Past and future of eradication and elimination of different diseases. How to plan for elimination and eradication. What are the diseases can be eliminated? OPV to IPV shift!
Vector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens and parasites in human populations. This presentation contains key facts about these diseases and global and European trends. WHO/Europe is making this presentation available to countries and partner organizations for use in their campaigns for World Health Day 2014.
Past and future of eradication and elimination of different diseases. How to plan for elimination and eradication. What are the diseases can be eliminated? OPV to IPV shift!
Vector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens and parasites in human populations. This presentation contains key facts about these diseases and global and European trends. WHO/Europe is making this presentation available to countries and partner organizations for use in their campaigns for World Health Day 2014.
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another, causing serious diseases in human populations
Module 1.1 An overview of emerging and re emerging infectious diseasesAdaora Anyichie - Odis
This module helps to understand the global trends of emerging & re-emerging infections and chronic diseases, identify the threats of diseases and develop desirable attitude and skill in planning to go for new treatment regimens and public health programs that substantially reduce and even prevent the spread of infections and promotion of public health
*World Health Day 2014 Vector Borne Ds - Dr Priya*priya bansal
This presentation deals with occasion of World Health Day "2014 Theme - Vector Borne Diseases::Small Bite Big Threat"
Topics e.g.,
Need to celebrate World Health Day, Important Vector Borne Diseases Situation in Punjab India, Dengue, Malaria & JE situation, Prevention & Control of Arthropods, Challanges in public Health are discussed
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
Towards a malaria-free world - Background informationXplore Health
This guide provides background information on malaria, the most important parasitic disease in the world. Explore all aspects of malaria from the causes to treatment. Investigate the latest research and uncover the ethical, legal and social issues surrounding this disease.
A basic introduction into the subject of health system preparedness for emerging and re-emerging infections, including the definitions of EIDs and preparedness, as well as, one of many conceptual frameworks for preparedness.
Washington Global Health Alliance Discovery Series
Supamit Chinsuttiwat
May 22, 2008
'Response to Avian Influenza and Preparedness for Pandemic Influenza: Thailand's Experience'
Malaria Epidemics : Prevention and Control - Conférence du 3e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - FALL Socé - Regional Office for Africa Malaria Unit, Zimbabwe - SoceF@afro.who.int
Burden of Vector Borne Diseases Past, Present & FuturePradip Awate
Bharati Vidyapeeth Pune has recently organized National CME on VBDs. I delivered a speech on " Burden of Vector Borne Diseases Past, Present & Future".
This presentation deals with burden of prominent VBDs globally & in India with special reference to Maharashtra.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an umbrella programme for prevention and control of malaria and other vector borne diseases. Under the programme, it is ensured that the disadvantaged and marginalised sections benefit from the delivery of services so that the desired National Health Policy and Rural Health Mission goals are achieved. The Directorate of NVBDCP under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, is the nodal agency responsible for planning, coordination, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of NVBDCP programme at all levels.
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another, causing serious diseases in human populations
Module 1.1 An overview of emerging and re emerging infectious diseasesAdaora Anyichie - Odis
This module helps to understand the global trends of emerging & re-emerging infections and chronic diseases, identify the threats of diseases and develop desirable attitude and skill in planning to go for new treatment regimens and public health programs that substantially reduce and even prevent the spread of infections and promotion of public health
*World Health Day 2014 Vector Borne Ds - Dr Priya*priya bansal
This presentation deals with occasion of World Health Day "2014 Theme - Vector Borne Diseases::Small Bite Big Threat"
Topics e.g.,
Need to celebrate World Health Day, Important Vector Borne Diseases Situation in Punjab India, Dengue, Malaria & JE situation, Prevention & Control of Arthropods, Challanges in public Health are discussed
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
Towards a malaria-free world - Background informationXplore Health
This guide provides background information on malaria, the most important parasitic disease in the world. Explore all aspects of malaria from the causes to treatment. Investigate the latest research and uncover the ethical, legal and social issues surrounding this disease.
