CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLIES. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 level students. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional works and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 students. It contains: key words and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.3 MANUFACTURING AND RELATED SERVICE INDUSTRY. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.1 AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS AND FOOD PRODUCTION. It contains: ley terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.2 THE M...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.2 THE MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CHANGE. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.4 THE M...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.4 THE MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHANGE. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLIES. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 level students. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional works and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 students. It contains: key words and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.3 MANUFACTURING AND RELATED SERVICE INDUSTRY. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.1 AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS AND FOOD PRODUCTION. It contains: ley terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.2 THE M...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.2 THE MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CHANGE. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.4 THE M...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.4 THE MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHANGE. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
A2 Geography Revision for Coastal Environments, subchapter 8.1 Waves Marine and Subaerial Processes. It is suitable for Year 13 Geography, Cambridge Examination in November 2016. It contains: key terms and definitions, a topic summary, sketches and descriptions, additional work (6 questions for testing your knowledge) and some suggested websites.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM MASS MOVEMENTS. It contain case studies: Italian Mudslides 1998, New Zealand Landslip 1979, European Avalanches 1999.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES. It contain case studies: Hurricane Katrina 2005, Cloud Seeding in New Zealand 1950-1970.
A2 Geography Revision for Coastal Environments, subchapter 8.3 Coral Reefs. It is suitable for Year 13 Geography, Cambridge Examination in November 2016. It contains: key terms and definitions, a topic summary, sketches and descriptions, additional work (6 questions for testing your knowledge) and some suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 students. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.3 WEATHER PROCESS...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.3 Weather Processes and Phenomena, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS. It contain the case study about Bioengineering in Malaysia.
A2 Geography Revision for Coastal Environments, subchapter 8.1 Waves Marine and Subaerial Processes. It is suitable for Year 13 Geography, Cambridge Examination in November 2016. It contains: key terms and definitions, a topic summary, sketches and descriptions, additional work (6 questions for testing your knowledge) and some suggested websites.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM MASS MOVEMENTS. It contain case studies: Italian Mudslides 1998, New Zealand Landslip 1979, European Avalanches 1999.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES. It contain case studies: Hurricane Katrina 2005, Cloud Seeding in New Zealand 1950-1970.
A2 Geography Revision for Coastal Environments, subchapter 8.3 Coral Reefs. It is suitable for Year 13 Geography, Cambridge Examination in November 2016. It contains: key terms and definitions, a topic summary, sketches and descriptions, additional work (6 questions for testing your knowledge) and some suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 students. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.3 WEATHER PROCESS...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.3 Weather Processes and Phenomena, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS. It contain the case study about Bioengineering in Malaysia.
Renewable energy is generally electricity supplied from sources, such as wind power, solar power,
geothermal energy, hydro power and various forms of biomass. The popularity of renewable energy
has experienced a significant upsurge in recent times due to the exhaustion of conventional power
generation methods and increasing realization of its adverse effects on the environment. Wind energy
has been harnessed for centuries but it has only emerged as a major part of our energy solution quite
recently and this report focus on utilizing wind energy by using vertical axis wind turbine.
Energy crisis : Media & Current Affairs : Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
An illustration of student-teacher collaborative discussion model in the subject of Media & Current Affairs during the Fall session 2020, Students engaged in the discussion on energy crises
Energy Crisis Of The United States Essay
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Energy Crisis in Pakistan
Questions On The Energy Crisis
Energy Crisis : Individual Research Briefing
Solving The Global Energy Crisis
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Energy Crisis
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Essay on Solar Energy and the Energy Crisis
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07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTXGeorge Dumitrache
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESSGeorge Dumitrache
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929George Dumitrache
The period 1924-1929 was a time when the Weimar economy recovered and cultural life in Germany flourished. This dramatic turnabout happened in large part because of the role played by Gustav Stresemann who became Chancellor in August 1923 during the hyperinflation crisis.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923George Dumitrache
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATIONGeorge Dumitrache
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...George Dumitrache
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918George Dumitrache
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANYGeorge Dumitrache
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY. This presentation covers the social, economic and political impact of war along with a brief analysis of the physical cost of war.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
ABYSSINIAN CRISIS. The Abyssinian Crisis was over in 1936. Italy and Mussolini continually ignored the League of Nations and fully annexed Abyssinia on May 9th 1936. The League of Nations was shown to be ineffective. The League had not stood up against one of the strongest members and fulfilled the promise of collective security.
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. INTRODUCTION
Non-renewable sources of energy are the fossil fuels and nuclear fuel.
These are finite so that as they are used up the supply that remains is
reduced. Renewable energy can be used over and over again.
