Examines the claims that climate change is very serious, and checks the available records to determine whether the main blame is increased carbon dioxide or heat emissions. Climate records show no trends to extremes, and loss of Arctic ice may be counteracted by increased growth of northern forests.
Climate Change Extremes: Increasing Wildfires & HurricanesPaul H. Carr
1. CLIMATE CHANGE EXTREMES: INCREASING FOREST FIRES AND HURRICANES
2. CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE:
CO2 from fossil fuel burning is warming our Earth via the Greenhouse effect
3. WHAT WE CAN DO IMMEDIATELY:
A more vegetarian diet.
Powerpoint global warming/Climate: the who and why........Opalcreek
Use this powerpoint in your science classroom to give hard data, create awareness and motivate students to look deeper into the science of global warming. Feel free to update and add data. Teachers need more materials in the classroom as teaching tools:
Climate Change Extremes: Increasing Wildfires & HurricanesPaul H. Carr
1. CLIMATE CHANGE EXTREMES: INCREASING FOREST FIRES AND HURRICANES
2. CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE:
CO2 from fossil fuel burning is warming our Earth via the Greenhouse effect
3. WHAT WE CAN DO IMMEDIATELY:
A more vegetarian diet.
Powerpoint global warming/Climate: the who and why........Opalcreek
Use this powerpoint in your science classroom to give hard data, create awareness and motivate students to look deeper into the science of global warming. Feel free to update and add data. Teachers need more materials in the classroom as teaching tools:
Climate Change: Implications for EnergyECFoundation
The Fifth Assessment Report from the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the
most comprehensive and relevant analysis of our
changing climate. It provides the scientific fact base
that will be used around the world to formulate
climate policies in the coming years.
This document is one of a series synthesizing the most pertinent findings of AR5 for specific economic and business sectors. It was born of the belief
that the energy sector could make more use of AR5, which is long and highly technical, if it were distilled into an accurate, accessible, timely, relevant and readable summary. Although the information presented here is a ‘translation’ of the key content relevant to this sector from AR5, this summary report adheres to the rigorous scientific basis of the original source material.
The basis for information presented in this overview report can be found in the fully-referenced and peer-reviewed IPCC technical and scientific background reports at: www.ipcc.ch
What is climate change doing to us and for us?Paul H. Carr
What are we doing to our climate? Emissions from fossil fuel burning have raised carbon dioxide concentrations 35% higher than in the last millions of years. This increase is warming our planet via the Greenhouse Effect. What is climate change doing to and for us? Dry regions are drier and wet ones wetter. Wildfires have increased threefold, hurricanes more violent, floods setting record heights, glaciers melting, and seas rising. Parts of Earth are increasingly uninhabitable. Climate change requires us to act as a global community. Climate justice enjoins emitters to pay the social-environmental costs of fossil fuel burning. This would expedite green solar, wind, and next-generation nuclear energy sources. Individuals should conserve resources, waste less food, and eat a plant rich diet.
Climate Change:
Definitions: USA EPA!
Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. In other words, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, that occur over several decades or longer.
History:
20 hottest years in the last and present century occurred after 1980.
KYOTO PROTOCOL
On February 2005 KYOTO PROTOCOL came into force in most of the 169 countries of the world.
It was decided that by 2010 GHG emissions would be reduced by 5.2% below 1990 level.
Causes:
Constantly emitting GHGs are the prime cause of it.
1.Water vapor (H. 2O)
2.Carbon dioxide (CO2)
3.Methane (CH4)
4.Nitrous oxide (N2O)
5.Ozone (O3)
6.Chloro-fluorocarbons (CFCs)
Effects:
Ill health of mother earth.
Future:
A darker future awaits for us if we don't take rationale steps right now.
Technology and Policies are Available to Save Our Environment.Paul H. Carr
OUTLINE: POLICY INFLUENCERS
1. Wall Street Journal - Is climate science settled?
2. Peer-reviewed Climate Science Articles- 99% settled.
3. Forbes – Is carbon-free energy available?
4. Nashua Telegraph – What about China’s coal burning?
5. Risky Business Report - Economics of Global Warming. by Bloomberg, Paulsen, & Steyer
6. Pope Francis’ Moral Responsibility to bequeath a habitable planet to future generations
Black Carbon, Sustainable Development and Regional Climate Change in the Hima...InfoAndina CONDESAN
Presentation made by Dr. Madhav Karki, Deputy Director General, ICIMOD
Outline of the presentation:
- Impact of climate change
- Key issues and knowledge gaps
- New phenomenon of Black Carbon
- Need for adaptation and mitigation for Sustainable Development
- Conclusion and way forward
Sustainability - What's wrong with a little climate change? Anders Lindgren
You may have heard about the dangers of “global warming and climate change”. It’s like old news. It hardly get you concerned. Well, there are some recent findings. Our Earth is getting warmer, wetter, wilder and more crowded than ever. It's scaring the hell out of scientists.
