Wuchereria Bancrofti, the adult worm or parasites and its embryo microfilariae . The studies of microbiology. Its about Introduction, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
Malaria is an infectious disease which is caused by species of the Plasmodium parasite. It is caused by the bite of the infected mosquito (female anopheles). The species which cause infection in humans include Plasmodium Vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium falciparum. This test is done to detect the presence of malarial parasite in the blood.
Reference: https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/peripheral-smear-for-malaria-2228
Wuchereria Bancrofti, the adult worm or parasites and its embryo microfilariae . The studies of microbiology. Its about Introduction, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
Malaria is an infectious disease which is caused by species of the Plasmodium parasite. It is caused by the bite of the infected mosquito (female anopheles). The species which cause infection in humans include Plasmodium Vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium falciparum. This test is done to detect the presence of malarial parasite in the blood.
Reference: https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/peripheral-smear-for-malaria-2228
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
Case Presentation : Severe Dengue With Menstruation and Plasma Leakage Soroy Lardo
One Case Report Severe Dengue actually has networking immunophatogenesis and field condition of manifestasion. There are correlation cilinical history with ascites and lymphositosi atipical
Plasmodium's Deadly Tango: A Microscopic Thriller
Imagine a tiny dancer pirouetting through your blood, causing chaos inside your cells. That's Plasmodium, the malaria parasite, in a nutshell. Here's its life cycle in a quick spin:
Act 1: Mosquito Maestro: Plasmodium chills in a mosquito's gut, multiplying like crazy.
Act 2: Liver Invasion: The parasites storm your liver, transforming into hungry blobs.
Act 3: Bloodshed Ballet: They invade your red blood cells, feasting and multiplying, making you feel rotten.
Act 4: Game of Chance: Some parasites turn into sexual partners, waiting for a mosquito's return.
Act 5: Mosquito Encore: When bitten again, the partners tango in the mosquito, creating thousands of baby Plasmodiums, ready to start the dance all over again.
This microscopic thriller highlights the cunning parasite's cycle and the ongoing fight to disrupt its deadly rhythm. Remember, understanding its moves is key to winning the battle against malaria!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. • Malaria is the mosquito born infectious disease of human.
Malaria is caused by a parasite that is passed from one
human to another by the bite of
infected Anopheles mosquitoes. After infection, the parasites
(called sporozoites) travel through the bloodstream to the liver,
where they mature and release another form, the merozoites.
which introduces the protists via its saliva into the circulatory
system, and ultimately to the liver where they mature and
reproduce. The disease causes symptoms that typically
include fever and headache, which in severe cases can
progress to coma or death.
4. • Malaria parasite
The Parasite which cause malaria in man and other
animals belong to -
Class:- Sporozoa
Suborder:- Hemosporidia
Genus:- Plasmodium
Most common species found in man are :-
1. Plasmodium Vivax
2. Plasmodium Falciparum
3. Plasmodium Malariae
4. Plasmodium ovale
6. • Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human
pathogen. The most frequent and widely distributed
cause of recurring (Benign tertian)malaria, P. vivax is one
of the six species of malarial parasite that commonly
infect humans. It is less virulent than Plasmodium
falciparum, which is the deadliest of the six, and is
seldom fatal. P. vivax is carried by the female Anopheles
mosquito, since it is only the female of the species that
bites
7. • Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite, one of
the species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in
humans. It is transmitted by the female Anopheles
mosquito. Malaria caused by this species is the most
dangerous form of malaria, with the highest rates of
complications and mortality
8. • Plasmodium malariae is a parasitic protozoa that causes
malaria in humans. It is closely related to Plasmodium
falciparum and Plasmodium vivax which are responsible
for most malarial infection. While found worldwide, it is a
so-called "benign malaria" and is not nearly as
dangerous as that produced by P. falciparum or P. vivax.
P. malariae causes fevers that recur at approximately
three-day intervals (a quartan fever), longer than the two-
day (tertian) intervals of the other malarial parasites,
hence its alternate names quartan fever and quartan
malaria.
9. • Plasmodium ovale is a species of parasitic protozoa that
causes tertian malaria in humans. It is closely related to
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, which
are responsible for most malaria. It is rare compared to
these two parasites, and substantially less dangerous
than P. falciparum.
12. • Intermediate host : human
• Final host : mosquito
• Infective stage : sporozoite
• Infective way : mosquito bite skin of human
• Parasitic position : liver and red blood cells
• Transmitted stage : gametocytes
• Schizogonic cycle in red cells : 48 hrs/P.v
• Sporozoite : tachysporozite and bradysporozite
13.
14.
15. Blood Film Examination
Thick and thin blood films (or “smears”) have remained
the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria. The films
are stained and examined by microscopy.
Thick blood film - Used for detecting malaria: a larger
volume of blood is examined allowing detection of even
low levels of parasitaemia. Also used for determining
parasite density and monitoring the response to
treatment.
Thin blood film – Gives more information about the
parasite morphology and, therefore, is used to identify
the particular infecting species of Plasmodium