It includes hydroelectric, biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, tidal and wave
power.
At present, non-renewable resources dominate global energy.
The challenge is to transform the global energy mix to achieve a better
balance between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.
3.
4.
5. GLOSSARY
Renewable energy refers to sources of energy such as solar and wind
power, which are not depleted as they are used.
The energy mix is the relative contribution of different energy sources to a
country’s energy production/ consumption.
6. FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMAND FOR ENERGY
Demand is primarily governed by the size of a country’s population and its level
of economic development.
Growth in energy demand is particularly rapid in newly industrialised countries.
A country’s energy policy can impact significantly on demand if it focuses on
efficiency and sustainability.
High levels of pollution due to energy consumption can be a strong stimulus to
developing a cleaner energy policy.
7. REASONS FOR VARIATIONS IN ENERGY SUPPLY
Global variations in energy supply occur
for a number of reasons.
• Physical - Deposits of fossil fuels are
only found in a limited number of
locations.
• Economic - In poor countries foreign
direct investment is often essential
for the development of energy
resources.
• Political - International agreements
such as the Kyoto Protocol can have a
considerable influence on the energy
decisions of individual countries.
8. KYOTO PROTOCOL
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits
state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific
consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is
extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11 December 1997 and
entered into force on 16 February 2005.
There are currently 192 parties (Canada withdrew effective December 2012) to
the Protocol.
9.
10. FOSSIL FUELS
The fossil fuels dominate the global
energy situation.
Their relative contributions are (2008):
• oil – 34.8%
• coal – 29.3%
• natural gas – 24.1%
In contrast, hydroelectricity accounted
for 6.4% and nuclear energy 5.5% of
global energy.
Next slide shows the regional pattern of
energy consumption for 2008.
12. THE DEMAND FOR ENERGY
Deindustrialisation and increasing energy efficiency in MEDCs in general has
resulted in a relatively modest increase in demand compared with newly
industrialised countries (NICs).
In some MEDCs the demand for energy has actually fallen.
It is the NICs that are increasing their energy demand by the fastest rate.
China alone has accounted for one-third of the growth in global oil demand
since 2000.
Most LEDCs struggle to fund their energy requirements.
There is a strong positive correlation between GNP per capita and energy use.
Around the world 2 billion people lack access to household electricity.
13.
14. OIL
From less than 60 million barrels daily in the early 1980s global demand for oil
rose steeply to 84.5 million barrels a day in 2008. The largest increase has been
in the Asia-Pacific region, which now accounts for 30.1% of consumption.
This region now uses more oil than North America (27.4%).
In contrast, Africa consumes only 3.4% of global oil.
The pattern of regional production is markedly different from that of
consumption.
In 2008, the Middle East accounted for 31.9% of production, followed by
Europe and Eurasia (21.7%).
In 2008, the Middle East accounted for almost 60% % of global proved reserves.
While the reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio is almost 79 years in the Middle
East it is only 14.8 years in North America and 14.5 years in Asia-Pacific.
15.
16. TYPICAL MISTAKE
Students sometimes confuse areas of production
and consumption.
For some energy sources such as coal the figures
are very similar, but for oil there is a very
significant difference.
The ease with which a type of energy can be
transported is the major factor here.
17. WHEN WILL GLOBAL PEAK OIL PRODUCTION OCCUR?
The International Energy Agency expects peak oil production somewhere
between 2013 and 2037.
The Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas (ASPO) predicted that the
peak of global oil production would come as early as 2011.
18.
19. GLOSSARY
The reserves-to-production ratio is the reserves remaining at the end of any
year divided by the production in that year.
The result is the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if
production were to continue at that level.
Peak oil production is the year in which the world or an individual oil
producing country reaches its highest level of production, with production
declining thereafter.
20. OTHER SOURCES OF ENERGY: GAS AND COAL
Between 1998 and 2008 global oil
production increased by 11%.
Over the same period this compared
with:
• a rise of 35% in natural gas production.
Natural gas production is dominated by
the Russian Federation and the USA,
accounting for 19.6% and 19.3% of the
global total respectively
• a 49% increase in coal production.
China alone mines 42.5% of the world
total. The next largest producing
country is the USA (18.0%).
21. GAS, COAL, NUCLEAR, HEP
Between 1998 and 2008 global oil production increased by 11%.
Over the same period this compared with:
• a rise of 35% in natural gas production. Natural gas production is dominated
by the Russian Federation and the USA, accounting for 19.6% and 19.3% of
the global total respectively
• a 49% increase in coal production. China alone mines 42.5% of the world
total. The next largest producing country is the USA (18.0%).