Carbon dioxide may not be the main cause of northern hemisphere warming. Heat generated by human activities may be a significant contributor. Polar ice variations are compared.
Climate Change: Implications for EnergyECFoundation
The Fifth Assessment Report from the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the
most comprehensive and relevant analysis of our
changing climate. It provides the scientific fact base
that will be used around the world to formulate
climate policies in the coming years.
This document is one of a series synthesizing the most pertinent findings of AR5 for specific economic and business sectors. It was born of the belief
that the energy sector could make more use of AR5, which is long and highly technical, if it were distilled into an accurate, accessible, timely, relevant and readable summary. Although the information presented here is a ‘translation’ of the key content relevant to this sector from AR5, this summary report adheres to the rigorous scientific basis of the original source material.
The basis for information presented in this overview report can be found in the fully-referenced and peer-reviewed IPCC technical and scientific background reports at: www.ipcc.ch
What is climate change doing to us and for us?Paul H. Carr
What are we doing to our climate? Emissions from fossil fuel burning have raised carbon dioxide concentrations 35% higher than in the last millions of years. This increase is warming our planet via the Greenhouse Effect. What is climate change doing to and for us? Dry regions are drier and wet ones wetter. Wildfires have increased threefold, hurricanes more violent, floods setting record heights, glaciers melting, and seas rising. Parts of Earth are increasingly uninhabitable. Climate change requires us to act as a global community. Climate justice enjoins emitters to pay the social-environmental costs of fossil fuel burning. This would expedite green solar, wind, and next-generation nuclear energy sources. Individuals should conserve resources, waste less food, and eat a plant rich diet.
Climate Change:
Definitions: USA EPA!
Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. In other words, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, that occur over several decades or longer.
History:
20 hottest years in the last and present century occurred after 1980.
KYOTO PROTOCOL
On February 2005 KYOTO PROTOCOL came into force in most of the 169 countries of the world.
It was decided that by 2010 GHG emissions would be reduced by 5.2% below 1990 level.
Causes:
Constantly emitting GHGs are the prime cause of it.
1.Water vapor (H. 2O)
2.Carbon dioxide (CO2)
3.Methane (CH4)
4.Nitrous oxide (N2O)
5.Ozone (O3)
6.Chloro-fluorocarbons (CFCs)
Effects:
Ill health of mother earth.
Future:
A darker future awaits for us if we don't take rationale steps right now.
Technology and Policies are Available to Save Our Environment.Paul H. Carr
OUTLINE: POLICY INFLUENCERS
1. Wall Street Journal - Is climate science settled?
2. Peer-reviewed Climate Science Articles- 99% settled.
3. Forbes – Is carbon-free energy available?
4. Nashua Telegraph – What about China’s coal burning?
5. Risky Business Report - Economics of Global Warming. by Bloomberg, Paulsen, & Steyer
6. Pope Francis’ Moral Responsibility to bequeath a habitable planet to future generations
Black Carbon, Sustainable Development and Regional Climate Change in the Hima...InfoAndina CONDESAN
Presentation made by Dr. Madhav Karki, Deputy Director General, ICIMOD
Outline of the presentation:
- Impact of climate change
- Key issues and knowledge gaps
- New phenomenon of Black Carbon
- Need for adaptation and mitigation for Sustainable Development
- Conclusion and way forward
Sustainability - What's wrong with a little climate change? Anders Lindgren
You may have heard about the dangers of “global warming and climate change”. It’s like old news. It hardly get you concerned. Well, there are some recent findings. Our Earth is getting warmer, wetter, wilder and more crowded than ever. It's scaring the hell out of scientists.
Carbon dioxide may not be the main cause of northern hemisphere warming. Heat generated by human activities may be a significant contributor. Polar ice variations are compared.
Through the project the students will learn that the temperature of Earth is increasing which is threat to human civilization.We should minimise the fuel consumption to reduce green house gases.The students will learn real life Mathematics .They will learn to predict the amount of ice amount of Arctic sea by using linear equation.
The amount of sea ice in ( sq km) is a linear function of year.
Some pictures are taken from www.nasaclimate.org
The project was selected for seminar " Development of quality teaching in Mathematics" at RIE, Ajmer under Poster presentation category .
What are we doing to our climate? What is it doing to us? What can we do?Paul H. Carr
OVERVIEW
I will be introducing you to ECONOMIC, ECOLOGICAL, and TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES.