A basic introduction into the subject of health system preparedness for emerging and re-emerging infections, including the definitions of EIDs and preparedness, as well as, one of many conceptual frameworks for preparedness.
Washington Global Health Alliance Discovery Series
Supamit Chinsuttiwat
May 22, 2008
'Response to Avian Influenza and Preparedness for Pandemic Influenza: Thailand's Experience'
Malaria Epidemics : Prevention and Control - Conférence du 3e édition du Cours international « Atelier Paludisme » - FALL Socé - Regional Office for Africa Malaria Unit, Zimbabwe - SoceF@afro.who.int
Burden of Vector Borne Diseases Past, Present & FuturePradip Awate
Bharati Vidyapeeth Pune has recently organized National CME on VBDs. I delivered a speech on " Burden of Vector Borne Diseases Past, Present & Future".
This presentation deals with burden of prominent VBDs globally & in India with special reference to Maharashtra.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an umbrella programme for prevention and control of malaria and other vector borne diseases. Under the programme, it is ensured that the disadvantaged and marginalised sections benefit from the delivery of services so that the desired National Health Policy and Rural Health Mission goals are achieved. The Directorate of NVBDCP under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, is the nodal agency responsible for planning, coordination, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of NVBDCP programme at all levels.
CASE 1 Eradicating SmallpoxABSTRACTGeographic area Worldwi.docxannandleola
CASE 1 Eradicating Smallpox*
ABSTRACT
Geographic area: Worldwide
Health condition: In 1966, there were approximately 10 million to 15 million cases of smallpox in more than 50 countries, and 1.5 million to 2 million people died from the disease each year.
Global importance of the health condition today: Smallpox has been eradicated from the globe, with no new cases reported since 1978. However, the threat of bioterrorism keeps the danger of smallpox alive, and debate continues over whether strains of the disease should be retained in specified laboratories.
Intervention or program: In 1965, international efforts to eradicate smallpox were revitalized with the establishment of the Smallpox Eradication Unit at the World Health Organization (WHO) and a pledge for more technical and financial support from the campaign’s largest donor, the United States. Endemic countries were supplied with vaccines and kits for collecting and sending specimens, and the bifurcated needle made vaccination easier. An intensified effort was led in the five remaining countries in 1973, with concentrated surveillance and containment of outbreaks.
Cost and cost-effectiveness: The annual cost of the smallpox campaign between 1967 and 1979 was $23 million. In total, international donors provided $98 million, while $200 million came from the endemic countries. The United States saves the total of all its contributions every 26 days because it does not have to vaccinate or treat the disease.
Impact: By 1977, the last endemic case of smallpox was recorded in Somalia. In May 1980, after two years of surveillance and searching, the World Health Assembly (WHA) declared that smallpox was the first disease in history to have been eradicated.
The eradication of smallpox—the complete extermination of a notorious scourge—has been heralded as one of the greatest achievements of humankind. Inspiring a generation of public health professionals, it gave impetus to subsequent vaccination campaigns and strengthened routine immunization programs in developing countries. It continues to be a touchstone for political commitment to a health goal—particularly pertinent in light of the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
But the smallpox experience is far from an uncomplicated story of a grand accomplishment that should (or could) be replicated. Although the story shows how great global ambitions can be realized with leadership and resources, it also illustrates the complexities and unpredictable nature of international cooperation.
THE DISEASE
Smallpox was caused by a variola virus and was transmitted between people through the air. It was usually spread by face-to-face contact with an infected person and to a lesser extent through contaminated clothes and bedding.
Once a person contracted the disease, he or she remained apparently healthy and noninfectious for up to 17 days. But the onset of flulike symptoms heralded the infectious stage, leading after two or three days to a.
Eradicating Smallpox Case 1Eradicating SmallpoxG.docxSALU18
Eradicating Smallpox �
Case 1
Eradicating Smallpox
Geographic area: Worldwide
Health condition: in �966, there were approximately �0 million to �5 million cases of smallpox in more
than 50 countries, and �.5 million to 2 million people died from the disease each year.
