This document summarizes a research paper about how governments and international organizations in sub-Saharan Africa are using visual images to educate people and change behaviors regarding health issues. It discusses the major health disparities in the region such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, lack of access to healthcare, and cultural practices like female genital mutilation and child marriage. The importance of using images in billboards, posters, photos and illustrations to enlighten, encourage, create awareness, illustrate important health information, sensitize communities and discourage harmful individual behaviors is explained. Specific examples of visual materials addressing issues like breastfeeding, family planning, sanitation, and discouraging illicit brew consumption are also provided.
This document provides facts and information about global poverty. Some key points:
- Over 1 billion people live on less than $1.25 per day. Poverty causes millions of child deaths annually from preventable issues like malnutrition.
- The major causes of poverty include lack of access to healthcare, education, water and sanitation. Poverty disproportionately impacts women and children.
- Rapid population growth, low agricultural productivity, unemployment and lack of economic development are cited as leading causes of poverty. Poverty reduction strategies focus on increasing access to basic needs, income generation opportunities, and reversing factors like "brain drain".
This document discusses malnutrition in India and proposes solutions. It is a presentation by a team of 5 students from NIT Agartala on the topic of malnutrition. The document outlines that malnutrition affects over 800 million people worldwide, kills and disables children, and has economic costs. It discusses the cycle of poverty, illness, and malnutrition. The challenges section proposes mainstreaming nutrition into development policies, improving food security and quality, and preventing micronutrient deficiencies. The solutions proposed focus on privatization, awareness campaigns, public-private partnerships in agriculture, and government policies without middlemen.
The document discusses maternal and child health challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. It provides background information on Africa and outlines the problem statement of high rates of maternal and child mortality. Over 289,000 women died in 2013 due to pregnancy complications and 6.3 million children under age 5 died. The main contributing factors are discussed as poor health infrastructure, lack of access to services, and infectious diseases. The document also summarizes global actions taken like the Millennium Development Goals and progress made with a 45% reduction in maternal deaths and 49% reduction in under-5 mortality, though rates remain high in Sub-Saharan Africa. It concludes with an update on the Ebola epidemic in West Africa.
The State of the World's Children 2009 examines critical issues in maternal and newborn health, underscoring the need to establish a comprehensive continuum of care for mothers, newborns and children. The report outlines the latest paradigms in health programming and policies for mothers and newborns, and explores policies, programmes and partnerships aimed at improving maternal and neonatal health. Africa and Asia are a key focus for this report, which complements the previous year's issue on child survival.
The United Nations was founded in 1945 to replace the ineffective League of Nations and focus on global peace and security. The UN works to keep peace, provide humanitarian aid during emergencies, fight poverty through development projects, protect the environment, and improve health and education. UNICEF was founded a year after the UN to focus on women's and children's well-being. UNICEF aims to achieve universal primary education and reduce child mortality, maternal mortality, and the spread of diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria.
The document provides background information on malnutrition in Ethiopia, specifically in children under two years of age in the Amhara region. Malnutrition rates are high, with over 50% of children stunted. The first 1000 days of life, including pregnancy and the first two years, are critical for child growth and development. Interventions need to focus on improving nutrition, health services, food security, and feeding practices during this critical window. Teams will develop a five-year, $2 million proposal to address malnutrition in children under two through strategies that are evidence-based, feasible, and culturally appropriate. The proposal must outline objectives, strategies, budget, timeline and plans for sustainability and monitoring.
LIFESTYLES AND NCDS IN UGANDA - ROLE OF SCHOOL HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMMES IN...Pascal Olinga
Lifestyle factors contribute significantly to the high prevalence of non-communicable diseases in Uganda. Unhealthy behaviors like heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco use, poor diets, sedentary lifestyles, and certain sexual practices have been linked to increased risk of diseases. Motor vehicle accidents have also risen substantially due to greater automobile usage. School health programs can play an important role in educating the public about risk factors and promoting healthier choices to control the growing burden of non-communicable diseases in Uganda.
2017 Statewide Case Competition: Team 10 - Second Place (UA)Andrea Thomas
This document proposes a community-based solution to reduce stunting and malnutrition in Amhara children in Ethiopia over 5 years. It identifies key issues like maternal malnutrition, infant undernutrition, and lack of clean water. The solution has three main attack points: 1) building maternal homes to address maternal malnutrition, 2) developing an infant staple food to combat undernutrition from 6-24 months, and 3) installing WarkaWater devices for a sustainable source of clean water. The budget outlines costs of $2 million over 5 years to implement maternal homes, supplements, transportation, healthcare workers, and Warkawater devices. The expectation is this comprehensive approach will decrease disease and malnutrition while increasing health awareness.
This document provides facts and information about global poverty. Some key points:
- Over 1 billion people live on less than $1.25 per day. Poverty causes millions of child deaths annually from preventable issues like malnutrition.
- The major causes of poverty include lack of access to healthcare, education, water and sanitation. Poverty disproportionately impacts women and children.
- Rapid population growth, low agricultural productivity, unemployment and lack of economic development are cited as leading causes of poverty. Poverty reduction strategies focus on increasing access to basic needs, income generation opportunities, and reversing factors like "brain drain".