¥ Climate change is an unintended consequence of carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels.
¥ By pricing in the social and environmental cost of these emissions, we can expedite their reduction. Let’s harness profit greed towards green technology development.
¥ The environmental challenge is to balance the beauty and sacredness of nature with its utility.
ABSTRACT
What are we doing to our climate? The scientific consensus. Tides and temperatures are rising. Since the beginning of the industrial age, emissions from fossil fuel burning have raised carbon dioxide concentrations to 410 ppm. This is 33% higher than in the last million years. This increase is warming our planet via the Greenhouse Effect. At the present rate of carbon dioxide increase, we will reach 800 ppm by 2100. When our earth was at this concentration 40 million years ago, it was so warm that there was no ice. Sea levels were about 300 feet higher than today.
What is climate change doing to us? “The earth and its poor cry out, and we must listen” Pope Francis. Dry regions are drier and wet ones wetter. Wildfires have increased threefold since 1970, storms more violent, floods setting record heights, and glaciers melting. Natural catastrophes are occurring more than twice as frequently as in 1980. Sea levels could rise as high as 18 feet by 2060. Parts of Earth are increasingly uninhabitable, resulting in millions of climate change refugees, CLIMmigration.
What can we do? Religion and science matter. Ethics trumping economics. Let’s yoke our knowledge of climate science with the motivational power of spiritual values. We need to reduce our carbon footprints. We now have the option to purchase green electric cars getting the equivalent of 100 miles per gallon and solar PV panels to lower our electric bills. We can support the Citizen’s Climate Lobby which advocates a revenue neutral carbon production fee resulting in a dividend returned to all. This would stimulate our economy creating millions of jobs and increase the deployment of green solar, wind, and nuclear energy sources. Thorium, in addition to uranium, is a green energy source for the future. Republicans are less afraid of nuclear energy than Democrats.
Bright
Dark
Blues
Grays
Night
Assignment 2The Global Environment: An Emerging World View (cont.)
Reading Assignment:
Read Article 5, A safe operating space for humanity by Johan Rockstrom et al. on pages 36-41 in your textbook.
Overview:
This lesson will illustrate understanding of how locally-based activities influence global phenomena as climate change. You will also observe that in a time of disappointing progress is occurring in global initiatives to curb greenhouse gas emissions, one of the most promising paths might be a localized action.
The authors identified planetary boundaries that must not be crossed in order to avoid significant environmental degradation.
Of the 10 factors considered, 3 of them--biodiversity loss, climate change,and agricultural pollution--have already crossed the threshold for a sustainable planet.
Evidence so far suggests that, as long as the thresholds are not crossed, humanity has the freedom to pursue long-term social and economic development.
Topics Covered:Planetary BoundariesClimate ChangeRate of Biodiversity LossNitrogen and Phosphorus CyclesDelicate Balance
Key Terms:
Planetary Boundaries -- boundaries that define the safe operating space for humanity with respect to the Earth system and are associated with the planet’s biophysical subsystems or processes.
Holocene -- the unusually stable environment of the planet for the past 10,000 years, which has seen human civilizations arise, develop, and thrive.
Anthropecene -- an era that has arisen since the Industrial Revolution, in which human actions become the main driver of global environmental change.
EPA -- Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov) for more information.
Greenhouse Gas (GHG)-- an atmospheric gas such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, or methane that easily absorbs infrared radiation & gives off heat, some of it directed toward space & the rest toward Earth.
Carbon Cycle -- the cycle of CO2 in the Earth‘s ecosystem; photosynthetic organisms transform the gas into organic nutrients, which are then restored to a gaseous state by respiration & decay. Instructor's Comments:
Fact 1: Currently, atmospheric CO2 concentration is 31% higher than in 1750, a level that has not been exceeded during the last 420,000 years.
Fact 2: The primary cause is human activity, particularly fossil fuel use & deforestation leading to further increases in CO2.
As we have seen a similar trend in the previous lesson, the following graph illustrates the CO2 concentration (dashes) and the global surface Ts (solid line)
Fact 3: Burning fossil fuels in power plats and automobiles ejects poisonous particles & gases that alter the chemical structure of the Atmosphere.
Fact 4: Worldwide CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) reached a record 30.6 Billion metric tons in 2010 that economists and scientist call this as “a wake-up call”. (Source: Int.
The True Science of Climate Change - April 2023 r3.pdfKeith_Shotbolt
This Study reviews the sciences of Earth's atmospheric circulation, the Greenhouse Effect and the Water Cycle. It includes observations by 15 leading authorities, and concludes that increased atmospheric water vapour from crop irrigation is by far the main cause of observed changes to climate. Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, still less than 1 part in 2,000 (0.05%), has had no identifiable influence on world temperatures, polar sea ice extents, and glaciers.
