This document discusses toxicity testing and provides details about various toxicity studies. It explains that toxicity testing involves observing adverse effects of chemicals in living organisms. It then describes different types of toxicity studies including acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic, chronic, and carcinogenicity studies. The document provides details about parameters evaluated in acute and chronic toxicity studies such as dosage, duration, symptoms observed, and endpoints. It also discusses alternative methods to traditional animal testing and guidelines for reporting toxicity study results.
This presentation is about toxic effects of different drugs and also how to reduce to its effect.
I hope you will like it,,
Don't forget to remember in your precious Dua,,
This presentation is about toxic effects of different drugs and also how to reduce to its effect.
I hope you will like it,,
Don't forget to remember in your precious Dua,,
The guidelines describe about the subacute toxicity studies in rodents with a comparison with the previous guideline.it also includes the comparison of all three subacute toxicity studies OECD 407, OECD 410, and OECD 412
The guidelines describe about the subacute toxicity studies in rodents with a comparison with the previous guideline.it also includes the comparison of all three subacute toxicity studies OECD 407, OECD 410, and OECD 412
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. Toxicology
Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that
occur in living organisms due to chemicals.
It involves observing and reporting symptoms, mechanisms,
detection and treatments of toxic substances, in particular
relation to poisoning of humans.
4. Acute Toxicity
Acute toxicity studies are conducted to determine the short-term
adverse effects of drug when administered in a single dose, or in
multiple doses during a period of 24 h in two mammalian species (one
non-rodent).
5. Acute Toxicity Symptoms
Altered Respiration
Weight loss
Muscle spasm
Salvation
Convulsion
Diarrhea
Loss of righting reflex
Tremor
Lacrimation
6. WHAT IS LD50 ?
LD50 represents the individual dose required to kill 50%
of a population of test animals.
It is an index determination of medicine and poison's
virulence.
Lower the LD 50 dose, the more toxic the pesticide.
7. WHAT is LC50?
The concentrations of the chemical in air that kills 50% of
the test animals during the observation period is the LC50
value..
Other durations of exposure (versus the traditional 4
hours) may apply depending on specific laws.
12. Methods to Determine LD50
Karber's method
Miller and Tainter method
Lorke's method
Fixed dose method
UP and down method
13. A humane endpoint can be defined as the earliest indicator
in an animal experiment of severe pain, severe distress,
suffering, or impending death.
OECD Test Guidelines do not require death as an endpoint.
Animals humanely killed during the test will be regarded as
dosage-dependent deaths.
Three alternative test methods (Guidelines 420, 423,
and 425) to the traditional acute oral toxicity test have
been adopted by the OECD. One of these, the Fixed Dose
Procedure (Guideline 420).
14.
15. In vitro (test tube) test methods and models based on human cell and
tissue culture.
Computerized patient-drug databases and virtual drug trials.
Computer models and simulations.
Stem cell and genetic testing methods.
Non-invasive imaging techniques such as MRI and CT Scans.
Microdosing (in which humans are given very low quantities of a drug to
test the effects on the body on the cellular level, without affecting the
whole body system).
Alternative approaches
16.
17. Design of Acute Toxicity
14 days study.
Study on at least two species.
One rodent -mice/rat. One non rodent-usually rabbit.
Dose administered orally & parenterally. Various dose
levels to groups of both sexes.
Dose selection such that causing than less than 50% but
not 0% and more than 50% but not 100% mortality.
18. Advantages
Reproducible procedure.
Causes less suffering to the animals.
Uses only moderately toxic doses, doses expected to be
lethal should be avoided.
Uses fewer animals
22. Limitations
Indicated that all are likely to perform poorly for chemicals
with shallow dose-response slopes Because Guideline 420
uses evident toxicity as an endpoint instead of death.
Unusually test substances may cause delayed deaths (5
days or more after test substance administration) mostly
in case of 425
23. Chronic Toxicity
Chronic toxicity is the toxicity produced by a chemical or
pharmaceutical when it is exposed in long term (6-12
months)
24. The main objective are:
The identification of the chronic toxicity of a chemical
The identification of target organs
Characterization of the dose-response relationship
Identification of a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL).
The prediction of chronic toxicity effects at human exposure levels
Provision of data to test hypotheses regarding mode of action
25. The original Guideline 452 was adopted in 1981.
After revision it was adopted in 7 September 2009.
The updating of TG 452 has been carried out in parallel with
revisions of the Test Guidelines 451 (Carcinogenicity Studies) and
453 (Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity studies) with the
objective of obtaining additional information from the animals used
in the study and providing further detail on dose selection.
This Test Guideline is designed to be used in the testing of a broad
range of chemicals, including pesticides and industrial chemicals
26.
27. Description of Methods:
Animals in each group:
Rodents: Rats, mice (M & F-20 animal each sex)
Non Rodents-(M & F- 4 animal each sex)
The females should be nulliparous and non-pregnant.
Housing: In India, As per CPCSEA guideline (22°C (+ 3°C), 50-60% RH,
12 h light-dark cycle, feed with standard laboratory diet with water at
libitum).
Preparation of Animals: The animals are randomly selected (weight
variation <20%), marked and acclimatize for at least 7 days prior to the
start of dosing to avoiding any stress.
28. Dose level: Dose levels will generally based on the results of shorter
term repeated dose or range finding studies. 3 dose level (2-4 fold
interval) will used with an one control (vehicle control) group.
Control group- vehicle treated
Low dose level
Mid dose level
Higher dose level </= evident toxic dose and not more than 1000 mg/kg
Dose preparation: oral, via gavage (10ml/kg), food or drinking water
Vehicle: Water/corn oil
29. Test substance:
physical nature, purity, and physicochemical properties;
identification data;
Source of substance;
batch number;
certificate of chemical analysis
Vehicle (if appropriate): justification for choice of vehicle (if other than
water).
Test Report
30. Test animals:
species/strain used and justification for choice made;
number, age, and sex of animals at start of test;
Source, housing conditions, diet, etc.
individual weights of animals at the start of the test.
Test conditions:
rationale for route of administration and dose selection;
when applicable, the statistical methods used to analyse the data;
details of test substance formulation/diet preparation:
Test Report
31. Test conditions:
analytical data on achieved concentration, stability and homogeneity of
the preparation
route of administration and details of the administration of the test
substance;
for inhalation studies, whether nose only or whole body;
actual doses (mg/kg body weight/day), and conversion factor from
diet/drinking water test substance concentration (mg/kg or ppm) to
the actual dose, if applicable:
details of food and water quality.
Test Report
32. Results:
survival data;
body weight/body weight changes;
food consumption, and water consumption if applicable;
toxic response data by sex and dose level, including signs of toxicity;
nature, incidence (and, if scored, severity), and duration of clinical
observations (whether transitory or permanent);
ophthalmological examination;
haematological tests;
Test Report
33. Results:
clinical biochemistry tests;
Urine analysis tests;
outcome of any investigations of neurotoxicity or immunotoxicity
terminal body weight;
organ weights (and their ratios, if applicable);
necropsy findings:
detailed description of all treatment-related histopathological findings:
Absorption data if available;
Statistical treatment of results, as appropriate
Test Report
34. Discussion of results including:
Dose - response relationships
Consideration of any mode of action information
Discussion of any modelling approaches
BMD, NOAEL or LOAEL determination
Historical control data
Relevance for humans
Conclusion
Test Report
