COOLING CHALLENGES: Fall 2018 Reports (1) ""Global Climate Change Impacts in US": 13 Government Agency Report (Nov 2018). Up to 10% decrease in US economy by 2100. (2) "Preventing 2.7 F (1.5 C) degrees of warming."  IPCC report, authored by 90 scientists from 40 countries (Oct 2018). Greenhouse pollution must be reduced by 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, and 100 percent by 2050. COOL SOLUTIONS (1) "Can Nuclear Energy Thrive in a Carbon-Constrained World?": (MIT Report, Sept 2018)       A reactor build-up (at a historically feasible rate) could completely decarbonize the World’s power sector within 30 years.       The energy storage costs needed for wind and solar alone would make them up to four times more expensive than reactors.   (2) A vegetarian/vegan diet is a way everyone can stop global warming. (3) Capitalistic solution: carbon fee plus dividend.

1. MAKING EARTH
COOL AGAIN:
Challenges &
Solutions
By Paul H. Carr

2. MAKING EARTH COOL AGAIN: Challenges & Solutions
COOLING CHALLENGES: Fall 2018 Reports
(1) Global Climate Change Impacts in US: 13 Government Agency Report
(Nov 2018). Up to 10% decrease in US economy by 2100.
(2) Preventing 2.7 F (1.5 C) degrees of warming." IPCC report, authored by 90
scientists from 40 countries (Oct 2018). Greenhouse pollution must be reduced by
45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, and 100 percent by 2050.
COOL SOLUTIONS
(1) "Can Nuclear Energy Thrive in a Carbon-Constrained World?: (MIT Report,
Sept 2018)
A reactor build-up (at a historically feasible rate) could completely decarbonize
the World’s power sector within 30 years.
The energy storage costs needed for wind and solar alone would make them
up to four times more expensive than reactors.
(2) A vegetarian/vegan diet is a way everyone can stop global warming.
(3) Capitalistic solution: carbon fee plus dividend.

3. U.S. Climate Report Warns of
Damaged Environment and
Shrinking Economy
Nov 23, 2018
Thirteen federal agencies predict:
Global warming could knock 10% off
our economy by 2100, double that of
the 2008 recession.
Projected climate losses per year:
$141 billion from heat-related
deaths,
$118 billion from sea level rise and
$32 billion from infrastructure
damage. TOTAL $291 billion/yr
Solutions:
-Putting a price on greenhouse gas
emissions
-Next generation reactor buildout
- Vegetarian/vegan diet

4. Southern states with hot climates stand to suffer more,
with Florida taking the brunt, as it must also deal with sea level rise.

5. Miami Beach is a flood zone during King High Tides.

6. Rising seas threaten Norfolk Naval Shipyard,
raising fears of 'catastrophic damage'
Nicholas Kusnetz, InsideClimate News and Neela Banerjee, InsideClimate News
Already, high-tide flooding is contributing to extensive delays in ship
repairs, the GAO said, disrupting maintenance schedules
throughout the Navy's fleet.
Sea level in Norfolk has risen 1.5 feet in the past century, twice the
global average, in part because the coastline is sinking.
All of the nation's 69 submarines and 11 aircraft carriers are
nuclear-powered. The ships can be repaired at only a handful of
facilities with the equipment and personnel to handle radiological
material. Of the Navy's four shipyards, only two can dry-dock
aircraft carriers: Puget Sound in Washington state and Norfolk.

7. Blue: Sea level change from tide-gauge data (Church J.A. and White N.J., Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006; 33: L01602)
Red: Univ. Colorado sea level analyses in satellite era (http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/SeaLevel/).
Sea level rise has increased to 12 in/century at
present from 3 in/century 1870– 1924.
12 in./100
years.
7.5 in./100 years
3 in. /100 years

8. 19
The rate of sea
level increase
correlates with
the blue line of
the CO2
increase.
Sea level rise is due to
thermal expansion (50%)
and the melting of ice (50%)
SEA LEVELS ARE RISING
4 TIMES FASTER THAN
IN 1870.
BY 2100, COULD RISE
4 TO 18 FEET.

9. 5 Meters (18 Feet) Sea Level Rise
Trump’s Mar de Largo

10. 2018 HURRICANE MICHAEL’S WIND DAMAGE
This elevated house in Mexico Beach, Fla., came through
Hurricane Michael almost unscathed.
Credit Johnny Milano for The New York Times

11. A wise rich man with foresight had the house, built of steel reinforced
concrete elevated on tall pilings to allow a storm surge to pass
underneath with little damage. The house, whose assessed value was
$400,000, exceeded the building code.
Johnny Milano for The New York Times
Pope Francis in his encyclical Laudato Si, On Care for our Common
Home” noted that the poor suffer the most from the increasing
weather extremes of climate change.

