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This document discusses various energy resources and their relationship to earthquakes. It provides an overview of different energy sources including fossil fuels, renewable sources, and nuclear energy. It notes that production, refining, and distribution sites for energy are considered critical facilities that are subject to risks from earthquakes. Large earthquakes can damage these sites, and operations like drilling for oil and gas or injecting waste water have been linked to induced seismicity. The document emphasizes the importance of ongoing seismic monitoring near critical energy infrastructure to help understand background activity and identify any anomalous changes that could signal increased earthquake risk. Taiwan is highlighted as an area of high seismic hazard where proper evaluation of risk is important given its energy facilities.

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Energy Resources and Earthquakes Jer-Ming Chiu, Professor of Geophysics CERI/Department of Earth Sciences The University of Memphis July 19, 2014
Modern World History can be considered as a history of Earth Sciences a history fighting for Energy Resources center of the history -- petroleum However, today’s center of international focuses on “energy resources” have dramatically changed. Overview
What “Energy Resources” are we talking about today? Fossil -- Oil (Petroleum), Coal, Natural Gas Renewable – Solar, Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, Hydraulic, Biofuels Nuclear fission (breeder reactors) and nuclear fusion Non-renewable – Nuclear (others), Oil, Coal, Natural Gas Research on the exploration and development of these energy resources are the focuses of today’s energy industries.
Among these energy resources, Petroleum, Biofuels, Hydrogen -- transportations Natural Gases, Biofuels, Geothermal – heating Nuclear, Wind, Solar, Tidal, Hydraulic, Geothermal -- electricity
Over the entire human history, we depend mainly on the “burning” of fossil energy resources, i.e. oil, coal, natural gas, for lighting, electricity, and other applications. The problems we encountered with fossil energy include • limited resources available only on certain areas – the reserve of fossil energy is finite and limited. The more we un-earth it today, the less it will be available for our future generation. In addition, many wars between countries were due to fighting for the demand on energy resources. • significant environmental issues – the burning of fossil energy releases mercury, methane, CO2, and other debris to the air that create a significant environmental problem. It is getting worse and its impacts have becoming a global issue now.
Predicted Global Fuel Usage for Electricity Generation by the International Energy Institute 14,000 12,000 GWH 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,,000 2,000 2002 2030 Coal Oil Natural Gas Nuclear Hydro Other alternative
Problems related to modern energy resources: 1. Instability where most oil is found, from the Persian Gulf to Nigeria to Venezuela, makes this lifeline fragile. 2. Transport oil from production field to market places is getting more difficult, e.g. from north slope of Alaska to US continent or to Japan. 3. Natural gas can be hard to transport and is prone to shortage. 4. We won’t run out of coal anytime soon, or the largely untapped deposits of tar sands and oil shale. But it’s clear that the carbon dioxide spewed by coal and other fossil fuels is warming up the planet.
5. Energy conservation can stave off the day of reckoning, but in the end you can’t conserve what you don’t have. At least, in personal level, all of us can do something to conserve energy. 6. It is time to step up the search for the next great fuel for the hungry engine of humankind. Is there such a fuel? The short answer is “NO”. 7. Hydrogen-fueled cars may give the wrong impression. Hydrogen is not a source of energy. It has to be freed before it is useful and that costs more energy than the hydrogen gives back. It is still long way to go before hydrogen-fueled engine becomes affordable, acceptable, or economically feasible. 8. Fossil fuels have met the growing demand because they pack millions of years of the sun’s energy into a compact form, but we will not find their like again.
Alternatively, we turn from “conventional”  “unconventional” from “non-renewable”  “renewable” and from “large-scale”  “small-scale operation” to try to find an answer for today’s demand of energy resources.
Solar: free energy, at a price
Wind: feast or famine
Biomass: farming your fuel
Nuclear power: still a contender
(1) Nuclear Fission
(2) Nuclear Fusion
Why is China pushing new nuclear power?
What is happening now (after Fukushima)?
The future of nuclear power in the US
Petroleum
What we know are What are our options?
Coal
Advantages of Coal
Natural Gases
Advantages of Natural Gases
Geothermal
Enhanced geothermal system 1:Reservoir 2:Pump house 3:Heat exchanger 4:Turbine hall 5:Production well 6:Injection well 7:Hot water to district heating 8:Porous sediments 9:Observation well 10:Crystalline bedrock
How it works?