Global importance of the health condition today: Smallpox has been eradicated from the globe, with no
new cases reported since �978. However, the threat of bioterrorism keeps the danger of smallpox alive,
and debate continues over whether strains of the disease should be retained in specified laboratories.
Intervention or program: in �965, international efforts to eradicate smallpox were revitalized with the es-
tablishment of the Smallpox Eradication Unit at the World Health organization and a pledge for more tech-
nical and financial support from the campaign’s largest donor, the United States. Endemic countries were
supplied with vaccines and kits for collecting and sending specimens, and the bifurcated needle made
vaccination easier. an intensified effort was led in the five remaining countries in �973, with concentrated
surveillance and containment of outbreaks.
Cost and cost-effectiveness: the annual cost of the smallpox campaign between �967 and �979 was
$23 million. in total, international donors provided $98 million, while $200 million came from the endemic
countries. the United States saves the total of all its contributions every 26 days because it does not
have to vaccinate or treat the disease.
Impact: By �977, the last endemic case of smallpox was recorded in Somalia. in may �980, after two
years of surveillance and searching, the World Health assembly declared that smallpox was the first dis-
ease in history to have been eradicated.
T
he eradication of smallpox—the complete ex-
termination of a notorious scourge—has been
heralded as one of the greatest achievements
of humankind. Inspiring a generation of public
health professionals, it gave impetus to subsequent vac-
cination campaigns and strengthened routine immuni-
zation programs in developing countries. It continues
to be a touchstone for political commitment to a health
goal—particularly pertinent in light of the United Na-
tions’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
But the smallpox experience is far from an uncompli-
cated story of a grand accomplishment that should (or
could) be replicated. Although the story shows how
great global ambitions can be realized with leadership
and resources, it also illustrates the complexities and
unpredictable nature of international cooperation.
The Disease
Smallpox was caused by a variola virus and was transmit-
ted between people through the air. It was usually spread
by face-to-face contact with an infected person and to a
lesser extent through contaminated clothes and bedding.The first draft of this case was prepared by Jane Seymour.
2 Eradicating Smallpox
Once a person contracted the disease, he or she re-
mained apparentl ...
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
Epidemiology Prevention and control of Smallpoxspmdoc
Smallpox, an infectious disease caused by the variola virus, is characterized by a distinct rash and high fever. It has a long history and has impacted numerous societies worldwide.
Content
What is disease and disease control ?
What is disease Elimination and Eradication ?
Concept of control
Disease control measures
Breaking the chain of infection
National Health Programs for Disease Control
Learning Objectives
Describe about disease and disease control
Differentiate between disease elimination and eradication
Describe the chain of infection and measures to break it
Describe action to be taken for controlling of disease
Enlist the types of surveillance
Enlist the health program runs in India for controlling of disease
Disease
A pathogenic condition in which the normal functioning of an organism or body is impaired or disrupted resulting in extreme pain, dysfunction, distress, or death.
Source of disease
Human Tb, chickenpox, Covid-19
Water cholera, diarrhea, typhoid
Animal Rabies
Disease control
It refers to reducing the transmission of a disease to a level when it no longer remains a “public health problem”.
Example :- In London John Snow controlling the cholera by removing the handle of incriminated water pump.
Disease Elimination:
Reduction of incidence of a disease in a defined geographic area to a predetermined very low level or to zero with continued intervention is known as elimination.
Example - Elimination of Measles, Polio and Diphtheria from large geographic regions or areas.
Disease Eradication:
Eradication is permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts.
Eradication literally means to "tear out by roots".
Example - Small pox is only a disease which is Eradicated
It is eradicated in 1980
Concept of control
The term disease control describes ongoing operations aimed at reducing :-
The incidence of disease
The duration of disease, and consequently the risk of transmission
The effects of infection, including both the physical and psychosocial complication
The financial burden to the community.
DISEASE CONTROL MEASURES
Every disease has certain weak link in the ‘Chain of transmission’.
The basic principle or approach in disease control is to identify that weakest link and break it.
This requires sound epidemiological knowledge about the disease study such as - Epidemiological determinants, Magnitude of disease, distribution of disease etc.