This document discusses malnutrition in India and proposes solutions. It is a presentation by a team of 5 students from NIT Agartala on the topic of malnutrition. The document outlines that malnutrition affects over 800 million people worldwide, kills and disables children, and has economic costs. It discusses the cycle of poverty, illness, and malnutrition. The challenges section proposes mainstreaming nutrition into development policies, improving food security and quality, and preventing micronutrient deficiencies. The solutions proposed focus on privatization, awareness campaigns, public-private partnerships in agriculture, and government policies without middlemen.
The document discusses maternal and child health challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. It provides background information on Africa and outlines the problem statement of high rates of maternal and child mortality. Over 289,000 women died in 2013 due to pregnancy complications and 6.3 million children under age 5 died. The main contributing factors are discussed as poor health infrastructure, lack of access to services, and infectious diseases. The document also summarizes global actions taken like the Millennium Development Goals and progress made with a 45% reduction in maternal deaths and 49% reduction in under-5 mortality, though rates remain high in Sub-Saharan Africa. It concludes with an update on the Ebola epidemic in West Africa.
The State of the World's Children 2009 examines critical issues in maternal and newborn health, underscoring the need to establish a comprehensive continuum of care for mothers, newborns and children. The report outlines the latest paradigms in health programming and policies for mothers and newborns, and explores policies, programmes and partnerships aimed at improving maternal and neonatal health. Africa and Asia are a key focus for this report, which complements the previous year's issue on child survival.
The United Nations was founded in 1945 to replace the ineffective League of Nations and focus on global peace and security. The UN works to keep peace, provide humanitarian aid during emergencies, fight poverty through development projects, protect the environment, and improve health and education. UNICEF was founded a year after the UN to focus on women's and children's well-being. UNICEF aims to achieve universal primary education and reduce child mortality, maternal mortality, and the spread of diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria.
The document provides background information on malnutrition in Ethiopia, specifically in children under two years of age in the Amhara region. Malnutrition rates are high, with over 50% of children stunted. The first 1000 days of life, including pregnancy and the first two years, are critical for child growth and development. Interventions need to focus on improving nutrition, health services, food security, and feeding practices during this critical window. Teams will develop a five-year, $2 million proposal to address malnutrition in children under two through strategies that are evidence-based, feasible, and culturally appropriate. The proposal must outline objectives, strategies, budget, timeline and plans for sustainability and monitoring.
LIFESTYLES AND NCDS IN UGANDA - ROLE OF SCHOOL HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMMES IN...Pascal Olinga
Lifestyle factors contribute significantly to the high prevalence of non-communicable diseases in Uganda. Unhealthy behaviors like heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco use, poor diets, sedentary lifestyles, and certain sexual practices have been linked to increased risk of diseases. Motor vehicle accidents have also risen substantially due to greater automobile usage. School health programs can play an important role in educating the public about risk factors and promoting healthier choices to control the growing burden of non-communicable diseases in Uganda.
2017 Statewide Case Competition: Team 10 - Second Place (UA)Andrea Thomas
This document proposes a community-based solution to reduce stunting and malnutrition in Amhara children in Ethiopia over 5 years. It identifies key issues like maternal malnutrition, infant undernutrition, and lack of clean water. The solution has three main attack points: 1) building maternal homes to address maternal malnutrition, 2) developing an infant staple food to combat undernutrition from 6-24 months, and 3) installing WarkaWater devices for a sustainable source of clean water. The budget outlines costs of $2 million over 5 years to implement maternal homes, supplements, transportation, healthcare workers, and Warkawater devices. The expectation is this comprehensive approach will decrease disease and malnutrition while increasing health awareness.
The document summarizes the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for the Dominican Republic across several areas:
Gender Inequality - Women face high levels of discrimination and violence, and make up only 20% of parliamentarians.
Universal Education - Less than 40% of the population has completed primary education, and poverty prevents many children from succeeding in school.
Child Health - Teen pregnancy is a major issue, and most child mortality occurs during the neonatal period. Focus is needed on pre- and post-natal care.
Global Partnership - The country has a free trade agreement with the US but also serves as a drug trafficking hub in South America.
Ending Poverty
Millenium Development Goal in Dominican Republictenzy94
The document summarizes the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for the Dominican Republic across several areas:
Gender Inequality - Women face high levels of discrimination and violence, and are underrepresented in parliament.
Universal Education - While primary education completion rates are high, secondary and tertiary education access depends on socioeconomic status.
Child Health - Teen pregnancy is a major issue, and most child deaths occur during the neonatal period. Improving prenatal and postnatal care is important.
The document provides statistics and goals for each area, noting challenges like poverty, lack of infrastructure and education that must be addressed to achieve the MDGs.
The document discusses several priority health problems faced by adolescents in Nigeria, with a focus on sexual and reproductive health issues. It outlines key issues such as child marriage, adolescent pregnancy, female genital cutting, sexual violence, and HIV/AIDS. For each issue, it provides background data on prevalence in Nigeria, common drivers, health impacts, and actions taken to address the problems, citing guidelines from WHO and progress on global and national targets.
Three key points from the document:
1) Children in Yemen face severe malnutrition and lack access to adequate food, with the average household consuming significantly less grains, meat, and eggs compared to previous monitoring periods. Over 45% of households reported family members going to bed hungry.
