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Biodiversity hotspots around the world and in india
- 1. Biodiversity Hotspots around the World and in India By, R.Abhilash, 2016670801.
- 2. Biodiversity Hotspot A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is threatened with destruction. Concept was first introduced by Norman Myers, in a paper published in the journal Nature. The hotspots represent an opportunity to help conserve the diversity of life on earth.
- 3. Criteria Contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants and has lost at least 70 percent of its original habitat. 36 hotspots have been identified all over the world, most of them are located in tropical areas. These sites support nearly 60% of the world's plant, bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species, with a very high share of those species as endemics.
- 4. Importance Biodiversity underpins all life on Earth. Without species, there would be no air to breathe, no food to eat, no water to drink. There would be no human society at all. The map of hotspots overlaps extraordinarily well with the map of the natural places that most benefit people. By one estimate, despite comprising 2.3% of Earth’s land surface, forests, wetlands and other ecosystems in hotspots account for 35% of the “ecosystem services” that vulnerable human populations depend on.
- 5. Hotspots North And Central America California Floristic Province Caribean Islands Madrean Pine Oak Woodlands Mesoamerica South America Atlantic Forest Cerrado Chilean Winter Rainfall Valdian Forests Tumbes Choco Magdalena Tropical Andes
- 6. Africa Cape Floristic Region Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa Eastern Afromontane Guinean Forests of West Africa Horn of Africa Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Succulent Karoo
- 7. Central Asia and South Asia Mountains of Central Asia Eastern Himalaya, Nepal, India Indo-Burma, India and Myanmar Western Ghats, India Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka East Asia Japan Mountains of Southwest China West Asia Caucasus Irano-Anatolian
- 8. South East Asia and Asia-Pacific East Melanesian Islands New Caledonia New Zealand Philippines Polynesia-Micronesia Eastern Australian temperate forests Southwest Australia Sundaland and Nicobar islands of India Wallacea New Caledonia – smallest of the hotspots
- 10. Hotspots in Indian Sub-Continent Indo-Burma region Indo-Burma encompasses 2,373,000 square kilometres (916,000 sq mi) of tropical Asia east of the Ganges-Brahmaputra lowlands. Begins in eastern Bangladesh and then extends across north-eastern India, south of the Brahmaputra River, to encompass nearly all of Myanmar, part of southern and western Yunnan Province in China. The hotspot encompasses 33 terrestrial ecoregions, which include tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, tropical and subtropical coniferous forests, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, and mangroves.
- 11. Continued A wide diversity of ecosystems is represented in this hotspot, including mixed wet evergreen, dry evergreen, deciduous, and montane forests. There are also patches of shrublands and woodlands on karst limestone outcrops and, in some coastal areas, scattered heath forests. In addition, a wide variety of distinctive, localized vegetation formations occur in Indo-Burma, including lowland floodplain swamps, mangroves, and seasonally inundated grasslands. Ten endemic species are found in Indo-Burma, Saola, ELd's Deer, Cat Ba langur, Fishing cat, Giant ibis, Mekong giant catfish,Spoonbilled sandpiper,Red-headed vulture and white-rumped vulture, Sarus crane and the Irrawaddy dolphin.
- 12. Western Ghats, India Western Ghats is a mountain range that runs parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula, located entirely in India. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight "hottest hot-spots" of biological diversity in the world. The Western Ghats are home to four tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregions – The North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests North Western Ghats montane rain forests South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests,and South Western Ghats montane rain forests
- 13. Continued 7,402 species of flowering plants occur in the Western Ghats out of which, 5,588 species are native or indigenous and 376 are exotics naturalised and 1,438 species are cultivated or planted as ornamentals. Among the indigenous species, 2,253 species are endemic to India and of them, 1,273 species are exclusively confined to the Western Ghats. Apart from 593 confirmed subspecies and varieties; 66 species, 5 subspecies and 14 varieties of doubtful occurrence are also reported and therefore amounting 8,080 taxa of flowering plants.
- 15. Hotspot conservation Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) Global program that provides funding and technical assistance to nongovernmental organizations and participation to protect the Earth's richest regions of plant and animal diversity including: biodiversity hotspots, high- biodiversity wilderness areas and important marine regions. World Wide Fund for Nature Derived a system called the "Global 200 Ecoregions", the aim of which is to select priority Ecoregions for conservation within each of 14 terrestrial, 3 freshwater, and 4 marine habitat types. They are chosen for their species richness, endemism, taxonomic uniqueness, unusual ecological or evolutionary phenomena, and global rarity. All biodiversity hotspots contain at least one Global 200 Ecoregion.
- 16. Continued Birdlife International Has identified 218 “Endemic Bird Areas” (EBAs) each of which hold two or more bird species found nowhere else. Plant life International Coordinates several the world aiming to identify Important Plant Areas. Alliance for Zero Extinction Initiative of a large number of scientific organizations and conservation groups who co-operate to focus on the most threatened endemic species of the world. They have identified 595 sites, including a large number of Birdlife’ s Important Bird Areas.
- 17. National Geographic Society Has prepared a world map of the hotspots and ArcView shape file and metadata for the Biodiversity Hotspots including details of the individual endangered fauna in each hotspot, which is available from Conservation International.