Investigation of cause of climate change. Review of all the evidence from NASA, NSIDC, NOAA and UK Meteorological Office. Calculation of latent heat associated with water vapour emissions from irrigation.
Describes latest observations of climate by satellites and ground stations and assesses them relative to the possible causes of 'greenhouse gases', world energy use, and latent heat transfer by crop irrigation.
Climate Change Paper - CO2 or Crop Irrigation?Keith_Shotbolt
Describes all important observations of climate change and assesses the possible effects of increased CO2, human activity energy consumption, and large-scale crop irrigation.
Single page artwork by Nobu Tamura shows gradual development of creatures from single cells, through fish and tetrapods, to humans. Now has timeline added.
This Summary of information from BBC TV series by Prof Brian Cox, Prof Iain Stewart and David Attenborough shows that Physics (including Astronomy), Chemistry, Biology and we humans are just parts of one subject - the History of planet Earth.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
1. Climate Change
- Emissions and Benefits.
With video clips from BBC TV program series
Harvest, Blue Planet and Planet Earth
keith.shotbolt@hotmail.co.uk8 May 2019
2. Records show a global temperature rise of 1 degree Centigrade
over the last 100 years.
Excel plot of Central England Annual Temperature (HadCET) over the years since
1721. Note previous warm period in the 1730s.
Warming may be due to HEAT emissions rather than carbon dioxide.
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1715 1765 1815 1865 1915 1965 2015
3. 2,500 million years ago, cyanobacteria evolved to grow by
Photosynthesis.
Plants use the process to convert CO2 to make their food for growth.
Chlorophyll, a green pigment, acts as a catalyst.
Cyanobacteria and plants converted the CO2 rich atmosphere to one with
21% of O2, leaving just 0.04% (or 400 ppm (parts per million)) of CO2.
Plants need CO2 and horticulturalists increase the concentration in their
greenhouses to 1500 ppm to boost crop yields.
4.
5. 500 million years ago, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere was
more than ten times the present level. Fish with gills had evolved to
breathe the waste oxygen product from marine plant life.
They were not harmed by the higher content of CO2.
In the temperate climate regions now, the increasing sunlight in Spring triggers
photosynthesis to produce new leaves on trees, and crops grow in the fields.
The normally blue oceans, covering 70% of the Earth’s surface and containing around
50 times more CO2 than the atmosphere, develop large areas of green plankton bloom.
In 2011, the Climate Emergency Institute stated: “When phytoplankton (and the sea
creatures that eat them) die, they sink to the ocean floor, removing huge amounts of
CO2 from the ocean surface and acting as an effective carbon sink.” Similarly, food
plants on land and the creatures that eat them (including humans) act as a carbon sink.
6.
7. Human Activities of construction, warmed (or cooled) buildings, power stations, cars &
aircraft, have all traditionally depended on fossil fuels, such as natural gas (methane),
petrol and diesel.
Fossil fuels are organic. They form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) when burnt in
air. Using methane as an example:
Travel by jet aircraft started in the 1950s. Globally, there are now more than 8,000 planes
taking off in every hour, emitting large amounts of hot CO2 and water vapour.
The population of the city of Oxford increased from 31,000 in 1851, to 244,000 in 2011.
University staff consider that the observed rise in city temperature over the last 100 years
was largely due to the heat emitted by more buildings and traffic.
Nuclear power stations do not emit carbon dioxide, but they do emit HEAT.
CH4 + 2O2 = 2H2O + CO2 + HEAT
8. The US National Snow and Ice Data Centre publishes records of
Sea Ice Extent at both the North and South poles.
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Arctic Sea Ice Cover - September Low
Millions Sq Km Median 1981 2010
Minimum ice cover at the North Pole has reduced from a Median of 6.3 million sq km over the
years 1981 to 2010, to a fairly steady average of 4.3 million sq km over the last 12 years.
In the years 2013 to 2016, South Pole ice cover actually increased above the Median.
90% of the world’s 7.7 billion human population live in the northern hemisphere.
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2.50
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Antarctic Sea Ice Cover - February Low
Millions Sq Km Median 1981 2010
9. The Taiga or Boreal Forests.
The Taiga is primarily a coniferous forest (evergreen trees with needles) and is located
between 50 degrees latitude north and the Arctic circle.
The trees do not grow until the average temperature per day is above 5 degrees Centigrade.
Warming of the northern hemisphere should extend the growing period and areal extent of
these forests, which should also benefit from increased CO2 in the surrounding air.
