgear, and surgery.
The document outlines 12 steps for diagnosing dental issues:
1. Take a thorough patient history to understand symptoms.
2. Take radiographs to identify issues like decay or fractures.
3. Tap teeth with a mirror to identify ones causing pain.
4. Palpate gums to detect swelling or drainage from infected teeth.
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Forces, moments, and couples are important design factors in orthodontic appliances. A force is a push or pull that can move an object, while a moment is the turning effect of a force around a pivot point like a tooth's center of resistance. Applying a couple, or two equal and opposite forces, can produce pure rotation without translation. The magnitude of a moment depends on the force applied and its distance from the center of resistance. Different moment-to-force ratios control the degree of tooth movement, from uncontrolled tipping to bodily movement to root torque. Wider brackets allow for larger moments and easier control of root position during space closure compared to narrow brackets.
This document discusses the treatment of class III malocclusions. It begins by defining class III malocclusions and describing the most common causes as either skeletal class III due to increased mandibular length or rare causes such as cleft palate or craniofacial syndromes. Treatment options discussed include functional appliances like FR-III, facemasks, and class III elastics attached to miniplates. Facemasks aim to protract the maxilla while functional appliances guide dental eruption. Class III elastics provide skeletal anchorage for correction. Factors like severity, growth remaining, and dentoalveolar compensation determine whether orthodontics alone or with orthognathic surgery is appropriate. Chin cups are discussed for treating
This document discusses odontogenic infections and deep fascial space infections of the head and neck. It begins by explaining how infections from teeth can erode bone and spread to adjacent tissues, causing infections in various fascial spaces depending on the location of the dental infection. It then defines fascial spaces and provides details on the pathophysiology of deep fascial space infections. The rest of the document discusses specific fascial spaces like the vestibular, buccal, submandibular, and retropharyngeal spaces that can become infected from dental infections in the maxilla or mandible. It provides anatomical diagrams and describes clinical signs of infections in each space. The document also covers complications like Ludwig's angina and ne
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Notes made in my Final Year of Bachelor in Dental Surgery from Subject Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. In this i have mentioned the 8 principles which are used in the treatment & prevention of odontogenic infection which are most common in dental practice. This documents is for professional dental undergraduates studying in their 4th year of BDS or DDS.
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2. Concepts of Growth & Development
•The term growth usually refers to an increase in size or number.
•The term development refer to an increase in complexity.
•It is increase in specialization with loss of potential.
•Growth is largely an anatomic phenomenon.
•Development is physiologic and behavioral.SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
3. Growth Pattern
•It is set of complex proportional relationships at a point in
time and the also the changes in these proportional
relationships over time.
•In other words, Arrangement of body at any one time is a
Pattern of Spatially Proportioned Parts. (1st Part of Definition)
•Changes in these Spatial Proportional Parts of Body is called
pattern of growth (2nd Part of Definition).
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
4. Cephalocaudal Gradient of Growth
•It refers to Growth of Body
extending from head towards
feet.
•means pehle jo head (cephalo) ke near structures honge
wo grow karenge then aahiste aahiste growth outward
hoti jayegi.
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
5. Cephalocaudal Gradient of Growth
• During prenatal growth, from conception to 5 months, the head grows more than the body.
• In humans, the head comprises almost 50% of total body length at approximately the 3rd
month of intrauterine development.
• At this stage Cranium is Large relative to Face
• By the time of birth the head has decreased to approximately 30% of total body length as a
result of the limbs and trunk growing faster than the head.
• At birth, legs represent about 1/3rd of total body length while in adult they represent half of
total body length.
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
6. Cephalocaudal
Gradient of Growth
• So here, pattern of growth is progressive
decrease in head and face.
• This trend continues postnatally along
an axis of increased growth from the
head to the feet.
• Finally, in adults, the head represents
approximately 12% of the body length.
• There is more growth of lower limbs
than upper limbs in post-natal life
Schematic representation of the changes in overall body proportions
during normal growth and development. After the third month of fetal
life, the proportion of total body size contributed by the head and face
steadily declines. (Redrawn from Robbins WJ, et al. Growth. New
Haven:Yale University Press; 1928.)