Hydraulic Energy
History • Using flowing water to perform work is nothing new • Greeks, Romans and Chinese ground wheat • Water wheels were used to mine ores and fan bellows
Modern History • Discovery of electricity really fueled hydropower • First hydroelectric power plant was in Appleton Wisconsin in 1882 • Produced 12.5 kW – Light the home of the designer, the plant itself and a nearby building – 250 lights
Engineering and Physics • Water is stored behind the dam, creating a potential difference • Water flows past a turbine • Turns generator • Produces electricity – Watts P = rhrgk
Hydroelectric Power Plants United States • We have 80,000 dams but only 3% produce electricity • Largest is Grand Coulee Dam in Washington • We produce 96,000 MW using conventional hydropower World Wide
Largest in the World • Three Gorges Dam • 22.5 GW of electricity • 34 turbines • Cost $26 billion • Almost 20 years to build
Largest in the United States • Grand Coulee Dam • Built in 1942 • Produces 6.8 GW of electricity • $1.85 billion to build
Advantages • Long-term renewable • Flowing water is free • Non-polluting* • Flood control • During drought, dam will still have water • 90% efficient • Advanced technologies which are adaptable to change • Multipurpose use • Reliable and quick for changes in public demand • Low operating costs with a projected lifespan of 50- 70 years • Can develop in third world countries
Disadvantages Geological • Sedimentation • Built on or around seismicity • Landslides • Methane emissions Ecological • Local fish migration • Water Conditions • Destruction and relocation of local wildlife
Disasters • Dam breakage is considered largest man-made disasters • Largest disaster was Banqiao Dam in 1975 • Government maintains that it was a 2000 year flood not poor engineering – Designed to withstand a 1000 year flood – More than a year’s rain fell in 24 hours – August 6, a request to open the dam was rejected – August 7, request was accepted but the telegrams failed to reach the dam – In total 62 dams failed
Future? • Unconventional hydropower • Global climate change is affecting stream flows throughout the world • Huge environmental impact • For US, no major plans • China is currently constructing 15 new hydropower facilities • Recent findings claim that hydropower is not as “green” as originally thought
Tidal Energy
Rance (France), second largest tidal power station at 240 MW
Pros of tidal energy 1.Produces no primary or secondary pollutants 2.Requires no fuel and is a lot more reliable 3.Easy to calculate when production will be high or low 4.Vertical axis is highly efficient and cheap 5.Provides new and innovative ways of gathering Cons of tidal energy 1.Affects estuary diversity and populations 2.Bird feeding is disrupted 3.Fish migrations disrupted (Fish ladders) 4.On average will provide 10 hours of energy per day 5.Few actual high productivity sites available on earth
Department of Energy Awards $37 Million for Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technology Development September 9, 2010 - 12:00am Washington, DC - U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu today announced selections for more than $37 million in funding to accelerate the technological and commercial readiness of emerging marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) technologies, which seek to generate renewable electricity from the nation's oceans and free- flowing rivers and streams. The 27 projects range from concept studies and component design research to prototype development and in-water device testing. This unprecedented level of funding will advance the ability of marine and hydrokinetic energy technologies to contribute to the nation's electricity supply.
Maine Project Takes Historic Step Forward in U.S. Tidal Energy Deployment May 4, 2012 - 12:11pm Cobscook Bay, Maine, is the site of a tidal energy pilot project led by Ocean Renewable Power Company. | Photo courtesy of Ocean Renewable Power Company. Cobscook Bay, Maine, is the site of a tidal energy pilot project led by Ocean Renewable Power Company. | Photo courtesy of Ocean Renewable Power Company.
So where’s the electricity puck gonna be? In the near term, Natural gas -- Commodity prices have fallen 70 perfect in seven years. and small plants are viable. Solar, wind and garbage -- all have the advantage of decentralization, allowing myriad providers access. Nuclear – take advantage of the existing NPP, put new and safer technology into work, gradually reduce the dependence of nuclear power This minimizes the need for expensive inter-ties like Gateway West.
So where’s the electricity puck gonna be? In the near term, What we need to accomplish: Produce locally, consume locally. Small is beautiful. Most every housetop in the Magic Valley is a ready made platform for solar. Every farm and city is a potential engine for organic waste, be it straw, cow, manure or garbage. Burning is spreading like wildfire in Europe. Dairy waste alone could create enough energy to power the entire valley.
So where’s the electricity puck gonna be? Geothermal -- the next go-to guy. Heating and cooling are the biggest household energy hogs. God’s provided mother earth as a giant battery. Every lawn is a battery terminal. It’s 100 percent green. Go green, renewable, we have only “one earth” to live on. Finally, job No. 1 is conservation -- Every kilowatt you don’t use is a kilowatt you “create.”
Important experiences from energy development of Scotland
Future energy source search will need a big push from government
What have these “energy resources” to do with earthquakes? Production sites, refinery sites, power plant sites, distribution sites of any energy resource are considered “critical facilities”. Critical facilities are subjected to risks from 1. strong ground motions or tsunami generated from large earthquakes that may occur at nearby active faults or tectonically active regions, e.g. subduction zone, rift zone, or collision zone 2. fatigue of any compartment of the facility after a long period of operation 3. operational errors from human management Among them, risk #2 and #3 could be minimized by expert’s attention. However, risk #1 requires continuous monitoring, research, assessment, and coordination between multi-disciplinary researchers and government agencies.