IV. Disease control measures are undertaken to –
- Prevent occurrence of disease
- Reduce morbidity and mortality due to disease
V. It requires :-
Teamwork,
Community participation,
Inter sectoral coordination
Political support and
Adequate information about disease epidemiology
• For disease control action taken at the following levels–
Controlling the Source of Infection
Interruption Transmission of Disease
Protection of Susceptible Host
Reservoir & Controlling the Source of Infection
The chain of transmission of a disease starts from the source or reservoir.
Infectious diseases have been a part of human history for as long as we can remember. From the Black Death in the 14th century to more recent outbreaks like COVID-19, these diseases have shaped the course of our lives.
Infectious diseases have been a part of human history for as long as we can remember. From the Black Death in the 14th century to more recent outbreaks like COVID-19, these diseases have shaped the course of our lives.
Monkeypox is derived from the genus Orthopoxvirus from the family Poxividae. This
genus has two kinds of viruses: smallpox and monkeypox virus. Monkeypox is a
zoonotic disease (spread from animal to human or vice versa) and was initially
diagnosed with pox-like symptoms on colonies of monkeys kept for research in 1958,
hence the name monkeypox. At the time of the elimination of smallpox in 1970,
monkeypox in humans was first identified in the Democratic Republic of Congo and
later in Central and Western African countries.1,2 In 2019, a newer vaccinia vaccine
was approved to prevent the disease. Furthermore, investigations are still carried out
on the same.
Animal-to-human (zoonotic) transmission can occur from direct contact with
infected animals' blood, bodily fluids, or cutaneous or mucosal lesions. In Africa,
evidence of monkeypox virus infection has been found in many animals, including
rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian pouched rats, dormice, different species of
monkeys, and others. It was also found that eating improperly/half-cooked meat is
also a cause. The disease spread outside Africa by infected travellers and imported
infected animals. In 2018-2019, cases of monkeypox were confirmed in travellers
from Nigeria, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and Israel. Human-to-human
transmission can result from close contact with respiratory secretions and lesions of
the skin.3
Risk groups include people with severe illnesses who require hospitalization or an
immune-compromised person (HIV, leukaemia, etc); patients with comorbidities, a
pediatric population less than eight years old, and pregnant or breastfeeding women.2
The incubation period is generally 6-13 days, but it can range from 5-21 days. The
disease progression has two phases: The invasive phase (0-5 days), characterized by
headache, fever, back pain, myalgia, fatigue and lymphadenopathy. The rash
appearing phase (1-3 days) begins after the onset of the first phase and is
characterized by the appearance of rashes on the face and then spreads up to the
trunk and limbs of the body. Rashes evolve from macules (flat base lesions) to papules
(firm lesions), then vesicles (clear fluid- filled lesions), and finally postulates
(yellowish fluid-filled lesions) and crusts. It affects the face (in 95% of cases), palms
of the hands, and soles of the feet (in 75% of cases). Also affected were oral mucous
membranes (in 70% of cases), genitalia (30%), conjunctivae (20%), as well as cornea.
Complications of monkeypox include pneumonitis, encephalitis, sight-threatening
keratitis, and secondary bacterial infections.3,4
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
3. Definition
Eradication
It is an absolute process an “ all or none”
phenomenon.
Restricted to termination of an infection
from the whole world.
4. Definition
It is sometimes confused with:
1. Elimination:
Which used to describe of eradication of disease
from a large geographic region or political
jurisdiction
• When a disease stops circulating in a region, it’s
considered eliminated in that region.
• If a particular disease is eliminated worldwide, it’s
considered eradicated.
5. Definition
Polio, for example, was eliminated in the
United States by 1979 after widespread
vaccination efforts.
2. Further confusion arises from the use of the
term eradication to refer to the total removal
of a given pathogen from an individual (also
known as clearance of an infection).
6. Eradication Criteria
Selection of infectious diseases for eradication
is based on rigorous criteria?
Both biological and technical features
determine whether a pathogenic organism
can be (at least potentially) eradicated or not.