10.
11. Extreme Storms.
The Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) advises that “globally, about 70 to
110 tropical storms form each year, with about 40 to 60 reaching hurricane strength.
Records show large year-to-year changes in the number and intensity of these storms.”
Wikipedia’s list of recorded hurricanes begins with one in 1300 BC in Nicaragua. In the
18th century List, the Great Hurricane of 1780 is noted as killing more than 20,000
people in the Caribbean area – the highest number of human casualties of all storms.
In the year 1900, a category 4 hurricane with sustained winds in excess of 130 mph (113
knots) killed around 10,000 people in the US city of Galveston, Texas. There were no
cars and no aircraft in the world in 1900, and there were 6 billion fewer humans.
The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has plotted the
accumulated energy per annum of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones over 68 years to 2016,
see next slide.
12. The graph shows a decline in Atlantic Storm Energy over the first half of the period, rising to a
peak in 2005, but subsequently falling. There is no correlation with ‘global warming’.
https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/cgi-
bin/data/climateindices/corr.pl?tstype1=46&custname1=&custtitle1=&tstype2=0&custname2=&custtitle2=&year1=&year2=&itypea=0&y1=&y2=&plotstyle=0&length=&lag=&iall=0&iseas=1&mon1=
0&mon2=11&Submit=Calculate+Results
13. Extreme Weather.
Rainfall
Analysis of the 166 years of records of rainfall in Oxford shows that the top 5 wettest
months were all before 1950. Annual rainfall in Oxford varies between 400mm and
1000mm, with the absolutely flat level trend line showing a most likely value of 650mm.
Cherrapunji, an Indian town just north of Bengal, holds the all-time record for the most
rainfall in a calendar month, 9,300 mm; and in a year, 26,461 mm; both in 1861. During the
last 30 years, annual rainfall at Cherrapunji has rarely exceeded half of that figure.
Temperature
The highest recorded temperature is 56.7°C (134°F), which was measured on 10 July 1913
in Death Valley, California, USA.
The lowest temperature ever recorded in Moscow was −42.2 °C in January 1940.
The coldest ever recorded in Calgary, Canada was −45 °C in February 1893.
14. Drought
The years 1934 to 1940 (with very few cars and aircraft) saw the worst period of drought in
the American and Canadian prairies. The resulting conditions were named the Dust Bowl,
and were caused by ploughing the wind-resistant grass cover. Farming methods have
improved to prevent a recurrence.
Bushland and Forest Fires
Bushland and forest fires can be started naturally by lightning strikes. However, it is
probable that many of these fires have been caused by human groups having picnic
barbecues without taking care to completely extinguish the ashes.
Accurate Weather Records.
The number of video-recording devices, including mobile phones, has greatly increased
over the last 20 years. Video clips of ‘unprecedented?’ weather are regularly broadcast by
television stations around the world.
Many areas do not have accurate long-time-span meteorological records.
15. Benefits of Increased Temperature
1. As described in slides 9 and 10, the Taiga or Boreal conifer forests only grow when the
average ambient temperature per day exceeds 5 degrees Centigrade. The noted 1 degree
C increase in northern hemisphere temperatures must be helping these Russian and
Canadian forests to grow.
2. People living in areas where their homes need added heat in the winter will benefit
from lower requirement for ‘central heating’ (and therefore lower associated cost).
3. There will be fewer deaths from hypothermia.
4. There will be fewer road accidents due to less snow and ice.
5. Fewer pipes will burst due to freezing up.
6. There will be less personal tendency to slip on ice.
7. There will be reduced need to clear snow away.
8. Golfers will have reduced periods of course closures.
16. Conclusions.
1. The UK is a small country of less than 0.2% of the world’s land area, and contains less than 1% of the
world’s population. Any meaningful attempt to reduce emissions must depend on international effort.
2. The UK government has already introduced measures to reduce emissions from human activities, including:
• Reduced use of coal to heat homes and generate electricity
• Subsidies for increased generation of electric power by wind turbines
• Encouragement to improve insulation of existing and new homes
• Encouragement for people to use bicycles instead of cars
• Charges for use of the most-polluting vehicles in cities.
3. Individuals can help reduce emissions by installing solar panels, using hybrid or electric cars, reducing
number and length of flights, etc.
4. The three hottest average June temperatures in Central England were in 1846. 1826 and 1822. The coldest
average December temperature was in 1890 (-0.8C) and the second coldest was in 2010 (-0.7C).
No cause for alarm there.
5. There does not appear to be any scientific experimental proof that the 4 parts in 10,000 of CO2 in the
atmosphere act like a one-way blanket.