Risk #2 and #3 can be significantly reduced due to the evolution of nuclear power design
Example for Nuclear Power Plant One of the criteria for licensing of a nuclear power plant is that no active faults are located within 250 miles radius from the proposed site. Apparently, this is not the case for the nuclear power plants in Taiwan, Japan, and even for California in the USA. Alternatively, the construction threshold for a NPP in these areas of high seismic hazard has to set to a higher standard to allow the plant to sustain the maximum possible strong ground motion from future large earthquakes. That means “more expensive” for building NPP in high seismic hazard regions, e.g. Taiwan, Japan, and California of the USA
Locations of NPP and Seismicity in the US (Michelle Frey, 2011) Locations of NPP and Seismic hazard in the US (Michelle Frey, 2011)
However, seismic risk of NPPs in central and eastern USA may be underestimated due to the fact that seismic attenuation is dramatically different between eastern and western US. Seismic attenuation is one of the important parameters for a successful assessment of regional seismic hazard.
Tornadoes are another potential natural disaster risk on NPPs.
Seismicity in Taiwan region is one of the most seismological active regions in the world Is seismic hazard in Taiwan region properly evaluated?
Volcano Earthquakes Geothermal area tends to have earthquake swarms due to volcanic activities, thermal expansions, movement of magma bodies etc. Volcano or geothermal related earthquakes can be as large as Magnitude 6.0. Of course, volcano eruption is another hazard always around the corner of any “active volcano”. Luckily volcano eruption is recently becoming “Predictable”.
Example: Hawaii Islands Older age
PuuOo Eruption
Recent Volcano Eruption History in Hawaii
April 23, 1990 A roadside store in Kalapana region
June 13, 1990
June 19, 1990
Vp = l + 2m r Vs = m r How do we know there are magma reservoirs beneath a volcano? Where is rigidity, 0 for liquid, and ~1 for solid materials. 0~1 for partial melting materials Therefore, we would expect a low Vp but high Vp/Vs ratio for a region of magma reservoir m
Cross-section of Vp (top) and Vp/Vs ratio across the Tatung-Chilung volcanic group where volcanism ceased in Pliocene. The low Vp but high Vp/Vs ratio beneath the volcano may suggest the potential of the existence of partially melted magmatic reservoir at shallow depth.
Therefore, there are earthquakes, most of them in swarms, beneath the Tatung volcano. Preliminary 3-D tomographic images of structures beneath the Tatung Volcano suggested a potential of “magma reservoir” at shallow depth. A few coal burning and nuclear power plants are located along coastal area of northern Taiwan. It is essential to evaluate if these volcano earthquakes or potential magma reservoir beneath Tatung volcano will cause any risk to these critical facilities as well as Taipei City.
Induced Earthquakes Deep drilling wells for petroleum and natural gas productions, deep waste water injection wells, as well as reservoirs for hydraulic or other purposes may accompany “induced earthquakes”. Recent moderate and unusual earthquakes occurred in central Arkansas, Oklahoma City of Oklahoma, and Dallas region of Texas are good examples
Major concerns for nuclear power plants --- nearby tectonic earthquakes, active faults, tsunami Petroleum, natural gases, geothermal, hydraulic reservoir – Induced earthquakes
Earthquakes with magnitude (M) ≥ 3 in the U.S. midcontinent, 1967–2012 (Ellsworth, 2013). After decades of a steady earthquake rate (average of 21 events/year), activity increased starting in 2001 and peaked at 188 earthquakes in 2011. Human-induced earthquakes are suspected to be partially responsible for the increase.
Can time and location of an earthquake be predicted? • Yes, and No • 1975 Haicheng earthquake (Mw 7.3), China, was predicted successfully based on large number of foreshocks and anomalous behavior of animals. None died. • 1976 Tangshan earthquake (Mw 7.6) was not predicted. More than 260,000 died. • Recent dispute in the L’Aquita, Italy earthquake 2009 (ML 5.9, Mw 6.3)
Aftershocks in the Courtroom • 30 people died of a major earthquake in L’Aquila 2009 • Italian judge sentenced seven Italian scientists to jail for their downplay of the risk of a major earthquake • Scientific communities argue that the sentence is un-justified
30 people died during the L’Aquila, Italy earthquake (April 2009, ML 5.9, Mw 6.3)
Seven Experts were sentenced for downplayed the risk of a major earthquake
A dramatic increase of microearthquake activities before the main shock
So, what can we do? • Continuous monitoring of active seismic source regions nearby any critical facilities to 1. study background seismic activities 2. explore any anomalous seismic activities 3. update observed strong ground motion information 4. study temporary and spatial variations of nearby subsurface structures
Seismicity in Taiwan region is one of the most seismological active regions in the world Is seismic hazard in Taiwan region properly evaluated?
So, what can we do? • Continuous monitoring of active seismic source regions nearby any critical facilities • Establish real-time earthquake early warning system
Early Warning System • Standalone – single station early warning system for railroads and other critical facilities • Multiple stations – seismic array early warning system for distant critical facilities including nuclear power plan, super computer center, hospital, government building, etc.
Standalone Early Warning System Strong motion sensors have been installed along the bullet train routes. Electric power will be automatically shut down when strong ground motion beyond a threshold value is detected. During the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, 23 bullet trains in motion were successfully brought to stop by shutting down power automatically when strong ground motions were detected.