2) Child protection is a major concern, with over 38% of children afraid to play outside due to non-political murder cases increasing fear. This number rose sharply in Hodeida where 55% of children now feel afraid.
3) Basic indicators of food security and nutrition for Yemen's children are alarmingly low and deteriorating further, with protein intake for children under 5 almost non-existent in rural areas. The humanitarian crisis
This document summarizes a research study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of reproductive age women regarding antenatal care services at Dr. Khalid MCH in Hargeisa, Somaliland. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design and questionnaire to collect data from 112 women. The results found that most women (66.2%) had good knowledge of antenatal care services, while 20% had poor knowledge. Most respondents (72.3%) had a positive attitude, while 23.4% had a negative attitude. The study concludes that health workers should provide more information to women on the benefits of antenatal care and community programs are needed to improve attitudes.
The main issues affecting children globally according to the document are child poverty, material deprivation, and lack of opportunities for healthy development. Child poverty is damaging to children's mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual development and inhibits their potential. Rates of child poverty vary by region. A life cycle approach is useful for understanding age-specific vulnerabilities and targeting interventions to improve outcomes for children at different stages of development, from in utero to adolescence. Key vulnerabilities faced by children include poor nutrition, lack of health services, inadequate sanitation and education opportunities, and HIV/AIDS.
Haiti has a long history of poverty and political instability which has negatively impacted the health of its population. The majority live in poverty and have limited access to basic necessities. The public health system is underfunded and only reaches about 60% of people. Key health issues include malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, and waterborne illnesses which disproportionately affect children and cause high rates of mortality. International aid has been provided but with inconsistent results due to governance challenges.
Haiti has a long history of poverty and political instability which has negatively impacted the health of its population. The public health system reaches only 60% of people and spends very little (0.8-1% of GDP) on health. Many health problems are prevalent, including malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, and diarrhea. International aid totaling over $5 billion since 1990 has supported food and health programs, but Haiti remains desperately poor with high rates of poverty, disease, and malnutrition.
UNICEF works to address several key issues impacting child survival globally: early childhood development, HIV/AIDS, nutrition, and water/sanitation/hygiene. UNICEF advocates for children's rights, helps meet basic needs, and allows children to reach their full potential. It also focuses on the most disadvantaged children in emergencies or living in extreme poverty, war, or facing disabilities. UNICEF collaborates with partners to achieve goals like eliminating vitamin A and iodine deficiencies and works with communities to empower them to find solutions to problems like malnutrition.
The document discusses the impact of HIV/AIDS on children worldwide. It states that over 2.5 million children under 15 are living with HIV/AIDS globally and 500,000 children died of AIDS in 2003 alone. Children are often infected through mother-to-child transmission or made vulnerable due to poverty, lack of education and sexual exploitation. The document advocates for educating people on HIV/AIDS to reduce stigma and promote prevention and treatment efforts that can help infected children.
Aids is the second leading cause of death in Africa, with 17 million people having died so far and another 25 million estimated to follow. 8.8% of adults in Africa are infected with HIV/AIDS, with Africa accounting for 60% of the world's cases. Children have been heavily impacted, with 3.3 million African children having died of AIDS and 200 babies born with HIV daily in South Africa. Treatment efforts have fallen short of needs, with only half of the $10 billion donated in 2007 going towards HIV/AIDS care in Africa.
Over 60% of girls in the Rukungiri District of Uganda miss at least one day of school per month due to lack of access to feminine hygiene products and sanitary facilities. As the new Global Advocacy Adviser for Girls Empowered International, you have been tasked with developing a 5-year, $2 million proposal to address this issue. Your proposal must include objectives, strategies, budgets, timelines, and plans for sustainability, education, product distribution, and addressing cultural stigma. It should leverage local partnerships and resources to create an intervention that is effective, culturally appropriate, and feasible for improving menstrual health and education in the Rukungiri District.
The document summarizes the eight Millennium Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2000:
1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by reducing poverty and hunger rates by half.
2) Achieve universal primary education by ensuring all boys and girls complete primary school.
3) Promote gender equality and empower women through increasing literacy rates and education levels for women and girls.
4) Reduce child mortality by reducing death rates of children under five from preventable causes like diarrhea, malaria, and pneumonia.
5) Improve maternal health by reducing maternal mortality rates and ensuring access to medical care and services during pregnancy and childbirth.
6) Combat HIV/AIDS,
Impoverished countries are more vulnerable to diseases and natural disasters for several reasons:
1) Poverty forces people to live in hazardous areas with poor housing, sanitation and healthcare access, increasing exposure to diseases and the impacts of disasters.
2) Malnutrition and lack of access to clean water and healthcare weakens immune systems and the ability to manage diseases.
3) Following disasters, inadequate resources to address conditions in displacement camps can enable disease outbreaks, as occurred with cholera in Haiti.
This document discusses social entrepreneurship and its effects on development. It also provides facts about malaria, including that it kills over 1 million people per year mostly in Africa. Young children, pregnant women, and those with HIV/AIDS are most at risk from malaria. Several organizations work to fight malaria through prevention and control programs in Africa, Asia, and South America.