12. T
24 Aug 2005. Tropical
Storm Approaches
Southern Florida.
28 Aug 2005. Katrina,
Category 5 Hurricane,
gained energetic winds of
175 mph due to the
record high temperatures
of the Gulf of Mexico.
28 Aug 2005. Katrina,
Category 5, 175 mph
winds. Absorbed energy
from the record high
temperatures of the
Gulf of Mexico.
29 Aug 2005. Katrina
causes $100Bs damage to
New Orleans, LA
KATRINA: Tropical Storm to Hurricane
Converting thermal energy of ocean to kinetic energy of wind

13. 13
2017 Hurricane
Harvey, Texas, set
a new US record
of 52 inches for
rainfall from a
single storm.
2017 Hurricane
Irma set net
record: 3 days as
a Category 5
Hurricane.

14. WEATHER EXTREMES ARE INCREASING
• Normally wet areas getting wetter.
- Atmosphere holds more moisture at higher
temperatures.
• Normally dry areas drier from more evaporation.
- Israel’s 5-year drought is the longest in 100 years.
- Now gets 70% of its drinking water from desalination plants
• More forest fires in our Western States.

15. 15
Three Fold
Increase in
Wildfires since
1970
Fort McMurray
Wildfire: 80,000
Evacuated Over
Out-of-Control
Blaze, May 2016.
Nature ”crying
out” to destroy the
Canadian oil sands
mining?
Environmental
Justice?
Droughts increase wildfires.
Warmer winters no longer kill off the Western
Pine beetle, leaving more dead trees as
flammable timber.

16. Attribution of western US forest fire area to ACC. Cumulative forest fire area estimated from the
(red) observed all-metric mean record of fuel aridity and (black) the fuel aridity record after
exclusion of ACC (No ACC).
John T. Abatzoglou, and A. Park Williams PNAS
2016;113:42:11770-11775©2016 by National Academy of Sciences
ACC: Anthropogenic
Climate Change.
An 8 fold
increase
in area
burned
since 1985

17. 17
2018 California Wildfires have burned 3 times more acres than the 5 year average and also
2017. The “Camp Fire” has left 1000s homeless and many cremated in their own homes.
CLIMATE INJUSTICE because California leads the US in reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

18. We have 12 years
to limit climate
change
catastrophe,
warns the UN.
Urgent changes
needed to cut risk
of extreme heat,
drought, floods
and poverty, says
IPCC (8 Oct 2018)

20. Preventing 2.7 F (1.5 C) degrees of warming
IPCC report, authored by 90 scientists from 40 countries.
---Greenhouse pollution must be reduced by 45
percent from 2010 levels by 2030, and 100
percent by 2050.
--By 2050, use of coal as an electricity source must
drop from nearly 40 percent today to between 1
and 7 percent.
“This report makes it clear: There is no way to
mitigate climate change without getting rid of
coal,” said Drew Shindell, a climate scientist at
Duke University and an author of the report.

21. PROBLEM: IN the US by
2040,
NATURAL GAS & COAL
WILL BE THE LARGEST
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY.
SOLUTION:
NEXT GENERATION
NUCLEAR REACTORS
HAVE THE BEST
POTENTIAL TO REDUCE
CARBON EMISSIONS 24/7
Figure from “Coal’s Last Kick” TIME, April 17, 2017
Not 24/7

22. Co-Organizations: Idaho National Laboratory, Breakthrough Institute,
U of Wisconsin. Harvard U

23. MIT’s COOL SOLUTIONS:
• A reactor build-up
(at an historically feasible rate) could
completely decarbonize the World’s power
sector within 30 years
• The energy storage costs needed to make
wind and solar 24/7 would make them up
to four times more expensive than with no
reactors.

28. COST OF ENERGY STORAGE OPTIONS
(MIT study).

31. Low-Cost 'Miniature', Modular Nuclear Power Plants. They can fit on the back of a truck.
JOSH HRALA 20 JAN 2017
Working with the US Department of Energy (DOE), NuScale Power, Portland, Oregon, plans
to build a 12-module plant in Idaho
The 50 MegaWatt design is approved by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and will be
mass produced to reduce cost by 2026.
Self contained light water reactor(s) installed in a concrete lined hole in the ground.
Water circulates by convection. Automatic shut down.
Westinghouse plans to have its eVinci SMR commercial by 2024.
https://www.sciencealert.com/miniature-modular-nuclear-power-plants-are-being-implemented-in-the-us

32. South Korea is constructing and will
operate 4 nuclear reactors in the oil-rich
United Arab Emirates.
S. Korea has built many reactors a below
fossil-fuel prices
Burj Dubai,
Worlds Tallest
Skyscraper,
.
WHY WOULD THE MAJOR OIL SUPPLIERS BE INVESTING IN NUCLEAR?

33. • FOSSIL FUELS WILL NOT MEET THE ENEGY DEMAND
• NUCLEAR WILL BE THE 24/7 SOURCE OF ENERGY,
SUPPLIMENTED BY WIND AND SOLAR.