Multiple Stations – Array Early Warning System Array early warning system has also been installed near the potential source regions to provide early warning for critical facilities such as nuclear power plants, super computers, government buildings, etc.
Thanks for your attention
"This funding represents the largest single investment of federal funding to date in the development of marine and hydrokinetic energy technologies," said Secretary Chu. "These innovative projects will help grow water power's contribution to America's clean energy economy." The nation's ocean waves, tides, currents, thermal gradients, and free-flowing rivers represent a promising energy source located close to centers of electricity demand. The Department of Energy is working with industry, universities, national laboratories, and other groups to develop technologies capable of harnessing these resources to generate environmentally sustainable, cost-competitive power. The Department of Energy will leverage private sector investments in marine and hydrokinetic energy technologies by providing cost- shared funding to industry and industry-led partnerships.
Some of the projects selected today include: Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. (Pennington, New Jersey) will deploy a full- scale 150 kilowatt PowerBuoy system in the Oregon Territorial Sea and collect two years of detailed operating data. This project will obtain critical technical and cost performance data for one of the most advanced wave energy converters in the U.S. DOE Funding: $2,400,000. Total Project Value: $4,800,000. Ocean Renewable Power Company (Portland, Maine) will build, install, operate, and monitor a commercial-scale array of five grid-connected TidGen TM Project devices on the sea floor in Cobscook Bay off Eastport, Maine in two phases over three years. The project will advance ORPC's cross-flow turbine tidal energy technology, producing a full-scale, grid-connected energy system and will gather critical technical and cost performance data for one of the most advanced tidal energy systems in the U.S. The completed project will comprise an array of interconnected TidGenT hydrokinetic energy conversion devices, associated power electronics, and interconnection equipment into a system fully capable of commercial operation in moderate to high velocity tidal currents in water depths of up to 150 feet. The project will significantly advance the technical, operational and environmental goals of the tidal energy industry at large. DOE Funding: $10,000,000. Total Project Value: $21,100,000.
Public Utility District No.1 of Snohomish County (Everett, Washington) will deploy, operate, monitor, and evaluate two 10- meter diameter Open-Centre Turbines, developed and manufactured by OpenHydro Group Ltd, in Admiralty Inlet of Puget Sound. The project is expected to generate 1 megawatt (MW) of electrical energy during periods of peak tidal currents with an average energy output of approximately 100 kilowatts (kW). This full-scale, grid-connected tidal turbine system will gather critical technical and cost performance data for one of the most advanced tidal turbine projects in the U.S. DOE Funding: $10,000,000. Total Project Value: $20,100,000.
All Eyes on Eastport: Tidal Energy Project Brings Change, Opportunity to Local Community July 24, 2012 - 2:40pm Share on tweet Captain Gerald "Gerry" Morrison, Vice President of Perry Marine & Consctruction. | Photo Courtesy of Ocean Renewable Power Company. Erin R. PierceDigital Specialist, Office of Public Affairs Today in Eastport, Maine, people are gathering to celebrate a project that will harness the power of the massive tides of Cobscook Bay to generate clean electricity. At a public dedication event this afternoon, Portland-based Ocean Renewable Power Company will unveil its first commercial-scale tidal turbine before it is deployed underwater to generate power. The pilot project -- supported by $10 million in funding from the Energy Department -- is expected to generate enough energy to power 100 area homes. Once successfully deployed, it will be among the first commercial, grid-connected projects of its kind in the nation. Investing in tidal energy is part of President Obama’s all-of-the-above strategy to develop every source of American energy to reduce costs for consumers, protect our air and water, and move the United States toward true energy independence. Ocean Renewable Power’s Eastport venture not only represents a monumental step for the U.S. tidal energy industry -- it also holds important economic implications for surrounding coastal communities.
We recently caught up with Captain Gerald “Gerry” Morrison, Vice President of Perry Marine & Construction, for more insight into what the project means for local families and businesses. ## “I grew up here. I can remember when Eastport made things,” said Morrison whose family ties to the area go back for five generations. “I’d like Eastport to go back to the days when there were a lot of people here and people had jobs. That’s what I’d like to see,” he added. For Morrison, Ocean Renewable Power’s project spells economic opportunity for the people who live and work in the area. His own company, Perry Marine & Construction -- a joint venture with CPM Constructors -- works to manufacture and deploy tidal turbines developed by Ocean Renewable Power’s team of engineers. As Ocean Renewable Power’s project continues to expand and evolve, so too has Morrison’s own venture. Perry Marine & Construction is building a new turbine fabrication facility, and the size of the company’s staff has doubled.
When asked what his favorite aspect was of the project, Morrison described the excitement of working on something that’s “never been done before” and “fresh out of the box.” But at the end of the day, what is most important, explained Morrison is the project’s economic implications. “It’s jobs for the area,” he said. “Made in the USA. Made in Eastport. By American people who take pride in their work. That’s the key.”

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2014/07/20 能源與科學研討會 邱教授的投影片

  • 1.
    Energy Resources andEarthquakes Jer-Ming Chiu, Professor of Geophysics CERI/Department of Earth Sciences The University of Memphis July 19, 2014
  • 2.