HIV and AIDS are very effective in Africa for several reasons. Africa has a much higher rate of HIV/AIDS infections than other parts of the world. Some key factors contributing to this are lack of education programs, poverty, and cultural practices. Over 25 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are living with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 70% of global infections. People have underestimated how devastating AIDS has been in Africa, with millions of deaths each year from HIV/AIDS and related illnesses.
Lectures note on reproductive health: parte one -Neonatal and Child Healthelsawzgood
This document discusses child health problems and services in Ethiopia. It begins by defining newborns, children, and child health. It then outlines the major causes of child mortality globally and in Ethiopia, including preterm birth, pneumonia, diarrhea, malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, and lack of access to vaccination. It also discusses risk factors like low birth weight, environmental impacts like water and sanitation, and poverty. The document concludes by outlining Ethiopia's national strategy to reduce under-5 mortality and infant mortality by 2020 through improved newborn and child health services focused on equity, community engagement, and evidence-based interventions.
Introduction to MNCH in the Tropicsslides.pptxhellenmuringi
This document provides an overview of a course on tropical pediatrics and maternal health. It discusses key topics like the burden of infectious diseases in tropical regions, challenges in tropical pediatrics, neonatal and maternal mortality facts, common pediatric morbidities, objectives of maternal health, and the MNCH situation in Kenya. It outlines interventions for pediatric and maternal health in Kenya and concludes that despite various programs, more targeted, evidence-based efforts are needed at the local level for Kenya to achieve UN SDG targets.
This document provides an introduction to midwifery through history and modern practice. It discusses how midwifery originated as an unregulated female profession and was formalized differently during ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman eras. Modern midwifery is defined as skilled care for childbearing women and families by educated, licensed professionals. Midwives can provide most maternity care needs but account for less than 10% of the global workforce, with over 900,000 additional midwives needed globally. Maternal mortality remains high in developing countries due to lack of access to modern healthcare and midwives.
The document summarizes the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for the Dominican Republic across several areas:
Gender Inequality - Women face high levels of discrimination and violence, and make up only 20% of parliamentarians.
Universal Education - Less than 40% of the population has completed primary education, and poverty prevents many children from succeeding in school.
Child Health - Teen pregnancy is a major issue, and most child mortality occurs during the neonatal period. Focus is needed on pre- and post-natal care.
Global Partnership - The country has a free trade agreement with the US but also serves as a drug trafficking hub in South America.
Ending Poverty
Millenium Development Goal in Dominican Republictenzy94
The document summarizes the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for the Dominican Republic across several areas:
Gender Inequality - Women face high levels of discrimination and violence, and are underrepresented in parliament.
Universal Education - While primary education completion rates are high, secondary and tertiary education access depends on socioeconomic status.
Child Health - Teen pregnancy is a major issue, and most child deaths occur during the neonatal period. Improving prenatal and postnatal care is important.
The document provides statistics and goals for each area, noting challenges like poverty, lack of infrastructure and education that must be addressed to achieve the MDGs.
The document discusses several priority health problems faced by adolescents in Nigeria, with a focus on sexual and reproductive health issues. It outlines key issues such as child marriage, adolescent pregnancy, female genital cutting, sexual violence, and HIV/AIDS. For each issue, it provides background data on prevalence in Nigeria, common drivers, health impacts, and actions taken to address the problems, citing guidelines from WHO and progress on global and national targets.
Three key points from the document:
1) Children in Yemen face severe malnutrition and lack access to adequate food, with the average household consuming significantly less grains, meat, and eggs compared to previous monitoring periods. Over 45% of households reported family members going to bed hungry.
2) Child protection is a major concern, with over 38% of children afraid to play outside due to non-political murder cases increasing fear. This number rose sharply in Hodeida where 55% of children now feel afraid.
3) Basic indicators of food security and nutrition for Yemen's children are alarmingly low and deteriorating further, with protein intake for children under 5 almost non-existent in rural areas. The humanitarian crisis
This document summarizes a research study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of reproductive age women regarding antenatal care services at Dr. Khalid MCH in Hargeisa, Somaliland. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design and questionnaire to collect data from 112 women. The results found that most women (66.2%) had good knowledge of antenatal care services, while 20% had poor knowledge. Most respondents (72.3%) had a positive attitude, while 23.4% had a negative attitude. The study concludes that health workers should provide more information to women on the benefits of antenatal care and community programs are needed to improve attitudes.
The main issues affecting children globally according to the document are child poverty, material deprivation, and lack of opportunities for healthy development. Child poverty is damaging to children's mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual development and inhibits their potential. Rates of child poverty vary by region. A life cycle approach is useful for understanding age-specific vulnerabilities and targeting interventions to improve outcomes for children at different stages of development, from in utero to adolescence. Key vulnerabilities faced by children include poor nutrition, lack of health services, inadequate sanitation and education opportunities, and HIV/AIDS.
Haiti has a long history of poverty and political instability which has negatively impacted the health of its population. The majority live in poverty and have limited access to basic necessities. The public health system is underfunded and only reaches about 60% of people. Key health issues include malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, and waterborne illnesses which disproportionately affect children and cause high rates of mortality. International aid has been provided but with inconsistent results due to governance challenges.