7. Eradication Criteria
1. The targeted organism must not have a non-human
reservoir.
This implies that sufficient information on the life
cycle and transmission dynamics is available at the
time an eradication initiative is programmed.
In the case of animal diseases, the infection reservoir must be
an easily identifiable species, as in the case of rinderpest),
and/or amplify in the environment.
8. Eradication Criteria
2. An efficient and practical intervention (e.g.,
vaccine) must be available to interrupt transmission
of the infective agent.
3. The disease to be eradicated should be clearly
identifiable, and an accurate diagnostic tool should
exist.
9. Eradication Criteria
4. Economic considerations, as well as social
and political support and commitment, are
other crucial factors that determine
eradication feasibility.
13. Eradication Programs
Five more infectious diseases have been identified as
of April 2008 as potentially eradicable with current
technology:
1. Measles
2. Mumps
3. Rubella
4. Lymphatic filariasis
5. Cysticercosis
15. Smallpox
Smallpox was the first disease, and so far the only infectious
disease of humans, to be eradicated by deliberate intervention.
It became the first disease for which there was an effective
vaccine in 1798 when Edward Jenner showed the protective
effect of inoculation (vaccination) of humans with material
from cowpox lesions
17. Smallpox
“Ring vaccination” meant that anyone who
could have been exposed to a smallpox patient
was tracked down and vaccinated as quickly as
possible, effectively corralling the disease and
preventing its further spread.
19. Smallpox
It is useful to consider the epidemiological factors
which have led to eradication of smallpox; these
could form the basis for eradication for other disease:
1. No known animal reservoir.
2. No long-term carrier of the virus.
3. Life-long immunity, after recovery from the disease.
4. Simple detection of cases , the rash was so characteristic and
occurred in visible parts of the body.
20. Smallpox
5. Persons with subclinical infection did not
transmit the disease
6. Vaccine highly effective, easily administered,
heat stable, and confers long term protection
7. International cooperation
21. Rinderpest
• It is a viral disease which infected cattle and other
ruminants and belonged to the same family as
measles
• During the 20th century, there were a series of
campaigns to eradicate it, through the use of a live
attenuated vaccine
22. • The final, successful campaign was led by the Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United
Nations.
23. Rinderpest
On 14 October 2010, with no diagnoses for nine
years, the FAO announced that the disease had been
completely eradicated.
It is the first (and so far the only) disease of livestock
to have been eradicated by human undertakings.
25. 1-Dracunculiasis; guinea worm disease
It is a painful and disabling parasitic disease caused
by a worm, Dracunculus medinensi.
It is spread through consumption of drinking water
infested with copepods hosting the larvae.
26. Dracunculiasis; guinea worm disease
• Guinea worm disease is set to become the
second human disease in history, after
smallpox, to be eradicated.
• It will be the first parasitic disease to be
eradicated and the first disease to be
eradicated without the use of a vaccine or
medicine.
27.
28. Dracunculiasis
Eradication efforts have been based :
1. On making drinking water supplies safer
(e.g. through treating the water with
larvicide).
2. Containment of infection.
3. Education for safe drinking water practices.
29. Dracunculiasis
The original goal for eradication was 1995.
Two decades of eradication efforts have
reduced guinea worm's global incidence to:
more than 99.99% to 126 cases in 2014, down
from an estimated 3.5 million in 1986
30. Dracunculiasis
South Sudan, the world's youngest nation, reported 70
cases or 56 percent of the worldwide case total in
2014.
The remaining indigenous cases in 2014 were
reported in isolated areas of Chad (13), Mali (40), and
Ethiopia (3).
31. 2-Measles
It is an airborne disease
Spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of
those infected , and contact with saliva or nasal
secretions.
Nine out of ten people who are not immune who
share living space with an infected person will catch
it.
32.
33. Measles
The measles vaccine is effective at preventing the
disease?
Vaccination has resulted in a 75% decrease in deaths
from measles between 2000 and 2013 with about
85% of children globally being currently vaccinated.