    Modern World Historycan be considered as a history of Earth Sciences a history fighting for Energy Resources center of the history -- petroleum However, today’s center of international focuses on “energy resources” have dramatically changed. Overview
  • 3.
    What “Energy Resources”are we talking about today? Fossil -- Oil (Petroleum), Coal, Natural Gas Renewable – Solar, Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, Hydraulic, Biofuels Nuclear fission (breeder reactors) and nuclear fusion Non-renewable – Nuclear (others), Oil, Coal, Natural Gas Research on the exploration and development of these energy resources are the focuses of today’s energy industries.
  • 4.
    Among these energyresources, Petroleum, Biofuels, Hydrogen -- transportations Natural Gases, Biofuels, Geothermal – heating Nuclear, Wind, Solar, Tidal, Hydraulic, Geothermal -- electricity
  • 5.
    Over the entirehuman history, we depend mainly on the “burning” of fossil energy resources, i.e. oil, coal, natural gas, for lighting, electricity, and other applications. The problems we encountered with fossil energy include • limited resources available only on certain areas – the reserve of fossil energy is finite and limited. The more we un-earth it today, the less it will be available for our future generation. In addition, many wars between countries were due to fighting for the demand on energy resources. • significant environmental issues – the burning of fossil energy releases mercury, methane, CO2, and other debris to the air that create a significant environmental problem. It is getting worse and its impacts have becoming a global issue now.
  • 8.
    Predicted Global FuelUsage for Electricity Generation by the International Energy Institute 14,000 12,000 GWH 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,,000 2,000 2002 2030 Coal Oil Natural Gas Nuclear Hydro Other alternative
  • 9.
    Problems related tomodern energy resources: 1. Instability where most oil is found, from the Persian Gulf to Nigeria to Venezuela, makes this lifeline fragile. 2. Transport oil from production field to market places is getting more difficult, e.g. from north slope of Alaska to US continent or to Japan. 3. Natural gas can be hard to transport and is prone to shortage. 4. We won’t run out of coal anytime soon, or the largely untapped deposits of tar sands and oil shale. But it’s clear that the carbon dioxide spewed by coal and other fossil fuels is warming up the planet.
  • 10.
    5. Energy conservationcan stave off the day of reckoning, but in the end you can’t conserve what you don’t have. At least, in personal level, all of us can do something to conserve energy. 6. It is time to step up the search for the next great fuel for the hungry engine of humankind. Is there such a fuel? The short answer is “NO”. 7. Hydrogen-fueled cars may give the wrong impression. Hydrogen is not a source of energy. It has to be freed before it is useful and that costs more energy than the hydrogen gives back. It is still long way to go before hydrogen-fueled engine becomes affordable, acceptable, or economically feasible. 8. Fossil fuels have met the growing demand because they pack millions of years of the sun’s energy into a compact form, but we will not find their like again.
  • 11.
    Alternatively, we turn from“conventional”  “unconventional” from “non-renewable”  “renewable” and from “large-scale”  “small-scale operation” to try to find an answer for today’s demand of energy resources.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 23.
    Why is Chinapushing new nuclear power?
  • 24.
    What is happeningnow (after Fukushima)?
  • 25.
    The future ofnuclear power in the US
  • 26.
  • 29.
    What we knoware What are our options?
  • 30.
  • 32.
  • 34.
  • 36.
  • 39.
  • 40.
    Enhanced geothermal system 1:Reservoir 2:Pumphouse 3:Heat exchanger 4:Turbine hall 5:Production well 6:Injection well 7:Hot water to district heating 8:Porous sediments 9:Observation well 10:Crystalline bedrock
  • 44.
  • 56.
  • 57.
    History • Using flowingwater to perform work is nothing new • Greeks, Romans and Chinese ground wheat • Water wheels were used to mine ores and fan bellows
  • 58.
    Modern History • Discoveryof electricity really fueled hydropower • First hydroelectric power plant was in Appleton Wisconsin in 1882 • Produced 12.5 kW – Light the home of the designer, the plant itself and a nearby building – 250 lights
  • 59.
    Engineering and Physics •Water is stored behind the dam, creating a potential difference • Water flows past a turbine • Turns generator • Produces electricity – Watts P = rhrgk
  • 60.
    Hydroelectric Power Plants UnitedStates • We have 80,000 dams but only 3% produce electricity • Largest is Grand Coulee Dam in Washington • We produce 96,000 MW using conventional hydropower World Wide
  • 61.
    Largest in theWorld • Three Gorges Dam • 22.5 GW of electricity • 34 turbines • Cost $26 billion • Almost 20 years to build
  • 62.
    Largest in theUnited States • Grand Coulee Dam • Built in 1942 • Produces 6.8 GW of electricity • $1.85 billion to build
  • 63.
    Advantages • Long-term renewable •Flowing water is free • Non-polluting* • Flood control • During drought, dam will still have water • 90% efficient • Advanced technologies which are adaptable to change • Multipurpose use • Reliable and quick for changes in public demand • Low operating costs with a projected lifespan of 50- 70 years • Can develop in third world countries
  • 64.