Haiti has a long history of poverty and political instability which has negatively impacted the health of its population. The public health system reaches only 60% of people and spends very little (0.8-1% of GDP) on health. Many health problems are prevalent, including malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, and diarrhea. International aid totaling over $5 billion since 1990 has supported food and health programs, but Haiti remains desperately poor with high rates of poverty, disease, and malnutrition.
UNICEF works to address several key issues impacting child survival globally: early childhood development, HIV/AIDS, nutrition, and water/sanitation/hygiene. UNICEF advocates for children's rights, helps meet basic needs, and allows children to reach their full potential. It also focuses on the most disadvantaged children in emergencies or living in extreme poverty, war, or facing disabilities. UNICEF collaborates with partners to achieve goals like eliminating vitamin A and iodine deficiencies and works with communities to empower them to find solutions to problems like malnutrition.
The document discusses the impact of HIV/AIDS on children worldwide. It states that over 2.5 million children under 15 are living with HIV/AIDS globally and 500,000 children died of AIDS in 2003 alone. Children are often infected through mother-to-child transmission or made vulnerable due to poverty, lack of education and sexual exploitation. The document advocates for educating people on HIV/AIDS to reduce stigma and promote prevention and treatment efforts that can help infected children.
Aids is the second leading cause of death in Africa, with 17 million people having died so far and another 25 million estimated to follow. 8.8% of adults in Africa are infected with HIV/AIDS, with Africa accounting for 60% of the world's cases. Children have been heavily impacted, with 3.3 million African children having died of AIDS and 200 babies born with HIV daily in South Africa. Treatment efforts have fallen short of needs, with only half of the $10 billion donated in 2007 going towards HIV/AIDS care in Africa.
Over 60% of girls in the Rukungiri District of Uganda miss at least one day of school per month due to lack of access to feminine hygiene products and sanitary facilities. As the new Global Advocacy Adviser for Girls Empowered International, you have been tasked with developing a 5-year, $2 million proposal to address this issue. Your proposal must include objectives, strategies, budgets, timelines, and plans for sustainability, education, product distribution, and addressing cultural stigma. It should leverage local partnerships and resources to create an intervention that is effective, culturally appropriate, and feasible for improving menstrual health and education in the Rukungiri District.
The document summarizes the eight Millennium Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2000:
1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by reducing poverty and hunger rates by half.
2) Achieve universal primary education by ensuring all boys and girls complete primary school.
3) Promote gender equality and empower women through increasing literacy rates and education levels for women and girls.
4) Reduce child mortality by reducing death rates of children under five from preventable causes like diarrhea, malaria, and pneumonia.
5) Improve maternal health by reducing maternal mortality rates and ensuring access to medical care and services during pregnancy and childbirth.
6) Combat HIV/AIDS,
Impoverished countries are more vulnerable to diseases and natural disasters for several reasons:
1) Poverty forces people to live in hazardous areas with poor housing, sanitation and healthcare access, increasing exposure to diseases and the impacts of disasters.
2) Malnutrition and lack of access to clean water and healthcare weakens immune systems and the ability to manage diseases.
3) Following disasters, inadequate resources to address conditions in displacement camps can enable disease outbreaks, as occurred with cholera in Haiti.
This document discusses social entrepreneurship and its effects on development. It also provides facts about malaria, including that it kills over 1 million people per year mostly in Africa. Young children, pregnant women, and those with HIV/AIDS are most at risk from malaria. Several organizations work to fight malaria through prevention and control programs in Africa, Asia, and South America.
HIV and AIDS are very effective in Africa for several reasons. Africa has a much higher rate of HIV/AIDS infections than other parts of the world. Some key factors contributing to this are lack of education programs, poverty, and cultural practices. Over 25 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are living with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 70% of global infections. People have underestimated how devastating AIDS has been in Africa, with millions of deaths each year from HIV/AIDS and related illnesses.
Lectures note on reproductive health: parte one -Neonatal and Child Healthelsawzgood
This document discusses child health problems and services in Ethiopia. It begins by defining newborns, children, and child health. It then outlines the major causes of child mortality globally and in Ethiopia, including preterm birth, pneumonia, diarrhea, malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, and lack of access to vaccination. It also discusses risk factors like low birth weight, environmental impacts like water and sanitation, and poverty. The document concludes by outlining Ethiopia's national strategy to reduce under-5 mortality and infant mortality by 2020 through improved newborn and child health services focused on equity, community engagement, and evidence-based interventions.
Introduction to MNCH in the Tropicsslides.pptxhellenmuringi
This document provides an overview of a course on tropical pediatrics and maternal health. It discusses key topics like the burden of infectious diseases in tropical regions, challenges in tropical pediatrics, neonatal and maternal mortality facts, common pediatric morbidities, objectives of maternal health, and the MNCH situation in Kenya. It outlines interventions for pediatric and maternal health in Kenya and concludes that despite various programs, more targeted, evidence-based efforts are needed at the local level for Kenya to achieve UN SDG targets.
This document provides an introduction to midwifery through history and modern practice. It discusses how midwifery originated as an unregulated female profession and was formalized differently during ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman eras. Modern midwifery is defined as skilled care for childbearing women and families by educated, licensed professionals. Midwives can provide most maternity care needs but account for less than 10% of the global workforce, with over 900,000 additional midwives needed globally. Maternal mortality remains high in developing countries due to lack of access to modern healthcare and midwives.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.