• a 13% increase in nuclear energy. With 103 operating reactors the USA leads
the world in the use of nuclear electricity. This amounts to 31% of the world’s
total. The next major consumers of nuclear energy after the USA are France
and Japan.
• a 22% rise in hydroelectricity. The ‘big four’ HEP nations of China, Canada,
Brazil and the USA account for almost 50% of the global total.
22.
23. EXTENDING THE LIFE OF FOSSIL FUELS
There are a number of technologies that can improve the use and prolong the
life of fossil fuels. These include coal gasification, clean coal technologies and
the extraction of unconventional natural gas.
Coal gasification is the process of producing syngas–a mixture consisting
primarily of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and water
vapour – from coal and water, air and/or oxygen.
Coal was gasified using early technology to produce coal gas (also known as
"town gas"), which is a combustible gas traditionally used for municipal
lighting and heating before the advent of industrial-scale production of natural
gas.
Unconventional natural gas, includes shale gas, tight gas, coal bed methane,
and methane hydrates. Extraction has been more difficult and costly to
exploit than conventional deposits, until recently.
27. HYDROELECTRIC POWER (HEP)
Most of the best HEP locations are already in use so the scope for more largescale
development is limited.
In many countries there is scope for small-scale HEP plants to supply local
communities.
HEP is generally seen as a clean form of energy but there are some problems:
• Large dams and power plants can have a huge negative visual impact on the
environment.
• The obstruction of the river affects aquatic life.
• Deterioration in water quality is common.
• Large areas of land may need to be flooded to form the reservoir behind the dam.
• Submerging large forests without prior clearance can release significant quantities
of methane – a greenhouse gas.
28. Hydroelectric power, electricity produced from generators driven by turbines that convert the potential energy of falling or
fast-flowing water into mechanical energy.
29.
30. WIND POWER
The worldwide capacity of wind
energy is approaching 100,000 MW.
Global wind energy is dominated by
a relatively small number of
countries.
Germany, the USA and Spain
together account for almost 58% of
the world total.
Wind energy has reached the ‘take-
off’ stage, both as a source of energy
and a manufacturing industry.
31. Wind energy – global cumulative installed capacity,
1996–2007
32. WIND TURBINES
Apart from establishing new wind energy sites, repowering is also beginning to
play an important role.
This means replacing first-generation wind turbines with modern multi-
megawatt turbines, which give a much better performance.
As wind turbines have been erected in more areas of more countries, the
opposition to this form of renewable energy has increased:
• People are concerned that huge turbines located nearby could blight their homes and
have a significant impact on property values.
• There are concerns about the hum of turbines disturbing both people and wildlife.
• Skylines in scenically beautiful areas might be spoiled forever.
• Turbines can kill birds.
• Migratory flocks tend to follow strong winds but wind companies argue that they steer
clear of migratory routes.
33. Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to
mechanically power generators for electricity.
Wind power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, is plentiful,
renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas
emissions during operation, consumes no water, and uses little land.
34. BIOFUELS
Biofuels are fossil fuel substitutes that can be made from a range of agri-crop
materials including oilseeds, wheat and sugar.
They can be blended with petrol and diesel.
Increasing amounts of cropland have been used to produce biofuels.
Initially, environmental groups such as Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace
were very much in favour of biofuels, but as damaging environmental
consequences became clear such groups were the first to demand a rethink of
this energy strategy.
35. A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological
processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than
a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in
the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from
prehistoric biological matter.
36. GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITY
Geothermal energy is the natural heat found in the Earth’s crust in the form
of steam, hot water and hot rock.
Rainwater can percolate several kilometres in permeable rocks where it is
heated due to the Earth’s geothermal gradient.
This source of energy can be used to produce electricity or the hot water can
be used directly for industry, agriculture, bathing and cleansing.
For example in Iceland, hot springs supply water at 86°C to 95% of the buildings
in and around Reykjavik.
38. GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICITY
The USA is the world leader in geothermal electricity.
However, total production accounts for just 0.37% of the electricity used in the
USA.
Other leading geothermal electricity-using countries are the Philippines, Italy,
Mexico, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand and Iceland.
39. Krafla, a geothermal
power station in
Iceland.
It is considered to be
Iceland's largest power
station with its 33
boreholes, and it is able
to produce 500 GWh of
electricity annually with
its installed capacity of
60 MW (2 x 30
megawatts).
40. Geothermal power is
power generated by
geothermal energy.
Technologies in use
include dry steam power
stations, flash steam
power stations and binary
cycle power stations.
Geothermal electricity
generation is currently
used in 24 countries,
while geothermal heating
is in use in 70 countries.