    Disadvantages Geological • Sedimentation • Builton or around seismicity • Landslides • Methane emissions Ecological • Local fish migration • Water Conditions • Destruction and relocation of local wildlife
  • 65.
    Disasters • Dam breakageis considered largest man-made disasters • Largest disaster was Banqiao Dam in 1975 • Government maintains that it was a 2000 year flood not poor engineering – Designed to withstand a 1000 year flood – More than a year’s rain fell in 24 hours – August 6, a request to open the dam was rejected – August 7, request was accepted but the telegrams failed to reach the dam – In total 62 dams failed
  • 66.
    Future? • Unconventional hydropower •Global climate change is affecting stream flows throughout the world • Huge environmental impact • For US, no major plans • China is currently constructing 15 new hydropower facilities • Recent findings claim that hydropower is not as “green” as originally thought
  • 67.
  • 68.
    Rance (France), secondlargest tidal power station at 240 MW
  • 69.
    Pros of tidalenergy 1.Produces no primary or secondary pollutants 2.Requires no fuel and is a lot more reliable 3.Easy to calculate when production will be high or low 4.Vertical axis is highly efficient and cheap 5.Provides new and innovative ways of gathering Cons of tidal energy 1.Affects estuary diversity and populations 2.Bird feeding is disrupted 3.Fish migrations disrupted (Fish ladders) 4.On average will provide 10 hours of energy per day 5.Few actual high productivity sites available on earth
  • 70.
    Department of EnergyAwards $37 Million for Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technology Development September 9, 2010 - 12:00am Washington, DC - U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu today announced selections for more than $37 million in funding to accelerate the technological and commercial readiness of emerging marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) technologies, which seek to generate renewable electricity from the nation's oceans and free- flowing rivers and streams. The 27 projects range from concept studies and component design research to prototype development and in-water device testing. This unprecedented level of funding will advance the ability of marine and hydrokinetic energy technologies to contribute to the nation's electricity supply.
  • 71.
    Maine Project TakesHistoric Step Forward in U.S. Tidal Energy Deployment May 4, 2012 - 12:11pm Cobscook Bay, Maine, is the site of a tidal energy pilot project led by Ocean Renewable Power Company. | Photo courtesy of Ocean Renewable Power Company. Cobscook Bay, Maine, is the site of a tidal energy pilot project led by Ocean Renewable Power Company. | Photo courtesy of Ocean Renewable Power Company.
  • 72.
    So where’s theelectricity puck gonna be? In the near term, Natural gas -- Commodity prices have fallen 70 perfect in seven years. and small plants are viable. Solar, wind and garbage -- all have the advantage of decentralization, allowing myriad providers access. Nuclear – take advantage of the existing NPP, put new and safer technology into work, gradually reduce the dependence of nuclear power This minimizes the need for expensive inter-ties like Gateway West.
  • 73.
    So where’s theelectricity puck gonna be? In the near term, What we need to accomplish: Produce locally, consume locally. Small is beautiful. Most every housetop in the Magic Valley is a ready made platform for solar. Every farm and city is a potential engine for organic waste, be it straw, cow, manure or garbage. Burning is spreading like wildfire in Europe. Dairy waste alone could create enough energy to power the entire valley.
  • 74.
    So where’s theelectricity puck gonna be? Geothermal -- the next go-to guy. Heating and cooling are the biggest household energy hogs. God’s provided mother earth as a giant battery. Every lawn is a battery terminal. It’s 100 percent green. Go green, renewable, we have only “one earth” to live on. Finally, job No. 1 is conservation -- Every kilowatt you don’t use is a kilowatt you “create.”
  • 75.
    Important experiences fromenergy development of Scotland
  • 76.
    Future energy sourcesearch will need a big push from government
  • 77.
    What have these“energy resources” to do with earthquakes? Production sites, refinery sites, power plant sites, distribution sites of any energy resource are considered “critical facilities”. Critical facilities are subjected to risks from 1. strong ground motions or tsunami generated from large earthquakes that may occur at nearby active faults or tectonically active regions, e.g. subduction zone, rift zone, or collision zone 2. fatigue of any compartment of the facility after a long period of operation 3. operational errors from human management Among them, risk #2 and #3 could be minimized by expert’s attention. However, risk #1 requires continuous monitoring, research, assessment, and coordination between multi-disciplinary researchers and government agencies.
  • 78.
    Risk #2 and#3 can be significantly reduced due to the evolution of nuclear power design
  • 79.
    Example for NuclearPower Plant One of the criteria for licensing of a nuclear power plant is that no active faults are located within 250 miles radius from the proposed site. Apparently, this is not the case for the nuclear power plants in Taiwan, Japan, and even for California in the USA. Alternatively, the construction threshold for a NPP in these areas of high seismic hazard has to set to a higher standard to allow the plant to sustain the maximum possible strong ground motion from future large earthquakes. That means “more expensive” for building NPP in high seismic hazard regions, e.g. Taiwan, Japan, and California of the USA
  • 80.
