For Male And Female, Embryo development, And disorders.

1. Reproductive Endocrinology
Prepared by Noman Khattak, Yumna Ali, Phuong
Thao Ngo, Dl.Srikanth

2. The Endocrine System

3. Classification of Hormones
• Peptide Hormones
• Amino Acid Derivatives
• Steroid Hormones

4. The Male Reproductive System

5. Reproductive Hormonal Control
Male Female
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GC58kOcsx9U

6. The effects of rising androgens at puberty
•Skeletal muscle growth
•Lengthening and development of
the larynx/deepening of the voice
•Pubic hair and beard growth
•Sebaceous gland activity and
odorous sweat
•Thickened and pigmented skin
over external genitalia
•Increased size of the prostate,
seminal vesicles and epididymis
•Epiphyseal fusion and
termination of linear growth

7. • Sex determination, whereby
the bipotential gonad
becomes either the testis or
ovary; and Sex differentiation,
the male or female phenotype
that unfolds according to the
presence or absence of male
hormones from the testis.
At fertilization: • Spermatozoan with either an
X or a Y chromosome determines sex by fusing
with an X-bearing ovum
At ~4 weeks of development • Proliferation
of cells in the urogenital ridge creates the
bipotential gonad
At ~7 weeks of gestation (sex determination)
• 46,XY gonad becomes a testis • 46,XX gonad
remains as an ovary

9. Oogenesis begins in the fetal ovary
when, towards the end of the first
trimester, germ cells start entering
the first stage of meiosis and arrest
in prophase. Termed primary
oocytes, they are surrounded by a
layer of steroidproducing granulosa
cells as primordial follicles. There
are ~6–7 million primordial follicles
at 20 weeks of gestation, after
which their number declines
inexorably. At birth, there are ~2
million and by puberty only
300,000. Menopause marks the
depletion of all germ cells within the
ovaries

10. The growth of follicles is divided into two phases.
1. Pituitary Independent Phase (starting from the selection of pri.follicles until the formation of class 4
follicles)
2. Pituitary Dependent growth (Pit. Derives growth of follicles, under cavity grows bigger. Class 5 to onwards)
There are two important recruitment phases:
1. Primordial to Primary Selection
2. From class 4-5 (choose only one dominent
follicles)

12. THE OVARIAN FUNCTION
Aromatase: is allowed to correct
amount of estrogen in the body and
build a good intervel between the
cycle.

13. Endocrine System Disorders With Female
Reproduction
The endocrine system is responsible for a number of disorders affecting the female reproduction
system.
Causes
Some conditions affecting female reproduction are caused by endocrine disorders. There are several other
causes that can manipulate the endocrine system in a way to create problems with female reproduction
including:
• Obesity
• Thyroid disorders
• Adrenal hyperplasia
• Tumors in the pituitary gland
Symptoms
• Growth delay
• Short statue
• Delayed sexual development
• Early onset of menopause
• Excessive hairiness
• Missed or irregular periods
• Infertility
Types
Amenorrhea
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Hirsutism
Turner syndrome
Premature ovarian failure

14. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most
common endocrinopathy affecting women
and a leading cause of female infertility
worldwide.
PCOS represents a state of hormonal
dysregulation
Causes
The exact cause of PCOS isn't known. Factors that
might play a role include:
• Excess insulin.
• Low-grade inflammation.
• Heredity.
• Excess androgen.

16. Pathogenesis of PCOS

17. DISORDERS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Gynecomastia
• The increase in breast tissue in a man is referred to as
gynecomastia.
• This can occur during puberty and resolve on its own.
• Gynecomastia can also be due to medications,
hypogonadism, thyroid disease, malnutrition, testicular
cancers, adrenal cancers, liver disease or kidney disease.
• The cause of the gynecomastia is usually determined by
physical exam, history and blood tests.
• Additional testing may include testicular ultrasounds or CT
scan.

18. Hypogonadism
• Hypogonadism refers to the decreased production of testosterone.
This can result from the pituitary gland (master gland in the brain for
hormone production) not stimulating the testicles to make
testosterone or the failure of the testicles to produce adequate
testosterone.
• When testosterone levels are low, men can experience decreased
libido (sex drive), erectile dysfunction, decreased energy, decreased
muscle mass and thinning of the bones.
• Testicle size may also decrease and sperm count decrease.
• Blood testing is done to diagnose hypogonadism and determine the
cause. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the pituitary or
testicular biopsy may be needed in some cases.
• Testosterone when low can be replaced by injection, patches or
topical gels

19. THE END