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
7. Differential Growth
Not all the tissues systems of body
grow at the same rate because they
are present in different various parts
of body and that’s why their growth
depends on growth of that part of
body…
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
8. Scammon’s Curve
• Graphic representation for
Differential growth which tells us that
each tissue grows at different rate.
• Growth of the neural tissues is nearly
complete by 6 or 7 years of age.
• Growth of general body tissues which
include muscles, bones & viscera
show “S shaped curve” have slow rate
of growth during childhood and
accelerated rate of growth during
puberty.
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
9. Pattern of Facial Growth
•As in general body, cephalo-caudal growth gradient is
also present in Head.
•At birth, the face and jaws are relatively underdeveloped
compared with their extent in the adult. As a result,
there is much more growth of facial than cranial
structures postnatally.
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
10. Predictability
•it means Repetition
•Predictability of growth pattern is a specific kind
of proportionality that exists at a particular time
and progresses towards another, at the next
time frame with slight variations.
•Change in growth pattern indicates some
alteration in the expected changes in body
proportions.
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
11. Pattern Also Repeat
•just like ap jaante ho har insan ke jo bones hain similar
tareeke se grow karenge means agar ap me maxilla ke
baaad ee mandible develope or grow ho raha hai jese ham
ooper parh ke aaye hain… wese ee aap predict (means
anooman) ker sakti hain ke dusre person me b same
tareeke se ee hoga means ke mandible maxilla ke baad
develop hogi. to is concept ko predictability kehte hain
means jo Pattern hain growth and development ke wo
predict kiye ja sakte hain.
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
13. Variability
•Generally speaking variability in biology is
defined as deviation from normal pattern of
growth.
•clinically we should able to decide, whether
individual is at the extreme end of normal
variation or he/she falls outside the normal
range before saying he/ she has abnormal
growth.
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
14. Variability
•Rather than saying growth is normal or abnormal, we should
think in terms of deviation from the usual pattern and express this
variability (deviation from usual pattern) quantitatively on growth
chart.
• In this chart child is evaluated relative to its peers.
•Normal variability is derived from large scale studies of groups
of children and is shown by solid line on graph for comparing.
• If the individual falls along the 50% of peers he/she will be at the mid of
line.
• If he/she falls along 90% of peers, he/she will be at the 90% line.
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
15. Variability
• It means child is at extremes of normal position if he/she is at least
above 97% of peers.
•If he/she falls along less than 90% of peers, he/she will be at
10% of line.
•So, for this reason, child’s growth should plot along
same percentage line at all ages to evaluate that child
over time.
•If the percentage position line of that person is changed, we
should suspect some growth abnormality has occurred.
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
17. Timing
•Variability in growth occurs in many
ways as under;
•From normal variation
•Influences outside normal experience
(serious illness)
•Timing
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
18. Timing
•As we see in our surroundings that same event of
growth happens for different persons at different
time.
•Some children grow and develop rapidly and mature
early while some children grow & develop slowly and
mature late
•So, this occurs because biological clocks of
different persons are set differently.
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
19. Timing
•Variation in growth and development occurring
because of timing are mostly seen in adolescence.
•All children undergo spurt of growth at adolescence but
spurt of growth occurs at different times in different
individuals.
•Spurt of growth; rapid rise in height & weight.
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
20. Timing
•In girls, onset of menstruation is excellent indicator of arrival
of sexual maturity accompanied by spurt of growth.
•Earlier the adolescence growth spurt occur the more intense
appears to be.
•Agar 2 baar aahin jara hikre me growth spurt sawer thyo aa be
be khan then jahin me sawer growth spurt thyo aa ooho baar
drigho theendo as compared to be je.
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI
21. Timing
•There are 2 methods of age measurement
•Chronological age
• Amount of time since birth or conception.
•Biological age or developmental age
• Gaining of various developmental markers or stages.
•Timing variability can be decreased by using biological age.
•Pattern is expressed at different time chronologically but not at
different times physiologically.
SARANG SURESH HOTCHANDANI