41. SOLAR POWER
From a relatively small base the installed capacity of solar electricity is growing
rapidly.
Experts say that solar power has huge potential for technological improvement,
which could make it a major source of global electricity in years to come. Spain,
Germany, Japan and the USA currently lead the global market for solar power.
Solar power is currently produced in two ways:
• Photovoltaic systems – these are solar panels that convert sunlight directly into
electricity.
• Concentrating solar power (CSP) systems - use mirrors or lenses and tracking
systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. This concentrated
light is then used as a heat source for a conventional thermal power plant.
43. Solar power is generally taken to mean the
production of solar electricity, as distinct from
solar hot water systems, which are
commonplace in many countries with a large
number of days with sunshine each year.
44. TIDAL POWER
Although tidal power is currently in its infancy, a study by the Electric Power
Research Institute estimated that as much as 10% of US electricity could
eventually be supplied by tidal energy.
This potential could be equalled in the UK and surpassed in Canada.
The 240 MW Rance facility in northwest France is the only utility-scale tidal
power system in the world.
The greatest potential for tidal power is in Canada’s Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia.
45. Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station,
located in Gyeonggi Province,
South Korea, is the world's
largest tidal power installation,
with a total power output
capacity of 254 MW.
When completed in 2011, it
surpassed the 240 MW Rance
Tidal Power Station which was
the world's largest for 45 years.
It is operated by the Korea
Water Resources Corporation.
46. FUELWOOD
In developing countries about 2.5 billion people rely on fuelwood (including
charcoal) and animal dung for cooking.
Fuelwood accounts for just over half of global wood production.
It provides much of the energy needs for Sub-Saharan Africa and is also the most
important use of wood in Asia.
In developing countries the concept of the ‘energy ladder’ is important.
Here, a transition from fuelwood and animal dung to ‘higher-level’ sources of
energy occurs as part of the process of economic development.
47.
48. THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ENERGY
The environmental impact of fossil fuels has been the subject of much debate
over a long period of time, as have the significant concerns over nuclear energy.
Even in the renewable sector the impact of large hydroelectric schemes has
drawn considerable criticism along with increasing concerns over large wind
farms.
No energy project of a significant scale is without its disadvantages.
49. THE NIGER DELTA
No energy production location has suffered more environmental damage than
the Niger Delta, which contains over 75% of Africa’s remaining mangrove.
A 2006 report estimated that up to 1.5 million tonnes of oil have been spilt in the
delta over the past 50 years.
The report compiled by WWF says that the Delta is one of the five most polluted
spots on Earth.
Pollution is destroying the livelihoods of many of the 20 million people who live in
the area.
The pollution damages crops and fishing grounds and is a major contributor to
the upsurge in violence in the region.
People in the Delta are dissatisfied with bearing the considerable costs of the oil
industry but seeing very little in terms of the benefits.
50.
51. GAS FLARING
The flaring (burning) of unwanted natural gas found with the oil is a major
regional and global environmental problem.
The gas found here is not useful because there is no gas pipeline infrastructure to
take it to consumer markets.
Gas flaring in the Niger Delta is the world’s single largest source of greenhouse
gas emissions.
The federal environmental protection agency has only existed since 1988 and
environmental impact assessments were not compulsory until 1992.
52.
53. OIL SANDS IN CANADA AND VENEZUELA
Huge oil sand (tar sand) deposits in Alberta, Canada and Venezuela could be
critical over the next 50 years as the world’s production of conventional oil falls.
However, there are serious environmental concerns about the development of
tar sands:
• It takes two tonnes of mined sand to produce one barrel of synthetic crude,
leaving lots of waste sand.
• It takes about three times as much energy to produce a barrel of Alberta oil-
sands crude as it does a conventional barrel of oil. Thus, oil sands are large
sources of greenhouse gas emissions.
54.
55. GLOSSARY
An environmental impact assessment is a document required by law detailing all
the impacts on the environment of a project above a certain size.
Oil sands, also known as tar sands or extra heavy oil, are naturally occurring
mixtures of sand or clay, water and an extremely dense and viscous form of
petroleum called bitumen.
Energy pathways are supply routes between energy producers and consumers,
which may be pipelines, shipping routes or electricity cables.
56. ENERGY PATHWAYS
As energy companies have had to search further afield for new sources of oil,
new energy pathways have had to be constructed.
Some major oil and gas pipelines cross some of the world’s most inhospitable
terrain.
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline crosses three mountain ranges and several large
rivers. Much of the pipeline is above ground to avoid the permafrost.
Engineers fly over the pipeline every day by helicopter to check for leaks and
other problems.
Incidents such as subsidence have closed the pipeline for short periods.