35. 35
Alvin Weinberg demonstrated a
Thorium molten-salt nuclear
reactor at Oak Ridge in 1965- 1969.
Its fission byproducts had no
weapons value during the Cold
War’s nuclear arms race and zero
chance of a meltdown.
Thorium reactors lost to Navy
Admiral Rickover’s Uranium water-
cooled for nuclear submarines and
aircraft carriers. Present uranium
civilian reactors, which
generate 20% of our electricity
without carbon emissions, are a
spinoff from Rickover’s navy
technology.

36. Pressurized water raises
the boiling temperature of
nuclear reactors in use
today.
& Thorium
• Molten salt reactors
operate in the atmosphere.
• No expensive containment
structures
• Uses spent U & Th as fuel.
• Shut down automatically.

37. Only Nuclear Energy Can Save the Planet
Joshua S. Goldstein and Staffan A. Qvist Wall St Journal January 11, 2019
Do the math on replacing fossil fuels (MIT did this): To move fast
enough, the world needs to build lots of reactors
https://www.wsj.com/articles/only-nuclear-energy-can-save-the-planet-
11547225861?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=8

38. Wall Street Journal Article
“Nuclear power is the safest form
of energy by far….
Reasons put forward to oppose
nuclear power in no way stack up
to the real dangers facing
humanity from climate change.”

39. REACTORS ARE THE SAFEST
New Scientist crunched the numbers.
That maximum death-toll estimates from that analysis
show:
• Natural gas is 1.3 times as dangerous as nuclear
• Coal is 27 times as dangerous as nuclear
• Hydroelectric is 46 times as dangerous as nuclear
In absolute terms, nuclear energy prevents about 80,000
air-pollution-related deaths a year, according to a 2013
study.

40. Wall Street Journal:
“Nuclear waste the insurmountable problem that the public has
been led to believe.
The volumes are tiny, unlike the vast quantities of equally toxic
waste from coal and other fuels. An American’s entire lifetime of
electricity use powered by nuclear energy would produce an
amount of long-term waste that fits in a soda can.
All spent fuel from U.S. reactors over the past 60 years would fit
on a football field, stacked 20 feet high. Today we store spent
fuel at reactor sites in concrete casks (radiation does not escape
the concrete) that will be safe for a hundred years.
After that, the waste can be burned in reactors that are currently
being designed, or it can be buried permanently.”

41. Bill Gates’ use of nuclear waste
http://www.businessinsider.com/bill-gates-talks-private-nuclear-fission-plant-
terrapower-2016-4
• Gates’ TerraPower's nuclear pilot plant
was to be built with the China National
Nuclear Corp. The economics, safety,
waste, and all the key parameters would be
dramatically improved.
• The traveling wave reactor converts
depleted uranium, a byproduct of the
nuclear-fission process, into usable fuel.
Trump will not let critical nuclear technology be
built in China, so Gates is looking for a new partner.

43. 2. COOL SOLUTIONS to GLOBAL
WARMING.
What we can do as individuals
a. Less food waste.
b. A vegetarian/vegan diet.

44. 44
Of the 100 ways of
reducing global warming
the following were rated:
3. Reduced Food
Waste
4. Plant-Rich Diet

45. 45
Peter Kalmus, PhD,
atmospheric
scientist at Caltech,
lives with his wife
and 2 children on
1/10th the fossil
fuels of the average
American.

47. STOP EATING RED MEAT: BEEF AND PORK
Agriculture accounts for 24% of our greenhouse emissions.
• Cattle & pigs emit the greenhouse gases methane, CH4. They eat
grains needed for humans.
• In addition, deforestation—clearing land for crops, for instance—
removes trees that pull CO2 out of the air,

48. https://eftp.co

49. 3. COOL CUMMUNITY SOLUTIONS
• Capitalistic
Carbon Fee plus Dividend.
www.CitizensClimateLobby.com
• Green New Deal

50. 10/9/15
www.
CitizensClimateLobby.org
- Revenue neutral
carbon fee with
dividend. (RNCFD)
-Dividend would be
returned to
everyone.
$2000 / family.
-Stimulating economy
& creating 2 million
jobs.
- Stimulate Green
Energy Innovation.
True social cost of burning fossil fuels.
Harness Greed towards Green

51. MAKING EARTH COOL AGAIN: Challenges & Solutions
COOLING CHALLENGES: Fall 2018 Reports
(1) Global Climate Change Impacts in US: 13 Government Agency Report
(Nov 2018). Up to 10% decrease in US economy by 2100.
(2) Preventing 2.7 F (1.5 C) degrees of warming." IPCC report, authored by 90
scientists from 40 countries (Oct 2018). Greenhouse pollution must be reduced by
45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, and 100 percent by 2050.
COOL SOLUTIONS
(1) "Can Nuclear Energy Thrive in a Carbon-Constrained World?: (MIT Report,
Sept 2018)
A reactor build-up (at a historically feasible rate) could completely decarbonize
the World’s power sector within 30 years.
The energy storage costs needed for wind and solar alone would make them
up to four times more expensive than reactors.
(2) A vegetarian/vegan diet is a way everyone can stopping global warming.
(3) Capitalistic solution: carbon fee plus dividend.