Their goal is to achieve food security for all and make sure that people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives. With over 194 member states, FAO works in over 130 countries worldwide. They believe that everyone can play a part in ending hunger.
The document discusses healthcare challenges in Ghana and Africa and proposes how citizen health can help address these issues. Specifically:
- Traditional healthcare systems in Ghana were replaced during colonization by orthodox medical practices introduced by missionaries. Today, Ghana's healthcare system has different levels of providers but faces common challenges with other African nations.
- Major infectious disease burdens in Ghana and Africa include malaria, cholera, HIV, hepatitis, and recently Lassa fever. Gaps in healthcare systems have contributed to high disease loads.
- The author argues that democratizing health research through a "citizen research" approach can help solve Africa's infection problems. This involves empowering individuals to understand health as a basic right and
70% of the world's poor are women, who receive 30-40% less pay than men and head 80-90% of poor families. Over a billion people live on less than $1 per day, and each day over 30,000 children die from preventable causes like malnutrition and disease. Meeting the needs of those in extreme poverty requires a large-scale effort to match the magnitude of the global problem. Changing ourselves can help address poverty by helping others.
70% of the world's poor are women, who receive 30-40% less pay than men and head 80-90% of poor families. Over a billion people live on less than $1 per day, and each day over 30,000 children die from preventable causes like malnutrition and disease. Meeting the needs of those in extreme poverty requires a large-scale effort to match the magnitude of the global problem. Changing ourselves can help address poverty by changing how we think and helping others.
AIDS is a major problem in Africa, where over 60% of those infected with HIV/AIDS live. In 2005, 2.3 million people died from AIDS in Africa alone, with 1 person dying every 13 seconds. Treatment has increased over the past decade but remains unavailable or unaffordable for many Africans. Without treatment, AIDS is shortening life spans and leaving millions of African children orphaned. The disease threatens to decrease populations and has already killed many teachers in African schools.
The document discusses efforts to close the immunization gap and fully immunize children worldwide against preventable diseases. It notes that while vaccines have immunized 80% of children globally, 20% remain unprotected. In the 1980s, UNICEF and partners launched a major drive to vaccinate children in developing countries, increasing coverage from 20% to 80%. However, over 6 million children still die each year from preventable causes. The document outlines strategies to achieve vaccine coverage targets and end epidemics by 2030, noting that taking vaccines to remote, marginalized communities is key to closing the immunization gap.
The document discusses the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa. Some key points include:
- Sub-Saharan Africa is home to 10% of the world's population but accounts for 66% of global HIV infections. Some countries are at risk of disappearing due to AIDS.
- HIV originated from chimpanzees in western Africa and was transmitted to humans in the 1940s. It has since spread rapidly across the continent and globally.
- In 2009, over 1.3 million people died of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa alone, down from over 2 million in 2006 due to increased availability of antiretroviral drugs.
- Countries like Swaz
The document discusses the causes and effects of HIV/AIDS in Africa. Some key points are: HIV destroys immune cells called CD4 helper lymphocytes, weakening the immune system. Major causes in Africa include starvation, lack of healthcare access, and poverty. Over 20% of deaths in Africa are AIDS-related. Prevention efforts include increased condom use, counseling/testing, and preventing mother-to-child transmission. Around 22 million people in Africa live with HIV/AIDS, accounting for 2/3 of global cases. 3/4 of global AIDS deaths occur in Africa.
Poverty is a widespread problem in Africa for several reasons. It is defined as not having enough money to cover basic needs like food, clothing, and education. War, famine, disease, and lack of resources have contributed to rising poverty rates. Over 40% of children in sub-Saharan Africa lack safe drinking water, and poverty is linked to problems like poor health, lack of education, and increased risk of death. While information on the scope and impacts of poverty in Africa was illuminating, the document raises additional questions about its historical causes and geographic distribution across the continent.
Poverty is a widespread problem in Africa for several reasons. It is defined as not having enough money to cover basic needs like food, clothing, and education. War, famine, disease, and lack of resources have contributed to rising poverty rates. Over 40% of children in sub-Saharan Africa lack safe drinking water, and poverty is linked to problems like poor health, lack of education, and increased risk of death. While information about the high level of poverty in Africa is troubling, efforts to increase access to resources, technology, and education could help address its root causes over time.
Poverty is a widespread problem in Africa for several reasons. It is defined as not having enough money to cover basic needs like food, clothing, and education. War, famine, disease, and lack of resources have contributed to rising poverty rates. Over 40% of children in sub-Saharan Africa lack safe drinking water, and poverty is linked to problems like poor health, lack of education, and increased risk of death. While information on the scope and impacts of poverty in Africa was illuminating, the document raises additional questions about how and why poverty began on the continent.
AIDS has caused devastating effects in Africa. Nearly 6,000 people die from AIDS in Africa every day, totaling over 21 million deaths in the past decade alone. AIDS kills more people in Africa than wars, famines, and floods combined. Children and adults in Africa make up the vast majority of global AIDS cases, with 80% of infected children and 70% of infected adults living in Africa. Various groups are working to educate Africans on prevention and distribute condoms, but questions still remain about developing a vaccine and the disease's origins.