    Locations of NPPand Seismicity in the US (Michelle Frey, 2011) Locations of NPP and Seismic hazard in the US (Michelle Frey, 2011)
  • 81.
    However, seismic riskof NPPs in central and eastern USA may be underestimated due to the fact that seismic attenuation is dramatically different between eastern and western US. Seismic attenuation is one of the important parameters for a successful assessment of regional seismic hazard.
  • 82.
    Tornadoes are anotherpotential natural disaster risk on NPPs.
  • 84.
    Seismicity in Taiwanregion is one of the most seismological active regions in the world Is seismic hazard in Taiwan region properly evaluated?
  • 85.
    Volcano Earthquakes Geothermal areatends to have earthquake swarms due to volcanic activities, thermal expansions, movement of magma bodies etc. Volcano or geothermal related earthquakes can be as large as Magnitude 6.0. Of course, volcano eruption is another hazard always around the corner of any “active volcano”. Luckily volcano eruption is recently becoming “Predictable”.
  • 86.
  • 87.
  • 88.
    Recent Volcano EruptionHistory in Hawaii
  • 89.
    April 23, 1990A roadside store in Kalapana region
  • 90.
  • 91.
  • 92.
    Vp = l +2m r Vs = m r How do we know there are magma reservoirs beneath a volcano? Where is rigidity, 0 for liquid, and ~1 for solid materials. 0~1 for partial melting materials Therefore, we would expect a low Vp but high Vp/Vs ratio for a region of magma reservoir m
  • 93.
    Cross-section of Vp(top) and Vp/Vs ratio across the Tatung-Chilung volcanic group where volcanism ceased in Pliocene. The low Vp but high Vp/Vs ratio beneath the volcano may suggest the potential of the existence of partially melted magmatic reservoir at shallow depth.
  • 94.
    Therefore, there areearthquakes, most of them in swarms, beneath the Tatung volcano. Preliminary 3-D tomographic images of structures beneath the Tatung Volcano suggested a potential of “magma reservoir” at shallow depth. A few coal burning and nuclear power plants are located along coastal area of northern Taiwan. It is essential to evaluate if these volcano earthquakes or potential magma reservoir beneath Tatung volcano will cause any risk to these critical facilities as well as Taipei City.
  • 95.
    Induced Earthquakes Deep drillingwells for petroleum and natural gas productions, deep waste water injection wells, as well as reservoirs for hydraulic or other purposes may accompany “induced earthquakes”. Recent moderate and unusual earthquakes occurred in central Arkansas, Oklahoma City of Oklahoma, and Dallas region of Texas are good examples
  • 96.
    Major concerns fornuclear power plants --- nearby tectonic earthquakes, active faults, tsunami Petroleum, natural gases, geothermal, hydraulic reservoir – Induced earthquakes
  • 97.
    Earthquakes with magnitude(M) ≥ 3 in the U.S. midcontinent, 1967–2012 (Ellsworth, 2013). After decades of a steady earthquake rate (average of 21 events/year), activity increased starting in 2001 and peaked at 188 earthquakes in 2011. Human-induced earthquakes are suspected to be partially responsible for the increase.
  • 98.
    Can time andlocation of an earthquake be predicted? • Yes, and No • 1975 Haicheng earthquake (Mw 7.3), China, was predicted successfully based on large number of foreshocks and anomalous behavior of animals. None died. • 1976 Tangshan earthquake (Mw 7.6) was not predicted. More than 260,000 died. • Recent dispute in the L’Aquita, Italy earthquake 2009 (ML 5.9, Mw 6.3)
  • 99.
    Aftershocks in theCourtroom • 30 people died of a major earthquake in L’Aquila 2009 • Italian judge sentenced seven Italian scientists to jail for their downplay of the risk of a major earthquake • Scientific communities argue that the sentence is un-justified
  • 100.
    30 people diedduring the L’Aquila, Italy earthquake (April 2009, ML 5.9, Mw 6.3)
  • 101.
    Seven Experts weresentenced for downplayed the risk of a major earthquake
  • 102.
    A dramatic increaseof microearthquake activities before the main shock
  • 103.
    So, what canwe do? • Continuous monitoring of active seismic source regions nearby any critical facilities to 1. study background seismic activities 2. explore any anomalous seismic activities 3. update observed strong ground motion information 4. study temporary and spatial variations of nearby subsurface structures
  • 104.
    Seismicity in Taiwanregion is one of the most seismological active regions in the world Is seismic hazard in Taiwan region properly evaluated?
  • 105.
    So, what canwe do? • Continuous monitoring of active seismic source regions nearby any critical facilities • Establish real-time earthquake early warning system
  • 106.
    Early Warning System •Standalone – single station early warning system for railroads and other critical facilities • Multiple stations – seismic array early warning system for distant critical facilities including nuclear power plan, super computer center, hospital, government building, etc.
  • 107.
    Standalone Early WarningSystem Strong motion sensors have been installed along the bullet train routes. Electric power will be automatically shut down when strong ground motion beyond a threshold value is detected. During the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, 23 bullet trains in motion were successfully brought to stop by shutting down power automatically when strong ground motions were detected.