34. Measles
In 2009 the regional committee for Africa agreed a
goal of measles elimination by 2020
Europe had set a goal to eliminate measles
transmission by 2010, but were hindered by:
• The MMR vaccine controversy ?
• They have set a new target of 2015
35. Measles
The Americas set a goal in 1994 to eliminate measles
transmission by 2000, and successfully achieved
regional measles elimination in 2002.
As of February 2015, measles is no longer
eliminated in the US.
From January 1 to April 10, 2015, 159 people were
reported to have measles.
most of these cases [117 cases (74%)] are part of a large,
multi-state outbreak linked to an amusement park in California
36. Outbreak Response in Sudan
5 April 2015 – The Ministry of Health of Sudan, in
collaboration with the World Health Organization
(WHO), UNICEF and other partners, respond to the
measles outbreak
More than 1600 suspected measles cases (with 710
confirmed) have been reported from 23 localities in
12 states of Sudan.
37. Outbreak Response in Sudan
One of the most affected states is West Darfur, with most
cases being reported among goldmine workers
A WHO proposal to allocate US$ 3.9 million for response
activities
Ongoing actions are being undertaken for the implementation
of initial response and containment measures including:
1. Case management
2. Alert investigation
3. Response vaccination campaigns and community health
awareness.
38. Geographic distribution of measles cases in the EMR countries by district and final
diagnosis between July 2010 and June 2011
Source : Official countries’reports
39. Measles
At the 63rd World Health Assembly in May 2010,
delegates agreed to move towards eradication,
although no specific global target date has yet been
agreed
40. Challenges
Funding: specially for the follow-up
campaigns
National managerial Capacity:
– Inadequate number and qualification of
staff
Competing priorities:
– Polio eradication
Pockets of susceptible populations/groups
– Hard to reach populations in low
income countries
– Pockets in countries with big expatriate
population
• Security situation: rapidly deteriorating
in the EMR
– Delayed implementation of planned
activities
– Financial support
from international
partners
– Interest of the
countries
– Polio infrastructures
Opportunities
Measles
41. History of polio…
• The disease of poliomyelitis has a
long history.
• The first example may even have been
more than 3000 years ago.
• An Egyptian stele dating from the
18th Egyptian dynasty shows a priest
with a deformity of his leg
characteristic of the flaccid paralysis
typical of poliomyelitis.
3-Poliomyelitis (polio)
42. Poliomyelitis(polio)
• The World Health Assembly launched the Global Polio
Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988
• Since the GPEI was launched, the number of cases has
fallen by over 99%.
• In 2013, only three countries in the world remain polio-
endemic: Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan
43. Poliomyelitis(polio)
Middle East:
The most recent case reported from Syria had
onset of paralysis on 21 January 2014, while in
Baghdad-Resafa province, on 7 April 2014.
Horn of Africa
The most recent case, which had onset of
paralysis on 11 August 2014, was from central
Somalia
44. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative
(GPEI)
Objectives
To interrupt transmission of wild poliovirus as
soon as possible
To achieve certification of global polio
eradication
To contribute to health systems development
and strengthen routine immunization and
surveillance for communicable diseases
45. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative
Four Pillars of the Global Polio Eradication
Initiative Strategy:
1. Routine Immunization.
2. Supplemental Immunization Activities.
3. Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) Surveillance.
4. Targeted Mop-Up Campaigns.
46. 1. Routine Immunization
• A major cornerstone of the polio eradication strategy
• According to WHO/UNICEF immunization
coverage estimates, 86% of infants received three
doses of oral polio vaccine in 2010, compared with
75% in 1990.
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative
47. Good routine OPV coverage:
1. Increases population immunity
2. Reduces the incidence of polio
3. Makes eradication feasible plan of routine
immunization for out reach areas.
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative
48. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative
2. Supplemental Immunization Activities
• Mass polio immunization campaigns that
complement routine immunization programs
are intended to:
Interrupt transmission by immunizing every
child under the age of 5 with oral polio vaccine
annually, regardless of the number of times
they have been immunized previously.
49. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative
3. Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) Surveillance
• As many as 90% of people infected with the
poliovirus experience very mild or no symptoms.
• A single symptomatic case can therefore represent
a significant community-wide outbreak.
• Robust surveillance to detect and investigate
every case of polio-like AFP is essential to polio
eradication.
50. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative
4. Targeted Mop-Up Campaigns
Last stage in polio eradication
Low routine immunization coverage: very
dense or mobile populations, inadequate
sanitation, and poor access to health services
exacerbate communities’ vulnerability to polio.
51. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative
In focal areas where polio cases have been
confirmed within the previous 3 years and
circulating virus is confirmed or suspected.
In mop-up campaigns vaccinators go house-to-
house to immunize every child under 5 and
help to stop transmission.
52. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative
Before a WHO region can be certified polio-
free, the following conditions must be
satisfied:
(A) AT LEAST THREE YEARS OF ZERO POLIO CASES DUE TO
WILD POLIOVIRUS
(B) EXCELLENT CERTIFICATION STANDARD
SURVEILLANCE
(C) EACH COUNTRY MUST ILLUSTRATE THE CAPACITY TO
DETECT, REPORT AND RESPOND TO “IMPORTED” POLIO
CASES.
53. The goal of the 2013-2018 Polio Eradication
and Endgame Strategic Plan is to complete
the eradication and containment of all wild,
vaccine-related and Sabin polioviruses, such
that no child ever again suffers paralytic
poliomyelitis
54. Poliomyelitis(polio) in Libya
Libya reported the last confirmed polio case in
1991.
Routine immunization
• Routine immunization against polio has
been mandatory since 1970.
National immunization days
• National immunization days and supplementary
immunization days in high-risk areas are
conducted yearly.
55. Poliomyelitis(polio) in Libya
Acute flaccid paralysis surveillance
• National reporting started in Libya in 1997.
• Acute flaccid paralysis surveillance indicators have met
certification standards since 2002.
Laboratory
• There is no poliovirus laboratory in Libya; it is served by
the Tunisian poliovirus regional reference laboratory in
Tunisia.
• laboratory containment of polioviruses has been completed
and a report documenting the quality of containment
activities has been submitted to WHO.
56. Conclusion
• At present, polio is endemic in three countries
• Until poliovirus transmission is interrupted in these strongholds, all
countries remain at risk, as shown not only by the outbreak in
Syria, but also in recurrent outbreaks across sub-
Saharan Africa, including an ongoing outbreak in Somalia.
• But the outbreak also serves as a reminder that high vaccination
coverage is essential in countries where the disease is not currently
circulating.
57. Former Eradication Programs
Hookworm
Hookworm infection is caused by the
transmission of the hookworm parasite common
to warmer climates.
Hookworm larvae live in soil and typically enter
humans through the soles of their feet
Hookworm eradication campaign start at US in
1909
58. Hookworm
700 million people worldwide, including 44 million
pregnant women.
Tropical or sub-tropical environments in poverty-
stricken areas of Africa, Latin America, Southeast
Asia and China.
In North American countries, such as the United
States, elimination of hookworm had been attained .
59. Hookworm
While regions such as Mexico still deal with
these infections from parasitic worms, WHY?
Hookworm campaign start in the 1920s was
supposed to focus on the eradication for those living
in Mexico and other rural areas.
However, the campaign was politically influenced,
causing it to be less successful.
60.
61. Hookworm
In 2001, the World Health Organization
adopted a resolution aimed at the deworming
of 75 percent of all at-risk school-age children
by 2010.
The largest public health program ever
attempted to date.
62. Hookworm
A hookworm vaccine is also in development
and is currently in a Phase I clinical trial by the
Sabin PDP.
The 2012 WHO Road Map added 75%
coverage of all at-risk pre-school-age children.
63.
64. Conclusion
It is useful to consider the successful eradication
programs, these programs could form the basis for
eradication for other disease.
Both biological and technical features of the
disease should be considered before starting it is
eradication programme.
We have to put in our knowledge the economic ,
social and political issues before setting a specific
global target date for any eradication programme.