1. IVSA 2014
International Visual Sociology Association
27th June 2014
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Importance of visual images in the health care industry
2. Author
Wambui Loice Gichuki
University of Nairobi
Bachelor of Arts; Sociology and Psychology
P.O Box 100312-00101 Jamia, Nairobi, Kenya Cell: +254723563762,
wgichuki63@gmail.com
3. RESEARCH OVERVIEW
My research paper is about how the
Government and the International
Organizations are teaming together to use
visual images to sensitize, educate, inform and
discourage individual behavior in the sub-
Saharan African countries.
4. In developed countries people enjoy better
health care, education, family planning,
and nutrition and women tend to have
healthy babies.
In Africa, however, few people have access to
medicine and malnutrition is a constant
problem. Lack of clean water and other basic
necessities, diseases, and human cultural
behaviors make survival difficult for most on
this continent
5. Reasons for health disparities
I. Poverty
II. Environmental threats
III. Inadequate access to healthcare
IV. Lack of knowledge and awareness
V. Cultural practices
7. • In 2010, 414 million people were living in
extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Extreme poverty is defined as living on $1.25
or less a day.
• According to the World Bank, those living on
$1.25-a-day accounted for 48.5 percent of the
population in that region in 2010.
• The following are the major diseases in Africa
Poverty
8. I. HIV/AIDS
• Out of the 34 million HIV-positive people
worldwide, 69% live in sub-Saharan Africa.
• There are roughly 23.8 million infected
persons in all of Africa.
• Every day, 1,000 children are newly-infected
with HIV - this is completely preventable.
• Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected
region, with nearly 1 in every 20 adults living
with HIV.
9. • More than 1 million African children die every
year from malaria.
• Malarial deaths in Africa alone account for 90
percent of all malaria deaths worldwide.
• 80 percent of these victims are African children.
• A child in Africa dies from malaria every 30
seconds.
II. MALARIA
10. III. TUBERCULOSIS
• Tuberculosis (TB) is second only to HIV/AIDS as
the greatest killer worldwide due to a single
infectious agent
• TB is spread from person to person through the
air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or
spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A
person needs to inhale only a few of these germs
to become infected.
11. • Over 500 million Africans suffer from waterborne
diseases. According to the UN Millennium
Project, more than 50 percent of Africans have a
water-related illness like cholera.
• Nearly 1 million people die each year because of
malaria. Of these deaths, 80 percent are children
under age 5 in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Up to 90 percent of malaria cases are attributed
to environmental factors.
II. Environmental Threats
13. • 1 in 5 children lack safe drinking water in Africa.
• Every day, almost 2,000 children die from
diseases linked to unsafe water and lack of basic
sanitation.
• Lack of safe drinking water is the second largest killer
of children under five according to the World Health
Organization (WHO) and UNICEF.
• Each year diarrhea kills around 760 000 children
under five
14. 1 in 5 children lack safe drinking water in sub Saharan Africa
15. • Women in sub-Saharan Africa are over 230 times
more likely to die during childbirth or pregnancy
than women in North America.
• Approximately 1 in 16 women living in sub-
Saharan African will die during childbirth or
pregnancy. Only 1 in 3,700 women in North
America will.
III. Inadequate access to healthcare
16. • More than 100 million children under age 5 are
undernourished and underweight, which
contributes to 45 percent of all infant deaths.
• Every day, approximately 800 women die from
preventable causes related to pregnancy and
childbirth
• One in sixteen Africa women dies during
childbirth
• Pneumonia kills an estimated 1.1 million children
under the age of five years every year – more
than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined
17. Due to poor infrastructure and lack of enough
healthcare centers, the following are the
health disparities associated with them :-
• Infant mortality
• Maternal mortality
• Lack of Immunizations
• Lack of enough medical practitioners
18. • A woman in sub-Saharan Africa will give birth
to an average of 5.2 children in her lifetime
• An estimated 222 million women in
developing countries would like to delay or
stop childbearing but are not using any
method of contraception.
•
IV. Lack of knowledge and awareness
19. • Antiretroviral drug treatments can
tremendously decrease the number of HIV-
related deaths by delaying the progression of
the virus and allowing people to live relatively
healthy, normal lives.
• More than 1 million people acquire a sexually
transmitted infection (STI) every day.
• African myths like; HIV infections can be cured
by having sex with a virgin
20. Examples of lack of knowledge:-
• Associating diseases like HIV/AIDS with witchcraft
• Lack of awareness on cancer e.g. breast cancer,
cervical cancer
• Reluctant to take the ARVs medicines
• Refusing to use condoms
• Myths on curing HIV
• Family planning
21. • Female genital mutilation (FGM) includes procedures
that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female
genital organs for non-medical reasons
• Procedures can cause severe bleeding and problems
urinating, and later cysts, infections, infertility as well
as complications in childbirth and increased risk of
newborn deaths.
• In Africa, more than three million girls have been
estimated to be at risk for FGM annually.