  • 108.
    Multiple Stations –Array Early Warning System Array early warning system has also been installed near the potential source regions to provide early warning for critical facilities such as nuclear power plants, super computers, government buildings, etc.
  • 109.
    Thanks for yourattention
  • 118.
    "This funding representsthe largest single investment of federal funding to date in the development of marine and hydrokinetic energy technologies," said Secretary Chu. "These innovative projects will help grow water power's contribution to America's clean energy economy." The nation's ocean waves, tides, currents, thermal gradients, and free-flowing rivers represent a promising energy source located close to centers of electricity demand. The Department of Energy is working with industry, universities, national laboratories, and other groups to develop technologies capable of harnessing these resources to generate environmentally sustainable, cost-competitive power. The Department of Energy will leverage private sector investments in marine and hydrokinetic energy technologies by providing cost- shared funding to industry and industry-led partnerships.
  • 119.
    Some of theprojects selected today include: Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. (Pennington, New Jersey) will deploy a full- scale 150 kilowatt PowerBuoy system in the Oregon Territorial Sea and collect two years of detailed operating data. This project will obtain critical technical and cost performance data for one of the most advanced wave energy converters in the U.S. DOE Funding: $2,400,000. Total Project Value: $4,800,000. Ocean Renewable Power Company (Portland, Maine) will build, install, operate, and monitor a commercial-scale array of five grid-connected TidGen TM Project devices on the sea floor in Cobscook Bay off Eastport, Maine in two phases over three years. The project will advance ORPC's cross-flow turbine tidal energy technology, producing a full-scale, grid-connected energy system and will gather critical technical and cost performance data for one of the most advanced tidal energy systems in the U.S. The completed project will comprise an array of interconnected TidGenT hydrokinetic energy conversion devices, associated power electronics, and interconnection equipment into a system fully capable of commercial operation in moderate to high velocity tidal currents in water depths of up to 150 feet. The project will significantly advance the technical, operational and environmental goals of the tidal energy industry at large. DOE Funding: $10,000,000. Total Project Value: $21,100,000.
  • 120.
    Public Utility DistrictNo.1 of Snohomish County (Everett, Washington) will deploy, operate, monitor, and evaluate two 10- meter diameter Open-Centre Turbines, developed and manufactured by OpenHydro Group Ltd, in Admiralty Inlet of Puget Sound. The project is expected to generate 1 megawatt (MW) of electrical energy during periods of peak tidal currents with an average energy output of approximately 100 kilowatts (kW). This full-scale, grid-connected tidal turbine system will gather critical technical and cost performance data for one of the most advanced tidal turbine projects in the U.S. DOE Funding: $10,000,000. Total Project Value: $20,100,000.
  • 121.
    All Eyes onEastport: Tidal Energy Project Brings Change, Opportunity to Local Community July 24, 2012 - 2:40pm Share on tweet Captain Gerald "Gerry" Morrison, Vice President of Perry Marine & Consctruction. | Photo Courtesy of Ocean Renewable Power Company. Erin R. PierceDigital Specialist, Office of Public Affairs Today in Eastport, Maine, people are gathering to celebrate a project that will harness the power of the massive tides of Cobscook Bay to generate clean electricity. At a public dedication event this afternoon, Portland-based Ocean Renewable Power Company will unveil its first commercial-scale tidal turbine before it is deployed underwater to generate power. The pilot project -- supported by $10 million in funding from the Energy Department -- is expected to generate enough energy to power 100 area homes. Once successfully deployed, it will be among the first commercial, grid-connected projects of its kind in the nation. Investing in tidal energy is part of President Obama’s all-of-the-above strategy to develop every source of American energy to reduce costs for consumers, protect our air and water, and move the United States toward true energy independence. Ocean Renewable Power’s Eastport venture not only represents a monumental step for the U.S. tidal energy industry -- it also holds important economic implications for surrounding coastal communities.
  • 122.
    We recently caughtup with Captain Gerald “Gerry” Morrison, Vice President of Perry Marine & Construction, for more insight into what the project means for local families and businesses. ## “I grew up here. I can remember when Eastport made things,” said Morrison whose family ties to the area go back for five generations. “I’d like Eastport to go back to the days when there were a lot of people here and people had jobs. That’s what I’d like to see,” he added. For Morrison, Ocean Renewable Power’s project spells economic opportunity for the people who live and work in the area. His own company, Perry Marine & Construction -- a joint venture with CPM Constructors -- works to manufacture and deploy tidal turbines developed by Ocean Renewable Power’s team of engineers. As Ocean Renewable Power’s project continues to expand and evolve, so too has Morrison’s own venture. Perry Marine & Construction is building a new turbine fabrication facility, and the size of the company’s staff has doubled.
  • 123.
    When asked whathis favorite aspect was of the project, Morrison described the excitement of working on something that’s “never been done before” and “fresh out of the box.” But at the end of the day, what is most important, explained Morrison is the project’s economic implications. “It’s jobs for the area,” he said. “Made in the USA. Made in Eastport. By American people who take pride in their work. That’s the key.”