V. Cultural practices
23. • When an African man dies, it is the responsibility of
his brother to inherit his widow. This has become a
key factor in the spread of the AIDS virus
• Girls younger than 15 are five times more likely to die
in childbirth than women in their 20s. Pregnancy is
the leading cause of death worldwide for girls ages
15 to 19. The majority of child marriages occur in
West and East Africa
• Every 30 minutes a woman is raped in Kenya
• Child marriage increases maternal mortality and
infant mortality rates.
24. Example of the cultural practices are:-
• Female Genital Mutilation
• Early marriages –maternal and infant mortality
• Wife inheritance –spread of HIV
• Illicit brew-blindness and deaths
Illicit brew in Kenya
26. Visual images can be used in the healthcare
industry to change the health behaviors and
disparities, It can be done through:-
• Billboards
• Posters
• Graphs
• Illustrations
• Advertisement
• Pictures
• Photographs
• Diagrams
27. I. Enlighten and Educate
Most people in the sub-saharan Africa are not
educated, the government together with the
international organizations has used visual
images to enlighten and educate the people to
promote better healthcare
28. I. Enlighten and Educate
Educate people that they can get HIV free babies if they seek medical help
immediately they know they are expecting a baby
I took this photo from a healthcare dispensary
29. II
Diagram of Healthy eating for Diabetes patients!
Educate people on healthy eating of diabetes patients, placed in hospitals
30. II. Encourage
The government can encourage its citizens to
do things that will promote the healthcare
industry and reduce the mortality rate
through visual using billboards, posters and
photographs
31. I
Billboard Strategically placed along the highways.
Encourage free HIV testing to enable one to know their status, the
billboard can be placed in the highways and also in the villages
32. Picture encouraging 6 months breastfeeding, it reduces infant mortality it
can be placed in hospitals the infantry wing
II
Picture of a mother breast feeding the baby
33. Encourage cleanliness and personal hygiene, the photograph can
be placed in rural areas like the primary schools
III
Photograph of a child affected by Jiggers, caused
by poverty and lack of personal hygiene
34. III. Create awareness
Creating awareness in the society is a major way
of letting the citizens get to know about the
diseases that affect them.
The visual images can be used to create
awareness through billboards, posters and
photographs
35. I
Poster creating awareness that TB can be
treated and prevented
TB poster put in hospitals, public means like busses and trains.
36. Billboard for breast cancer awareness
Creating awareness on breast cancer for early detection, cure and
prevention can be placed along the highways and hospitals
II
37. IV.Illustrate
Illustrations have played a major role in reducing
health disparities in our society. The
government has used various illustrations in
passing information and improving the lives of
its citizens.
40. V. Sensitize
The government has sensitized the communities
in seeking medical help, going for family
planning and also immunizing their children.
Breastfeeding mothers are advised to
breastfeed their babies for six months
exclusively so that it can boost immunity.
41. I
Sensitize parents to make sure they have protected their children from pneumonia
Poster sensitizing parents on how to protect their children
42. Billboard on family planning
Sensitize women to plan their families
II
Photo credit: Courtesy of the Medical Materials Clearinghouse at
the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public
Health/Center for Communication Programs
43. VI. Discourage individual behaviors
There are many individual behaviors that exist in
in our society, most of the are caused by
naivety, ignorance, addiction and lack of
knowledge. The government has played a
major role in discouraging individual behaviors
using visual images
44. Photograph of a patient suffering from liver cirrhosis
I
Photo discouraging cigarette smoking it can be placed in hospitals and universities
46. Poster used to discourage careless spitting and coughing
Poster placed in the public places, malls, hospitals to discourage carelessness in spitting
III
47. VII. Castigate cultural behavior
The African culture has got very many cultural
behaviors that have passed from one
generation to another.
The government has played an important role in
castigating this cultural behaviors by making
stickers and posters and putting them at the
affected areas
49. VIII. Campaign
Several campaigns against diseases have been
set up, e.g. campaign against malaria and
polio, visual images are used countrywide to
pass the information to each and every
person. They placed the posters and billboards
in different placed from the chiefs camp to the
refugee camps and estates.
50. I
Sticker showing the campaign fighting malaria using mosquito nets
Sticker in a healthcare centre.
51. Posters for door to door immunizations e.g.
Tetanus, Polio and vitamins
Campaign on immunizations for infants
II
52. Sticker campaign on fighting Polio
Campaign to fight polio in Kenya by immunizing all children under the age of 5
III
Picture courtesy of: http://www.kickpoliooutofafrica.org/
53. IX. Inform
The government and international organizations
has used visual images to inform people on
different things related to health. They can
have pie charts to show statistics or even
posters to show their undertakings during
specific period of time
55. More children have died from severe diarrhea, a product of contaminated water and
poor sanitation, than all the people killed through armed conflicts since World War II.
Lack of safe drinking water is the second largest killer of children under five according to
the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF.
II
Picture courtesy of http://www.eleosproject.org/12.html
56. Bibliography
World health organization statistics
http://www.c-hubonline.org/resources/mosquito-out-we-are
Picture courtesy of http://www.eleosproject.org/12.html
Picture courtesy of: http://www.kickpoliooutofafrica.org/
Picture courtesy of http://www.stop-fgm-now.com/
http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/vaccination-africa
http://annapalmujoki.blogspot.com/2007_12_01_archive.html
Photo credit: Courtesy of the Medical Materials Clearinghouse at the Johns Hopkins
University Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs